25 research outputs found
Comparative transcriptome analysis of two citrus germplasms with contrasting susceptibility to Phytophthora nicotianae provides new insights into tolerance mechanisms
No full textKey message: Host perception of Phytophthora nicotianae switching to necrotrophy is fundamental for disease tolerance of citrus. It involves an HR-like response, strengthening of the cell wall structure and hormonal signaling. Abstract: Stem rot caused by P. nicotianae is a worldwide disease of several important crops, including citrus. Given the growing awareness of chemical fungicides drawbacks, genetic improvement of citrus rootstocks remains the best alternative. However, the molecular basis underlying the successful response of resistant and/or tolerant genotypes remains poorly understood. Therefore, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to examine the differential defense response to P. nicotianae of two germplasmsâtolerant sour orange (SO, Citrus aurantium) and susceptible Madam Vinous (MV, C. sinensis)âin both the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases of hostâpathogen interaction. Our results revealed the necrotrophic phase as a decisive turning point, since it included stronger modulation of a number of genes implicated in pathogen perception, signal transduction, HR-like response, transcriptional reprogramming, hormone signaling, and cell wall modifications. In particular, the pathogen perception category reflected the ability of SO to perceive the pathogen even after its switch to necrotrophy, and thus to cope successfully with the infection, while MV failed. The concomitant changes in genes involved in the remaining functional categories seemed to prevent pathogen spread. This investigation provided further understanding of the successful defense mechanisms of C. aurantium against P. nicotianae, which might be exploited in post-genomic strategies to develop resistant Citrus genotypes
Play It Cool: Development of a Digital Game-Based Learning Tool for Sustainability Education
No full textEFFICACY OF A NEW SO2 GENERATOR PAD IN MAINTAINING POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF TABLE GRAPES
No full textGray mold is the most damaging postharvest disease of table grapes, due to the ability of
the causal agent, Botrytis cinerea Pers., to adapt to different environmental conditions.
A success factor in long-term storage of table grapes is the application of SO2 generator
pads. Our research aimed at testing the activity of a new SO2 generator pad (Decco,
Italia) on gray mold and quality of table grapes cv. Italia and Red Globe stored for 90
days. The test involved the application of the pad in three different moments: in the
field, prior to precooling, and immediately after precooling. In addition, three different
bags were used for packaging: perforated and unperforated plastic liners and the new
Decco MAP (modified atmosphere packaging) bag. At 30 days of storage, ‘Red Globe’
packed in the field or just before precooling with SO2 generator, showed no infection
by B. cinerea; while 23-33% of clusters were infected when the pad was inserted
after precooling, with no significant differences among the various plastic liners used.
Clusters cv. Italia showed a similar trend but a lower disease incidence as compared
to ‘Red Globe’, with a maximum of 10% of infection in presence of SO2. The highest
incidence of rots was recorded at 90 days on cv. Red Globe with increasing values
moving from perforated to unperforated plastic liners and the new Decco MAP bag. In
absence of SO2 generators, the infections on both cultivars reached 100%. Clusters of
‘Italia’ and ‘Red Globe’ packed with Decco MAP showed the best quality
Ginette Vagenheim, Pirro Ligorio et la statue de saint Hippolyte à la BibliothèqueApostolique Vaticane
No full textInternational audienceDescribed by Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768) as the oldest Christian statue known in marble, the portrait of saint Hippolytus located at the entrance of the Vatican Library, bearing a Greek female dress, and restored in its upper part in the mid-sixteenth century, has aroused the interest of scholars from various disciplines; epigraphists have sought to elucidate the date and contentof the three Greek inscriptions engraved on the back and sides of the throne, with its armrests adorned with leonine protomes (ICUR VII, 19934 = EDB 3372); specialists in the history of religions have sought to identify the figure of Hippolytus and the works on the back of the throne. They all start from the first account of this monument by Pirro Ligorio (1512c.-1583), the only author to also provide a drawing of the statue as it is supposedto have been discovered in his time, between the Via Nomentana and the Via leading to Tivoli. As a specialist in Ligorio’s life and works, I in turn retraced the story of the statue of Hippolytus through Ligorio’s writings and drawings, which turned out to be quite different from the vulgata, and which also calls into question the authenticity of the inscriptions
Progressi in viticoltura
No full textObiettivo del libro è di fornire gli aggiornamenti più recenti delle basi genetiche, fisiologiche, biochimiche e degli aspetti pratici inerenti la coltivazione della vite. Stiamo assistendo in viticoltura ad un rapidissimo progresso delle conoscenze, in cui le innovazioni devono integrarsi nella tradizione millenaria della coltivazione della vite. L’ampia e recente letteratura scientifica citata, gli argomenti più moderni trattati, l’autorevolezza degli autori coinvolti, fanno di questo volume il compendio dei risultati della ricerca orientata a comprendere i numerosi e spesso controversi fenomeni che si osservano in vigneto. Nel contesto dei cambiamenti climatici, argomento cui è dedicato uno dei primi capitoli, tutto ciò che era consolidato in termini di conoscenze muta radicalmente e l’odierna sfida è di essere quanto più preparati a aggiornare le scelte operative per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi di elevata qualità delle produzioni vitivinicole. Il libro è focalizzato sulla viticoltura mediterranea, con le sue varietà di vite in grado di tollerare condizioni di stress abiotici e quindi di adattarsi al riscaldamento globale e alla siccità
Detection of Xylella fastidiosa in Host Plants and Insect Vectors by Droplet Digital PCR
No full textXylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a Gram-negative plant bacterium that causes severe diseases affecting several economically important crops in many countries. To achieve early detection of the pathogen, a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)-based approach was used to detect the bacterium at low concentrations in different plant species and insect vectors. In this study, we implemented the reaction conditions of a previously developed ddPCR assay, and we validated its use to detect Xf in insect vectors as well as in a broader list of host species. More specifically, the sensitivity and accuracy of the protocol were assessed by testing five plant matrices (Olea europaea, Nerium oleander, Vitis vinifera, Citrus sinensis, and Prunus dulcis), and for the first time, the insect vector (Philaenus spumarius), was either naturally infected or artificially spiked with bacterial suspension at known concentrations. The lowest concentrations detected by ddPCR were 5 ag/µL of bacterial DNA and 1.00 × 102 CFU/mL of bacterial cells. Both techniques showed a high degree of linearity, with R2 values ranging from 0.9905 to 0.9995 and from 0.9726 to 0.9977, respectively, for qPCR and ddPCR. Under our conditions, ddPCR showed greater analytical sensitivity than qPCR for O. europea, C. sinensis, and N. oleander. Overall, the results demonstrated that the validated ddPCR assay enables the absolute quantification of Xf target sequences with high accuracy compared with the qPCR assay, and can support experimental research programs and the official controls, particularly when doubtful or inconclusive results are recorded by qPCR
An integrated strategy for pathogen surveillance unveiled Xylella fastidiosa ST1 outbreak in hidden agricultural compartments in the Apulia region (Southern Italy)
No full textAnnual surveillance programs for the plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa are implemented in Europe as part of the preventive phytosanitary strategies enforced to face the emergence of the detrimental infections reported in olives in southern Italy. The programs include inspections and sampling of host plants by prioritizing those showing suspicious symptoms or those known to be highly susceptible to different strains and subspecies of the bacterium. In the framework of these programs numerous outbreaks have been unraveled, with several strains and subspecies found to infect a relatively large host range in France, Spain, Portugal and Italy. Here we report the results of an integrated surveillance approach implemented in the Apulia Region (southern Italy), where a conventional survey program on host plants is complemented by monitoring and testing for X. fastidiosa the insect vectors. In the framework of this program, bacterium-positive spittlebugs were intercepted in the Xylella-free area of the region, close to one of the most relevant Italian table grape production district. Such findings prompted further investigation to identify the bacterial reservoir in the host plants. Almond and grapevine were found to be the most frequently infected hosts, with infections caused by isolates of X. fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa ST1. Investigations are ongoing to assess the extent and history of the outbreak, to assess and estimate the potential impacts, and define the best options for its containment
2. Dissonant Symphonies: The Villa d’Este in Tivoli and the Grotesque
No full textThis chapter compares the architect and antiquarian Pirro Ligorio’s theoretical writings on the grotesque with the garden that he designed for the Villa d’Este in Tivoli, paying close attention to the figure of Artemis of Ephesus depicted in the frescoes of the villa’s interior and in the adjacent landscape where she appears as the Fountain of Nature. The fact that Ligorio was the author of an unusually detailed theory of grottesche and the designer of a garden that incorporates grotesque imagery makes his work an important case study of sixteenth-century attitudes towards ‘monstrous’ ornament in general and, more specifically, in landscape design
Death with dignity in Colombia: trajectory and achievements of an idea 1979-2015
No full textilustracionesLa muerte digna en Colombia. Trayectoria y conquistas de una idea 1979-2015 reconstruye una trayectoria de la idea de la muerte digna en Colombia, identifica las formas en que esta idea se expresó y describe los modos como fue recibida y apropiada por los colombianos, en momentos claves del pasado reciente. Así mismo, muestra cómo se comprende y expresa hoy, en el marco de la discusión más específica de la legalización y la práctica de la eutanasia. La tesis se estructura en cinco capítulos. Cada uno de ellos se detiene en un momento específico y especial de la trayectoria de la idea de la muerte digna en Colombia y resalta un acontecimiento que consideramos una conquista en el proceso de recepción, apropiación o consolidación de la idea de la muerte digna en el país. (texto tomado de la fuente)Death with dignity in Colombia. Trajectory and achievements of an idea 1979-2015 reconstructs a trajectory of the idea of dignified death in Colombia, identifies the ways in which this idea was the ways in which this idea was expressed and describes the ways in which it was received and appropriated by Colombians at key moments in the recent past. and appropriated by Colombians at key moments in the recent past. Thus It also shows how it is understood and expressed today, in the context of the more specific discussion of legalization and more specific discussion of the legalization and practice of euthanasia. The thesis is structured in five chapters. Each of them focuses on a specific and special moment in the trajectory of the idea of euthanasia. of the trajectory of the idea of dignified death in Colombia, and highlights an event that we consider to be an highlights an event that we consider a conquest in the process of reception, appropriation or consolidation of the reception, appropriation or consolidation of the idea of dignified death in the country.DoctoradoDoctor en Ciencias Humanas y SocialesÁrea Curricular de Ciencias Humanas y Sociale
Death with dignity in Colombia: trajectory and achievements of an idea 1979-2015
No full textilustracionesLa muerte digna en Colombia. Trayectoria y conquistas de una idea 1979-2015 reconstruye una trayectoria de la idea de la muerte digna en Colombia, identifica las formas en que esta idea se expresó y describe los modos como fue recibida y apropiada por los colombianos, en momentos claves del pasado reciente. Así mismo, muestra cómo se comprende y expresa hoy, en el marco de la discusión más específica de la legalización y la práctica de la eutanasia. La tesis se estructura en cinco capítulos. Cada uno de ellos se detiene en un momento específico y especial de la trayectoria de la idea de la muerte digna en Colombia y resalta un acontecimiento que consideramos una conquista en el proceso de recepción, apropiación o consolidación de la idea de la muerte digna en el país. (texto tomado de la fuente)Death with dignity in Colombia. Trajectory and achievements of an idea 1979-2015 reconstructs a trajectory of the idea of dignified death in Colombia, identifies the ways in which this idea was the ways in which this idea was expressed and describes the ways in which it was received and appropriated by Colombians at key moments in the recent past. and appropriated by Colombians at key moments in the recent past. Thus It also shows how it is understood and expressed today, in the context of the more specific discussion of legalization and more specific discussion of the legalization and practice of euthanasia. The thesis is structured in five chapters. Each of them focuses on a specific and special moment in the trajectory of the idea of euthanasia. of the trajectory of the idea of dignified death in Colombia, and highlights an event that we consider to be an highlights an event that we consider a conquest in the process of reception, appropriation or consolidation of the reception, appropriation or consolidation of the idea of dignified death in the country.DoctoradoDoctor en Ciencias Humanas y SocialesÁrea Curricular de Ciencias Humanas y Sociale
