232 research outputs found
Sustainable product and market development for subsistence marketplaces: Creating educational initiatives in radically different contexts
No full textDeveloping products and business processes to serve subsistence marketplaces (or the roughly 4 billion poor around the world referred to as the bottom of the pyramid) is a significant challenge for businesses. Despite the importance of subsistence marketplaces, most product development educational curricula have been focused on relatively resource-rich and literate consumers and markets. We teach an innovative year-long product development course which includes an international immersion experience and which covers a broad spectrum of learning from understanding poverty, to consumer behavior, to product development and engineering design specifically for subsistence consumers. This unique course represents a pioneering effort to focus attention and create knowledge about product development, marketing, management, and engineering practices for subsistence marketplaces. Our two-semester course sequence for graduate-level students in a variety of business and engineering disciplines and industrial design combines in-class pedagogy with experiential learning and results in useful and marketable product concepts and prototypes. Working on projects with multinational companies or startups, students identify an opportunity of general need, conduct field market research to better understand subsistence consumer needs and contexts through an international immersion experience, develop a product concept, convert the concept to a workable prototype, and develop a manufacturing plan, marketing strategy, and overall business plan for the product. Overlaying the content found in a typical new product development lab course we develop a contextual understanding of subsistence marketplaces, setting the stage for new product development. A central aspect of the learning experience is travel to subsistence markets for actual immersion in the context and to conduct market research. Our course is at the confluence of two of the most important issues facing humanity, subsistence and sustainability. Lessons learned here can also be extended to other radically different contexts, such as future scenarios involving severe energy shortages or climate change consequences. Such educational initiatives provide challenging learning experiences in preparing students for the unique demands of the 21st century. © 2011 Product Development and Management Association.APPLE LE, 1988, J PROD INNOVAT MANAG, V5, P70, DOI 10.1111-1540-5885.510070; ASHBY M, 2003, MATER TODAY, V6, P24, DOI 10.1016-S1369-7021(03)01223-9; Cardozo RN, 2002, J PROD INNOVAT MANAG, V19, P4, DOI 10.1016-S0737-6782(01)00116-3; CHICK A, 1997, J SUSTAINABLE PRODUC, V1, P53; Donaldson KM, 2006, RES ENG DES, V17, P135, DOI 10.1007-s00163-006-0017-3; Ehrenreich B., 2002, NICKEL DIMED; Eppinger S.D., 2002, DESIGN MANAGEMENT J, V13, P58; GESCHKA H, 1986, J PROD INNOVAT MANAG, V3, P48, DOI 10.1016-0737-6782(86)90043-3; GREEN M, 2006, P ASME DES ENG TECHN; HAMMOND A. L., 2007, INNOVATIONS, V2, P147, DOI [10.1162-itgg.2007.2.1-2.147, DOI 10.1162-ITGG.2007.2.1-2.147]; HANNUKAINEN P, 2006, P ASME DES ENG TECHN; Hargadon A, 2000, HARVARD BUS REV, V78, P157; HAUSER JR, 1988, HARVARD BUS REV, V66, P63; HERSTATT C, 1992, J PROD INNOVAT MANAG, V9, P213, DOI 10.1016-0737-6782(92)90031-7; HORAN J, 2004, ONE PAGE BUSINESS PL; Murcott S., 2007, J INT DEV, V19, P123, DOI 10.1002-jid.1353; Prahalad CK, 2002, HARVARD BUS REV, V80, P48; PRAHALAD CK, 2005, FORT BOTT PYR ER POV; PUGH P, 1991, TOTAL DESIGN INTEGRA; Rodriguez J, 2006, INTERACT COMPUT, V18, P956, DOI 10.1016-j.intcom.2006.05.007; Sahlman WA, 1997, HARVARD BUS REV, V75, P98; Schumacher Ernest F., 1973, SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL E; *SME, 2003, PLAST INJ MOLD; *SME, 2004, FUND MAN PROC SAMPL; Sridharan S, 2008, J CONSUM MARK, V25, P455, DOI 10.1108-07363760810915671; Stone R. B., 2000, Design Studies, V21, DOI 10.1016-S0142-694X(99)00003-4; TAGUCHI J, 1990, HARVARD BUS REV, V68, P65; Tybout JR, 2000, J ECON LIT, V38, P11, DOI 10.1257-jel.38.1.11; Ulrich K., 2007, PRODUCT DESIGN DEV; Viswanathan M, 2005, J MARKETING, V69, P15, DOI 10.1509-jmkg.69.1.15.55507; Viswanathan M., 2009, IVEY BUSINESS J MAR; Viswanathan M, 2009, J MACROMARKETING, V29, P406, DOI 10.1177-0276146709345620; Viswanathan M, 2008, EDUC ASIA PAC REG-IS, V12, P1, DOI 10.1007-978-1-4020-5769-4; Viswanathan M., 2007, PRODUCT MARKET DEV S, P1; Viswanathan M., 2007, PRODUCT MARKET DEV S, P212
Comparison of the effects of bimatoprost and a fixed combination of latanoprost and timolol on circadian intraocular pressure
No full textOBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of bimatoprost and the fixed combination of latanoprost and timolol (LTFC) on 24-hour mean intraocular pressure (IOP) after patients are switched from a nonfixed combination of latanoprost and timolol. DESIGN: Randomized, double-masked, multicenter clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. METHODS: Included were patients who were controlled (IOP < 21 mmHg) on the nonfixed combination of latanoprost and timolol for at least 3 months before the baseline visit or patients on monotherapy with either latanoprost or timolol who were eligible for dual therapy not being fully controlled on monotherapy. The latter group of patients underwent a 6-week wash-in phase with the nonfixed combination of latanoprost and timolol before baseline IOP determination and study inclusion. Supine and sitting position IOPs were recorded at 8 pm, midnight, 5 am, 8 am, noon, and 4 pm at baseline, week 6, and week 12 visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: An analysis of covariance model was used for a noninferiority test of the primary efficacy variable, with mean area under the 24-hour IOP curve after 12 weeks of treatment as response variable and treatment, center, and baseline IOP as factors. A secondary analysis was performed on the within-treatment change from baseline. RESULTS: Mean baseline IOPs were 16.3+/-3.3 mmHg and 15.5+/-2.9.mmHg in the bimatoprost and LTFC groups, respectively. At week 12, mean IOPs were 16.1+/-2.5 mmHg for the bimatoprost group and 16.3+/-3.7 mmHg for the LTFC group, and no significant difference between the 2 treatment groups could be found. As compared with baseline, mean IOP increased by 0.3+/-3.6 mmHg during the day and decreased by 0.8+/-3.8 mmHg during the night in the bimatoprost group, whereas there were increases of 1.43+/-2.6 mmHg and 0.14+/-3.2 mmHg in the LTFC group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Bimatoprost is not inferior to the LTFC in maintaining IOP at a controlled level during a 24-hour period in patients switched from the nonfixed combination of latanoprost and timolol
International vision requirements for driver licensing and disability pensions: using a milestone approach in characterization of progressive eye disease
No full textAlain M Bron1, Ananth C Viswanathan2, Ulrich Thelen3, Renato de Natale4, Antonio Ferreras5, Jens Gundgaard6, Gail Schwartz7, Patricia Buchholz81Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Dijon, France; 2Glaucoma Research Unit, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Genetics, University College of London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK; 3Private Practice, Munster, Germany; 4Ospedale Civile di Monselice, Monselice, Italy; 5Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; 6COWI, Kolding, Denmark; 7Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Glaucoma Consultants, Baltimore, MD, USA; 8Patricia Buchholz Consulting, Karlsruhe, GermanyObjective: Low vision that causes forfeiture of driver&rsquo;s licenses and collection of disability pension benefits can lead to negative psychosocial and economic consequences. The purpose of this study was to review the requirements for holding a driver&rsquo;s license and rules for obtaining a disability pension due to low vision. Results highlight the possibility of using a milestone approach to describe progressive eye disease.Methods: Government and research reports, websites, and journal articles were evaluated to review rules and requirements in Germany, Spain, Italy, France, the UK, and the US.Results: Visual acuity limits are present in all driver&rsquo;s license regulations. In most countries, the visual acuity limit is 0.5. Visual field limits are included in some driver&rsquo;s license regulations. In Europe, binocular visual field requirements typically follow the European Union standard of &ge;120&deg;. In the US, the visual field requirements are typically between 110&deg; and 140&deg;. Some countries distinguish between being partially sighted and blind in the definition of legal blindness, and in others there is only one limit.Conclusions: Loss of driving privileges could be used as a milestone to monitor progressive eye disease. Forfeiture could be standardized as a best-corrected visual acuity of &lt;0.5 or visual field of &lt;120&deg;, which is consistent in most countries. However, requirements to receive disability pensions were too variable to standardize as milestones in progressive eye disease. Implementation of the World Health Organization criteria for low vision and blindness would help to establish better comparability between countries.Keywords: driver&rsquo;s license requirements, glaucoma, health outcomes, progressive eye diseas
Hawking Space and National Policy on Urban Street Hawkers: A Study of NDMC, Delhi
No full textAbstractNational Policy on Urban Street Hawkers (NPUSV) passed in 2009 made it mandatory for all the master plans of cities/ towns to demarcate an area for hawkers to carry out their daily activities. The policy advocated that spatial planning should take into account the natural propensity of street hawkers to locate in certain places at certain times in response to the patterns of demand for their goods/services and thereby make hawking zone, restricting hawking zones and no hawking zones in cities. Quantitative space norms were mentioned whereby it was mentioned that there is a need to fix space norms for hawking at both city/zonal development plan and local/layout plan levels, but these quantitative norms were left open ended to be worked out by each city/ town. The present paper is an attempt to elaborate on quantitative norms for NDMC area of Delhi
Are we ready for genetic testing for primary open-angle glaucoma?
No full textFollowing a dramatic reduction in the cost of genotyping technology in recent years, there have been significant advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of glaucoma. Glaucoma patients represent around a quarter of all outpatient activity in the UK hospital eye service and are a huge burden for the National Health Service. A potential benefit of genetic testing is personalised glaucoma management, allowing direction of our limited healthcare resources to the glaucoma patients who most need it. Our review aims to summarise recent discoveries in the field of glaucoma genetics and to discuss their potential clinical utility. While genome-wide association studies have now identified over ten genes associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), individually, variants in these genes are not predictive of POAG in populations. There are data suggesting some of these POAG variants are associated with conversion from ocular hypertension to POAG and visual field progression among POAG patients. However, these studies have not been replicated yet and such genetic testing is not currently justified in clinical care. In contrast, genetic testing for inherited early-onset disease in relatives of POAG patients with a known genetic mutation is of clear benefit; this can support either regular review to commence early treatment when the disease develops, or discharge from ophthalmology services of relatives who do not carry the mutation. Genetic testing for POAG at a population level is not currently justified
Risk Aversion, Transparency, and Market Performance
No full textUsing a model of market making with inventories based on Biais (1993), we find
that investors obtain more favorable execution prices, and they hence invest more,
when markets are fragmented. In our model, risk-averse dealers use less aggressive
price strategies in more transparent markets (centralized) because quote dissemination
alleviates uncertainty about the prices quoted by other dealers and, hence, reduces the need to compete aggressively for order flow. Further, we show that the move toward greater transparency (centralization) may have detrimental effects on liquidity and welfare.Publicad
Crystal structure of 4-acetylphenyl 3-methylbenzoate
No full textThe planes of the aromatic rings of the title compound, C16H14O3, make a dihedral angle of 82.52 (8)°. The acetyl group and the phenyl ring make a dihedral angle of 1.65 (1)°. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by C—H...O interactions, generating C(7) chains along the a-axis direction
Crystal structure of (E)-4-{1-[2-(carbamothioyl)hydrazin-1-ylidene]ethyl}phenyl 4-methylbenzoate
No full textThe asymmetric unit of the title compound, C17H17N3O2S, consists of two independent molecules, A and B, with different conformations: in molecule A, the dihedral angles between the central benzene ring and the pendant tolyl and carbamothioylhydrazono groups are 71.12 (9) and 5.95 (8)°, respectively. The corresponding angles in molecule B are 50.56 (12) and 26.43 (11)°, respectively. Both molecules feature an intramolecular N—H...N hydrogen bond, which closes an S(5) ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O, N—H...S and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network
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