136,434 research outputs found
I Battistini, una famiglia socialista alla fine dell’Ottocento
No full textIl curatore, insieme a A. Angelini, ha coordinato la stesura e la raccolta di una serie di contributi di studiosi di diverso orientamento intorno alla famiglia socialista dei Battistini, benestanti cesenati. il curatore ha dedicato un saggio all'omicidio del capofamiglia, nel 1891, e alla trasformazione dei modi della lotta politica, che passava dalla violenta contrapposizione ai repubblicani all'investimento nella politica municipale. In questo senso il "municipalismo" ha rappresentato un addolcimento della lotta politica in Romagna alla fine del XIX secolo
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
No full textApproximately one third of the world population is infected by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, and a greater and continuing factor that is bolstering the ongoing
tuberculosis (TB) epidemic is the human immune deficiency virus (HIV). Further
complicating the issue, multidrug resistance (MDR) has arisen worldwide, and by
early 2010, 58 countries had reported at least one case of extensively drug resistant
TB . For all these reasons, TB prevention through vaccination is a key global
health priority.
Various vaccines have been shown to reduce the risk of disease and mortality
due to TB in man, but only one has been used in global immunization programs:
the M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). BCG is an attenuated live vaccine
administered at birth to children in most countries where TB is endemic. It is the
vaccine most widely used all over the world, and an estimated three billion doses
have been administered to date. Despite having reduced the burden of TB in
many zones, the BCG has various limitations and so the development of more efficacious
vaccines against TB is an extremely urgent issue. The ideal vaccine
should prevent both the initial tubercle infection and the development of active
disease, or reactivation in previously infected healthy hosts as well as in particularly
vulnerable populations (HIV-infected and other immunocompromised individuals)
Mycobacterium ulcerans infection
No full textMycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of a new emerging infectious disease,
which has been reported in at least 33 countries worldwide with tropical, subtropical
and temperate climates.
Classified by the WHO as one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases,
M. ulcerans infection is the third most common mycobacterial disease in the world,
after tuberculosis and leprosy. In East Africa, where it is endemic and thousands of
cases are observed annually, the infection is the second most important mycobacterial
disease after tuberculosis.
Buruli ulcer disease (the name adopted for this infection worldwide) is often
referred to as the “mysterious disease” because the mode of transmission remains
unclear, although several hypotheses have been proposed. It is a serious necrotizing
infection due to a toxin, mycolactone, produced by the bacilli, that necrotizes
the subcutaneous tissue leading to deep ulceration. This is the most severe
form of the disease. Early detection before ulceration is therefore the key to
prompt cure; otherwise, if diagnosed late, the infection may leave patients with
disabling sequelae, such as scarring contractures and possible bone destruction
requiring amputation
Mycobacterium bovis skin infection
No full textThe bovine tubercle bacillus must firstly be placed in context among the other
agents of tuberculosis. In the early decades of the twentieth century, bacteriologists
recognized four varieties of tubercle bacilli (human, bovine, avian and
cold-blooded), depending on the life forms from which they were isolated. By the
middle of the century, only two varieties were still recognized as agents of human
and bovine tuberculosis (TB), namely Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis, respectively.
In the 1960s, another TB agent was isolated in Africa, and named M. africanum, but this was later seen to include two varieties. Finally, in the 1980s it was
found that two varieties of M. tuberculosis itself could also be distinguished: classical
and Asian. This group of organisms, to which M. microti, M. pinnipedii,
M. canettii, and M. caprae were later added, is denominated the M. tuberculosis
complex . The bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was classed with M.
bovis. The avian and cold-blooded tubercle bacilli were then classified separately:
the first, that includes M. avium and M. intracellulare, is included in the M.
avium complex (together with M. lepraemurium and M. paratuberculosis), while
the second includes M. chelonae and M. fortuitum
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum infection
No full textMycobacterium scrofulaceum is a member of the Runyon class II scotochromogen
acid-fast bacilli. It is widely present in nature, but is now an infrequent human
pathogen. It was first described in the 1950s and the name likely derives from
its isolation from cervical lymph nodes
Ruolo di composti fito-chimici ad azione antiossidante e antinfiammatoria in colture di fibroblasti del derma umano nella protezione dal foto-invecchiamento
No full textRuolo di composti fito-chimici ad azione antiossidante e antinfiammatoria in colture di
fibroblasti del derma umano nella protezione dal foto-invecchiamento
L’invecchiamento cutaneo è strettamente correlato allo stress ossidativo; le specie reattive
dell’ossigeno (ROS) prodotti da vari stimoli esogeni e endogeni sono in grado di reagire e
danneggiare le proteine, il DNA e i lipidi della componente cellulare (fibroblasti, cheratinociti) e
della matrice extracellulare nella pelle. Tali danni radicalici sono alla base dei segni caratteristici
dell’invecchiamento cutaneo come: rughe, cute lassa, e pelle sensibile. La radiazione UV
rappresenta il principale fattori ambientali alla base della produzione di ROS, in particolare la
radiazione UVA. Nel nostro lavoro testiamo materie prime innovative di natura fitochimica a
potenziale attività antiossidante e anti-infiammatoria, contro il fotoinvecchiamento UVA-indotto nei
fibroblasti. Lo studio ha previsto la realizzazione di un modello di fotoinvecchiamento dei
fibroblasti irradiati con UVA (36 J/cm2) per valutare l’efficacia dei composti, singoli e in miscela,
nel contrastare la formazione di ROS UVA-indotti impiegando sonde fluorescenti in associazione a
metodologie citofluorimetriche. Inoltre è stato altresì valutato l’effetto anti-infiammatorio in seguito
ad esposizione a LPS (10ng/ml per 3 h), tramite la valutazione dell’espressione di citochine proinfiammatorie
(IL6, IL8, COX2 e MCP-1) in real time PCR. Lo studio ha consentito di identificare
un sotto insieme di composti foto stabili, biocompatibili ed il loro range di concentrazione efficace
nel prevenire il danno indotto da UVA ed in particolare le combinazioni più promettenti delle stesse
per un futuro sviluppo di formulazioni di prodotti per l’industria cosmetica. Il progetto è stato
supportato da ACRAF Angelini SpA e dalla Regione Marche nell’ambito del progetto EUREKARole of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity in
preventing photo-aging in human dermal fibroblasts
Skin ageing is strictly connected to oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced either
from exogenous and endogenous sources are able to react and damage proteins, DNA and lipids of
the cellular (fibroblast and keratinocyte) and extracellular matrix component of the skin underlying
the typical sign of ageing in this tissue (wrinkles, sagging, hypersensitivity). UV radiation, among
environmental factors, represent a major source of ROS, in particular UVA. In our study we tested
innovative phytochemical substances with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities for
their ability to prevent UV-mediated oxidative damage to fibroblasts . In particular we developed a
model of UV photo-damaged fibroblast using a UVA source at 36 J/cm2 where isolated substances
or mixes of those were used to evaluate through flow-cytometric techniques their ability in lowering
ROS intracellular content triggered by UV irradiation. Moreover, antinflammatory effect of the
same substances was also evaluated following LPS exposure (10 ng/ml for 3h) by quantifying the
expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL8, COX2 and MCP-1) in real time PCR. The
study allowed the identification of a sub set of photostable compounds, biocompatible and their
optimal range of concentrations in preventing UVA mediated damage. In particular the
identification of most promising combinations represent a first step toward the development of
novel formulation for the cosmetic industry. The project was supported by ACRAF Angelini SpA
and Regione Marche within the EUREKA project
Dermatitis caused by algae and bryozoans
No full textAlgae and Bryozoans can cause various clinical pictures. Algae are found in all aquatic environments. Some species of Cyanophyceae (“blue-green algae”) and Dinophyceae classes, present in salt and freshwater, produce one or more toxins, some of which are strongly neurotoxic or hepatotoxic, while others provoke gastroenteritis and skin disorders. The skin toxicity can manifest in humans with irritant and allergic reactions. A particular alga of the Cyanophyceae, present in various localities of Australia, Florida and Hawaii, periodically induces the so-called swimmer’s itch, a dermatitis whose onset occurs a few minutes after bathing, with intense itching and burning sensations, followed after 3-8 h by blisters leaving painful erosions in the areas covered by the swimming costume. Skin protothecosis is another infection induced by seaweed, that mainly affects immunocompromised subjects, triggering various clinical pictures. The affliction, reported in various parts of the world, is difficult to diagnose. The lesions can persist for years and there is no known elective treatment. Bryozoans (moss), belonging to the animal kingdom, can cause quite a disabling contact dermatitis in fishermen, featuring dry, fissuring and exudative lesions of the hands and forearms. The complaint, that may also be of an allergic nature, can become generalized
Dermatitis caused by sponges
No full textIt has long been known that sponges, the most primitive pluricellular organisms, are not entirely innocuous. Some species can, in fact, cause serious skin reactions, induced by the spicules on the horny skeleton or by the toxins present on their surface or secreted into the water. Clinical manifestations due to stings of sponges may be immediate or delayed. A few minutes after the contact, prickling, stinging or burning occur, followed by pain, erythema, swelling and stiffness. The dermatitis progresses to papulo-vesicular or bullous eruptions with a serous or purulent exudate. The onset of the affliction may occur even many days after the contact. Some species of sponges can also provoke much more violent reactions, and unless they are adequately treated such complaints may persist for several months. Apart from the above-mentioned contact dermatitis from chemical agents, some sponges can induce traumatic dermatitis after contact with the spicules, which penetrate the skin and cause foreign-body reactions. The spicules of fresh water sponges float in suspension in the water and provoke a generalized erythematous papular eruption, that can result in possible blindness in some cases. It is important to bear in mind that subjects with early signs of a reaction immediately after the contact should be warned of the risk of delayed effects as well
Dermatitis caused by fish
No full textMany species of fish are venomous and poisonous to man. Venomous fish produce toxic substances that can be inoculated during stings or bites. Some fish with a cartilaginous skeleton (stingrays) live on sandy bottoms and most injuries occur when bathers, waders, or fishermen accidentally step on their bodies, when they will arch their tails and project the spine violently against the victim’s legs. Local pain is immediate and very severe: it is acute, throbbing or piercing and lasts 1-2 days. General symptoms, involving the cardiocirculatory, gastroenteric and muscle systems, can even be fatal. Weeverfish, that have spines on various parts of the body, are among the most dangerous venomous fishes. Accidental contact with these fish causes a very severe reaction that may be fatal due to cardiac arrest. Contact with the spines of scorpionfish, among the most numerous and geographically widespread toxic fishes, also causes anguishing pain and very serious systemic symptoms, that can again be fatal. The bites of moray eels, too, cause intense local pain and serious systemic signs; occasionally, when harpooned, the battle between the fisherman and a large animal can have fatal consequences. The possible shock due to contact with a fish with an electric apparatus is not generally strong enough to cause skin or nerve lesions, apart from a state of stupor that could be dangerous during emersion procedures. Passively toxic fish, that do not produce toxins but acquire them from the environment, are poisonous only when eaten and can cause various serious poisoning syndromes (ciguatera fish, tetrodotoxic and scombrotoxic poisonings)
Mycobacterium marinum skin infection
No full textMycobacterium marinum lives in aquatic environments, where it causes disease in
many poikilodermic fish species living in fresh or saltwater; the organism has a
wide geographic distribution in the water world. The first report of a mycobacterium
isolated in fish (very likely M. marinum) is attributed to Bataillon and Coll,
who isolated acid-fast bacilli, named M. piscium, in 1897, from a tuberculous
lesion of a common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Then in 1926 it was isolated and
identified by Aronson from tubercles in various organs of marine fish found dead
in the Philadelphia Aquarium. Initially M. marinum was thought to infect fishes
only and was named accordingly, but it is now known to be a ubiquitous species.
The original freshwater isolate of M. piscium was quite possibly a variant of
M. marinum. Other marine Mycobacterium species have been described in the literature,
such as M. platypoecilus, M. anabanti, and M. balnei; however, comparative
cultural, morphological, and pathogenic data suggest that they were all
synonymous with M. marinum.
M. marinum was identified as a causal agent of human disease only in 1951, when
it was identified from skin lesions in swimmers in a contaminated swimming pool in
the city of Orebro, Sweden. The term “swimming pool granuloma” was coined to
denote these lesions and the causal agent was classified as M. balnei but then,
when the two mycobacteria were later seen to be identical, as M. marinum
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