789 research outputs found
Dynamics of Project Management
No full textDYNAMICS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Title : Dynamics of Project Management
Author : Dr. Kamlesh Kumar Patel
Publisher : Social Research Foundation
Publisher Address : 128/170, H-Block, Kidwai Nagar, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh, Indi
Production of renewable diesel through the hydroprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass derived bio oil: A review
No full textDue to the scarcity of fossil fuels and to population increases, there is an urgent need for renewable energy sources that can replace petroleum-derived fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass, a renewable resource, can be converted to bio-oil by fast pyrolysis and further upgraded to renewable diesel through hydroprocessing. The upgrading of oil by fast pyrolosis is the main focus of this paper. Bio-oil has a higher energy density and heating value than biomass, but it cannot be used in place of petro-diesel as it is highly unstable, polar, and immiscible with hydrocarbons. Thus upgrading is necessary as it removes oxygen-containing compounds from bio-oil. Hydroprocessing was chosen for this review paper as a the method of upgrading bio-oil because there are hydrotreating units in place in refineries. To upgrade bio-oil, hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) in the presence of both a catalyst and hydrogen can replace hydrodesulfurization (the removal of sulfur compunds from crude oil). A sulfided NiMo/CoMo catalyst supported on gamma alumina is used as a benchmark catalyst for a hydrodesulfurization reaction in refineries and is considered the reference catalyst for HDO in the production of renewable diesel. The properties of renewable diesel made through hydroprocessing are similar to those of petro-diesel. Catalyst deactivation and techno-economic assessments of the whole pathway are areas that need more attention before renewable diesel can be commercialized. This review paper concentrates on the reaction mechanism in bio-oil upgrading, process parameters, and the limitations of hydroprocessing technology. This paper will be helpful for further modelling of techno-economic analysis in renewable diesel production from lignocellulosic biomass
Evaluation of water footprint under Dalbergia sissoo + Emblica offcinalis-based agroforestry model
No full textTechno-economic and life cycle assessment of lignocellulosic biomass-based thermochemical conversion technologies: A review
No full textBioenergy derived from biomass provides a promising energy alternative and can reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated from fossil fuels. Biomass-based thermochemical conversion technologies have been acknowledged as apt options to convert bioresources into bioenergy; this bioenergy includes electricity, heat, and fuels/chemicals in solid, liquid, and gaseous phases. In this review, the techno-economic and life cycle assessment of these technologies (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction, carbonization, and co-firing) are summarized. Specific indicators (production costs in a techno-economic analysis, functional units and environmental impacts in a life cycle analysis) for different technologies were compared. Finally, gaps in research and future trends in biomass thermochemical conversion were identified. This review could be used to guide future research related to economic and environmental benefits of bioenergy
Development of Optimum Locations and Scales for an Integrated Multi-feedstock Waste-to-value-added Facility through Geographical Information System Modelling
No full textBiomass and municipal solid waste (MSW) management have received significant attention globally of late. This study is focused on the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass (agricultural and forest residue) and MSW. The potentials of lignocellulosic biomass and MSW are used to determine the geographical point source locations for the distributed biomass, and optimal locations for waste-to-value-added (W2VA) facilities in a jurisdiction. A case study for the province of Alberta for the production of valuable products is conducted. Precise estimates of the annual availability of agricultural residue, forest residue, and MSW in Alberta show the potential for 4.1 million oven dry tonnes (odt), 2.1 million odt, and 4.3 million wet tonnes, respectively, of these waste sources. The initial step in optimally locating a W2VA facility is identifying feedstock collection points. MSW is transferred from communities to already established transfer stations (TSs) from where it is further distributed for either landfilling or recycling. On the other hand, agricultural and forest residue do not have dedicated TSs, therefore, this study for the first time developed geographic information system (GIS)-based suitability model to identify point source locations, defined as biomass collection points (BCPs), with geographical latitude and longitude for collecting biomass. The developed model also estimated the annual feedstock potential at identified BCPs and MSW TSs. In case study, the developed framework was used to perform a land suitability analysis, which is defined as a GIS-based process to determine the suitability of a given area for a particular use. Suitability analysis uses various geographical constraints chosen based on economic, environmental, and social factors to identify the most suitable area whereas network analysis identifies the most optimal locations out of various candidate sites to set up a W2VA facility. In this study, one W2VA facility was identified in Alberta’s Industrial Heartland (AIH) and 10 across the province of Alberta. This study also investigates the integration of three types of feedstock – agricultural residue, forest residue, and MSW – along with waste heat in the AIH W2VA facility. A techno-economic model, the FUNdamental ENgineering PrinciplEs-based model for Estimation of Cost of Energy from Biomass and Municipal Solid Waste (FUNNEL-Cost-Bio-MSW), was then used to assess the technical and economical parameters of converting lignocellulosic biomass and MSW into electricity via gasification technology. The availability of biomass and MSW at corresponding collection points, as well as the transportation distances to the W2VA facility, are the key inputs to the model. A particular case of the AIH was considered to assess the technical and economic feasibility of a proposed 199 MW gasification-based W2VA facility. Two scenarios were defined based on whether waste heat is used from one source or more than one source. Scenario I considered W2VA facility next to a single waste heat source whereas Scenario II identifies optimal location of W2VA facility between two waste heat sources in order to address the case where if the waste heat from one source is not sufficient for drying. A techno-economic assessment of Scenario I and II estimated internal rate of returns (IRRs) of 11.8% and 8.1%, respectively. The cost of generating electricity was estimated to be 33.23/MWh for Scenario I and II, respectively. The model also assessed the sensitivities of the calculated results to the key technical and economic parameters. This study can be used as a framework by municipalities/communities in any jurisdiction across the world to geographically locate biomass source/collection points along with their annual capacity, the corresponding optimal location for siting a W2VA facility, and the technical and economic feasibility of setting up a W2VA facility
Production of Renewable Diesel from Lignocellulosic biomass through Fast pyrolysis and Hydroprocessing Technology
No full textIncreasing environmental concerns, global warming, and greenhouse gas emissions due to fossil fuel use point to an urgent need for clean renewable energy sources that can replace petroleum-derived fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass, a renewable resource, can be converted to bio-oil by fast pyrolysis and further upgraded to renewable diesel through hydroprocessing. Because biomass behaves as if it is carbon neutral, its use does not increase atmospheric greenhouse gases. To conduct fast pyrolysis experiments to produce bio-oil, a stainless steel fluidized bed was fabricated with an internal diameter and height of 10 and 120 cm, respectively. Bio-oil produced through fast pyrolysis cannot replace conventional petro-diesel, however, because it is highly unstable, polar, has a high oxygen content, and is immiscible with hydrocarbon. Therefore, upgrading is necessary as it removes oxygen-containing compounds from bio-oil through the hydrodeoxygenation reaction using hydroprocessing technology. The ultimate product from this process is hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD), also known as renewable diesel or green diesel. Renewable diesel is closer in composition to petroleum diesel, has better chemical stability, and can have better cold flow properties than biodiesel (which is another renewable fuel). The main focus of this research is to (1) explore different lignocellulosic biomasses available in Canada, (2) study the thermochemical properties of the above-mentioned biomass, (3) conduct fast pyrolysis experiments to produce bio-oil with different process conditions, (4) develop a process model for a centralized fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing facility (5) develop a cost model to estimate the renewable diesel cost, and (6) compare how a centralized pyrolysis plant and a decentralized pyrolysis plant produce bio-oil. For every feedstock, a process and techno-economic model is developed using an Aspen Plus® simulation. The production cost is reported in $ /L. Of all the lignocellulosic biomass, woody biomass performed better than agricultural residues in terms of renewable diesel production cost and net energy ratio. The outcomes from this research will be helpful in commercializing and optimizing centralized or decentralized pyrolysis and hydroprocessing facilities to produce renewable diesel from Canadian biomass feedstock. In addition, it will help to reduce the emissions and carbon footprint from the oil and gas industry
Indian Economic Outlook 2008-09 and 2009-10
No full textThis paper provides an outlook for the Indian economy in the light of the extraordinary global financial crisis, that started in the US, but which has now transformed into the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression. The Indian economy was slowing down even before the onset of global crisis and so the timing of this external shock could not have been worse. The analysis undertaken for this paper shows that the global crisis is likely to bring the Indian GDP growth rate down considerably. This will pose a big challenge requiring urgent and sustained policy attention to prevent this downturn from becoming unnecessarily prolonged. There is real downside risk that the growth rate could plummet to the pre-1980s levels if appropriate countercyclical measures are not taken immediately and are not urgently followed by necessary structural reforms. The paper provides a short-term forecast for GDP growth based on a model of leading economic indicators. We present three scenarios in the paper assuming differentiated impact of the external crisis. Finally the paper suggests a set of policy measures to get the Indian economy back on the path of sustained rapid and inclusive growth.Forecasting, Indian economic growth, Economic outlook and conditions, Financial crises
Bovine adenovirus‐3 protein VIII associates with eukaryotic initiation factor‐6 during infection
No full textAdenovirus protein VIII appears to connect core with the inner surface of the adenovirus capsid. Because protein–protein interactions are central to virus replication, identification of proteins interacting with protein VIII may help in understanding their role in adenovirus infection. Our yeast 2-hybrid assay indicated that protein VIII interacts with eukaryotic initiation factor 6 (eIF6). These findings were confirmed by Glutathione S-transferase-pull down assay, bimolecular fluorescent complementation assay, and coimmunoprecipitation assay in plasmid DNA transfected and bovine adenovirus-3 (BAdV-3) infected cells. The C-terminus amino acids 147 to 174 of protein VIII and N-terminus amino acids 44 to 97 of eIF6 are involved in these interactions. Polysome analysis demonstrated increased level of 60S ribosomal subunit and decreased level of 80S complex in protein VIII expressing cells or BAdV-3 infected cells. Our results suggest that formation of functional 80S ribosome appears impaired in the presence of protein VIII at late times post infection. We speculate that this impaired ribosome assembly may be responsible for the inhibition of cellular mRNA translation observed late in adenovirus infected cells. Moreover, analysis of recombinant BAdV-3 expressing mutant protein VIII (deletion of eIF6 interacting domain) suggests that interaction of protein VIII and eIF6 may help in preferential translation of adenovirus genes during late phase of adenovirus infection.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canad
Towards A Competitive Manufacturing Sector
No full textThe Indian manufacturing sector has grown at an impressive average rate of 9.5 per cent annually since 2003-04. Its sustained growth is crucial for generating employment opportunities needed to absorb the rapidly expanding workforce. In this context, this paper reviews the current state of the sector and focuses on determinants of its competitiveness. The paper finds that Indian manufacturing sector exhibits a great deal of regional variation and a marked dualism between the organized and the unorganized segments in terms of both productivity and wage levels. The level of labour absorption in the organized manufacturing sector has been weak as reflected in the declining labour intensity in this sector. This does not augur well for achieving inclusive growth. We also find that although there have been significant changes in the composition of exports in the last 20 years; India is still a very small player at the global level, especially in knowledge intensive and advanced technology products. Finally, the paper explores Indias potential for transforming itself into a hub of mass manufacturing. We find that the main constraints in doing so have been the low level of R&D, relative lack of skilled personnel and relatively low FDI levels.manufacturing, competitiveness, mass manufacturing
Functionalization and migration of bromine adatoms on zigzag graphene nanoribbons: A first-principles study
No full text- …
