208 research outputs found
Hospital-based surveillance of severe paediatric malaria in two malaria transmission ecological zones of Burkina Faso
No full textBackground In the current context of tailoring interventions to maximize impact, it is important that current data of clinical epidemiology guide public health programmes and health workers in the management of severe disease. This study aimed at describing the burden of severe malaria at hospital level in two areas with distinct malaria transmission intensity.Methods A hospital-based surveillance was established in two regional hospitals located in two areas exposed to different malaria transmission. Data on paediatric severe malaria admissions were recorded using standardized methods from August 2017 to August 2018 with an interruption during the dry season from April to June 2018.Results In total, 921 children with severe malaria cases were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 33.9 (+/- 1.3) and 36.8 (+/- 1.6) months in lower malaria transmission (LMT) and higher malaria transmission (HMT) areas (p = 0.15), respectively. The geometric mean of asexual P. falciparum density was significantly higher in the LMT area compared to the HMT area: 22,861 trophozoites/mu L (95% CI 17,009.2-30,726.8) vs 11,291.9 trophozoites/mu L (95% CI 8577.9- 14,864.5). Among enrolled cases, coma was present in 70 (9.2%) participants. 196 patients (21.8%) presented with two or more convulsions episodes prior to admission. Severe anaemia was present in 448 children (49.2%). Other clinical features recorded included 184 (19.9%) cases of lethargy, 99 (10.7%) children with incoercible vomiting, 80 (8.9%) patients with haemoglobinuria, 43 (4.8%) children with severe hypoglycaemia, 37 (4.0%) cases where child was unable to drink/suck, 11 (1.2%) cases of patients with circulatory collapse/shock, and 8 cases (0.9%) of abnormal bleeding (epistaxis). The adjusted odds of presenting with coma, respiratory distress, haemoglobinuria, circulatory collapse/ shock and hypoglycaemia were significantly higher (respectively 6.5 (95%CI 3.4-12.1); 1.8 (95%CI 1.0-3.2); 2.7 (95%CI 1.6-4.3); 5.9 (95%CI 1.3-27.9); 1.9 (95%CI 1.0-3.6)) in children living in the HMT area compared to those residing in the LMT area. Overall, forty-four children died during hospitalization (case fatality rate 5.0%) with the highest fatalities in children admitted with respiratory distress (26.0%) and those with hypoglycaemia (25.0%).Conclusion The study showed that children in the HMT area have a higher risk of presenting with coma, shock/dehydration, haemoglobinuria, hypoglycaemia, and respiratory distress. Case-fatality rate is higher among patients with respiratory distress or hypoglycaemia. Hospital surveillance provides a reliable and sustainable means to monitor the clinical presentation of severe malaria and tailor the training needs and resources allocation for case management
Écrire l’Islam en bambara. Lieux, réseaux et enjeux de l’entreprise d’al-Hâjj Modibo Diarra
No full textAl-Hâjj Modibo Diarra, nouvel acteur du paysage religieux malien, publie régulièrement, depuis 1987, des ouvrages de vulgarisation islamique en langue bambara, comportant aussi des traductions de l’arabe (extraits coraniques inclus). Son initiative relie les langues, les formes de communication orales et écrites, les savoirs et les réseaux dans l’islam ouest-africain. Les librairies bamakoises les distribuent en même temps que le village de l’auteur demeure le centre de sa production. Le milieu des librairies urbaines sert de relais à un phénomène qui reste pourtant essentiellement rural, tant par ses origines que par sa destination. Le parcours biographique de l’auteur/traducteur est à cet égard emblématique. Cette production imprimée islamique en bambara reconfigure les pratiques et les savoirs islamiques.Al-Hajj Modibo Diarra, a new actor of the Malian religious landscape, since 1987 has been publishing several booklets popularizing Islamic doctrine in Bambara language. These also contain translations from Arabic (including excerpts from the Qur’an). This initiative ties relationships between languages, oral and written forms of communication, genres of knowledge, and networks in West African, especially Malian, Islam. The Islamic bookshops in Bamako serve as places of publication and circulation while the village where the writer lives is including the actual writing of these works. The milieu of urban Islamic bookshops proves to work as a link for a phenomenon which remains, though, fundamentally rural, both in its origins and in its target. However, this very phenomenon must also be understood as a result of the growing integration of a milieu so far considered impervious into different kinds of networks that go beyond a merely local setting: the author/translator’s biography considered here is a case in point. The impact of this Bambara Islamic literature is discussed, alongside its implications upon local representations and reconfigurations of Islamic knowledge
Immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum and autoimmunity: investigating common gene regulatory networks in a large-scale study from Burkina Faso.
No full textNovel Insights Into the Protective Role of Hemoglobin S and C Against Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia.
No full textAlthough hemoglobin S (HbS) and hemoglobin C (HbC) are well known to protect against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria, conclusive evidence on their role against infection has not yet been obtained. Here we show, in 2 populations from Burkina Faso (2007-2008), that HbS is associated with a 70% reduction of harboring P. falciparum parasitemia at the heterozygous state (odds ratio [OR] for AS vs AA, 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], .11-.66; P = .004). There is no evidence of protection for HbC in the heterozygous state (OR for AC vs AA, 1.49; 95% CI, .69-3.21; P = .31), whereas protection even higher than that observed with AS is observed in the homozygous and double heterozygous states (OR for CC + SC vs AA, 0.04; 95% CI, .01-.29; P = .002). The abnormal display of parasite-adhesive molecules on the surface of HbS and HbC infected erythrocytes, disrupting the pathogenic process of sequestration, might displace the parasite from the deep to the peripheral circulation, promoting its elimination at the spleen level
Designing a treatment system for the underground effluent at Loulo Gold mine (Mali, West Africa)
No full textEnvironmental & GeotchnicalResources EngineeringApplied Science
Cosmetics brand switching among black women in UK
No full text2014 dissertation for MSc in International Business Management. Selected by academic staff as a good example of a masters level dissertation.Using brand literatures and consumer behaviour literatures, the author critically investigates the switching behaviour of black women in the use of cosmetic product the UK.The research paper seeks to examine how black women respond to color cosmetic brand that are beginning to cater for the need of black women, as the ethnic minorities seem to have been abandoned by big brands that provide color cosmetics. These mainstream believed that here is no money in the ethnic minority market, this has made it difficult for black women to find color cosmetic product that suits their skin type. Most black women have had to rely on specialist to purchase their cosmetic product.The author used qualitative approach by using interviews to collect the data as this helped the author to gain more insight into the minds of the black women and a deeper understanding as to why black women respond to cosmetic products that are new in the market and how willingly are they to switch to cosmetic brands that big brands like L’Oreal are beginning to provide for black women.The Findings shows that black women do not care about the brand image of big cosmetic brands and they as some of them are not willingly to switch cosmetic product, as they feel satisfied with the product they already use. The Finding also reveals that consumers seek cosmetic product that works for their skin and are more concerned of the quality of the brand and not the price of the colour cosmetic product. The author concludes by presenting theoretical and managerial implication
Seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children aged 3–59 months in Mali: parents’ perceptions, attitudes and beliefs regarding drug administration
No full textAbstract Background In Mali, malaria remains the major endemic and leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the most vulnerable groups, notably children under five years of age and pregnant women. Achieving the goal of eliminating malaria by 2030 would be difficult, if not impossible, if we do not identify all the dimensions that influence the persistence of the disease within communities. This is why this study was conducted to assess the perceptions, attitudes and beliefs of parents regarding seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children under 5 years of age. Methods This study focused on 10 villages in the M’pessoba health area. Community consent was obtained in each village before starting the survey. Moreover, free and informed individual consent was obtained before starting to administer the questions. A questionnaire on parents’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about SMC was administered randomly to at least 25 parents per village. Results Of the 333 parents interviewed, nearly 97.9% (n = 333) thought that SMC should be taken by children aged 3–59 months. According to the majority of the participants, SMC protects against malaria (75.7%). The majority of parents interviewed (79.3%) were aware that SMC was administered over 3 days. Most of the participants (97.3%) thought that even under SMC, children must continue to sleep under mosquito nets. A total of 61.9% of parents experienced side effects following the administration SMC medications. During our survey, 90.7% of parents confirmed that the children had taken the second dose, compared with 85.3% for the third dose. A minority of participants (33.6%) thought that taking SMC only once had a protective effect for 3 months. A total of 93.4% of the 333 parents interviewed were in favor of administering SMC to their children the following year. Conclusion The study showed limited community perception regarding the protection period of SMC after taking a full dose
Maģistra darbs
No full textMaģistra darbā autore veic pētījumu, kas aptver būtisku OCTA regulējuma problēmjautājumu, kurš konstatēts Latvijas tiesu praksē. Pētījumā ir apskatīts OCTA likuma 35.panta viens no apdrošināšanas gadījumiem, kurā ir noteikts, ka apdrošināšanas atlīdzības izmaksa tiek atteikta gadījumos, kuros zaudējumi transportlīdzeklim ir nodarīti sacensību vai treniņbrauciena laikā. Darbā tiek analizēta transportlīdzekļa lietošanas jēdziena izpratne OCTA likuma regulējuma 35.panta 5.punkta kontekstā ar OCTA Pirmajā Direktīvā ietverto mērķi. Šīs jomas problēma saistīta ar termina starptautisko izmantojamību un pielietojumu civiltiesiskajā apdrošināšanā, Eiropas dalībvalstīm cenšoties vienādot OCTA regulējumu. Pirmkārt, jēdzieni sacensību un treniņbrauciens tiek interpretēti pēc apstākļu sakritības. Otrkārt, ir būtiski sašaurināta Kodificējošās OCTA Direktīvas “transportlīdzekļa” definīcija. Darba noslēgumā autore nonāca pie secinājumiem un izvirzīja savus priekšlikumus. Atslēgvārdi: transportlīdzeklis, apdrošināšana atlīdzības atteikums, sacensību braucieni, treniņbraucieni.In the Master's thesis, the author carries out a research that covers a significant issue of the regulation of MTPL, which has been established in the case-law of Latvian courts. The study deals with one of the insurance cases of Section 35 of the MTPL Law, which stipulates that the payment of insurance indemnity is refused in cases where the loss to the vehicle has been caused during the race competition or training . The paper analyzes the understanding of the concept of vehicle use in the context of Article 35 (5) of the MTPL Law with the objective included in the MTPL First Directive. The problem in this area is related to the international usability and use of the term in civil liability insurance, with the European Member States trying to unify the MTPL regulation. First, the concepts of race and training are interpreted according to the coincidence of circumstances. Secondly, the definition of 'vehicle' in the Codification Directive is significantly reduced. At the end of the work, the author came to conclusions and put forward proposals. Keywords: vehicle, insurance reward refusal, competition racing, training
Comment résister à l’imposture ? Des voix engagées au cœur de la tourmente
No full textC’est sous la forme romanesque qu’Ousmane Diarra, écrivain contemporain et bibliothécaire à l’Institut français du Mali, dénonce l’invasion d’islamistes radicaux dans son pays natal, de même que leurs méthodes d’asservissement et de contrôle (endoctrinement, violence verbale et physique, humiliation, destruction des corps). Écrit en réaction aux événements de 2013 au Mali, La Route des clameurs (2014) met en scène un jeune garçon, Bassy, dont la vie quotidienne bascule, lorsque le « Calife Mabu Maba dit Fieffé Ranson Kattar Ibn Ahmad Almorbidonne et sa horde de Morbidonnes ramassés dans les caniveaux » imposent leur nouvel ordre religieux (La Route des clameurs 19). Ainsi, dans les onze chapitres qui composent ce conte romanesque, l’enfant-narrateur, enrôlé de force dans le djihad, raconte ce qu’il a vécu, vu ou entendu, rapportant aussi les paroles d’autres personnages, notamment celles de son père. En nous basant sur les théories bakhtiniennes sur la polyphonie et la voix de l’auteur dans le roman, nous allons nous intéresser non seulement à la parole libérée de cet enfant-narrateur au patronyme inconnu, mais aussi à la voix de son père, un artiste-peintre fier et bravant l’ennemi fanatique par la création artistique. Si ces voix narratives se font entendre à l’intérieur du roman, une autre voix – celle de l’auteur implicite –, dissimulée dans les voix du jeune garçon et du père, a toute sa place. En effet, l’écrivain malien s’efface devant le langage de l’enfant pour se libérer de son trop-plein de douleur face à l’instrumentalisation des enfants et à la dislocation des familles, s’engageant ensuite, tout en tenant ses distances, dans une résistance à l’intolérance et à l’obscurantisme par l’entremise du personnage du père. Ce collage de voix et de perspectives suscite tantôt du dégoût, tantôt de la compassion. Finalement, par ces procédés narratifs et énonciatifs, Ousmane Diarra pousse-t-il le lecteur à prendre part à sa démarche scripturale en le conviant à « dire non à l’imposture » ?
Abstract:
A contemporary writer and librarian at the French Institute of Mali, Ousmane Diarra denounces the invasion of radical Islamists in his native country, as well as their methods of enslavement and control (indoctrination, verbal and physical abuse, humiliation, destruction of bodies). Written in reaction to the events of 2013 in Mali, La Route des clameurs (2014) features a young boy, Bassy, whose everyday life is changed when the “Caliph Mabu Maba also known as Fieffé Ranson Kattar Ibn Ahmad Almorbidonne and his horde of Morbidonnes gathered in the gutters” imposed their new religious order (Diarra, 2014a: 19). Thus, in the eleven chapters that embody this novelistic tale, the child-narrator, enrolled by force in the jihad, recounts what he has experienced, seen or heard, while also giving testament to the words of other characters, especially those of his father. Based on the Bakhtinian theories of polyphony and the author's voice in the novel, my study will focus not only the liberated speech of this child-narrator with his unknown surname, but also in the voice of his father, a proud painter who challenges the fanatical enemy using artistic creation. If these narrative voices are heard within the novel, another voice - that of the implicit author - concealed in the voices of the boy and the father has its place. Indeed, the Malian writer blends his voice with that of the child’s to free himself from his overflow of pain in front of the instrumentalisation of children and the dislocation of the families. Through the character of the father he bears witness as an active resistant to intolerance and obscurantism while continuing to asserts his distance. This collage of voices and perspectives provoke to some extent feelings of disgust, and compassion. Finally, through these narrative and enunciative strategies, does Ousmane Diarra urge the reader to take part in his scriptural approach by inviting him to "say no to imposture"
Authorial figures and fictions in Lucian of Samosata
No full textPartant du constat de l'omniprésence de Lucien dans son corpus, notre thèse se propose de dresser un panorama des autoreprésentations auctoriales dans l'ensemble de l'œuvre de Lucien de Samosate, mais dans une perspective résolument théorique. En effet, parce qu'il se constitue comme point focal de sa propre œuvre, Lucien a souvent tendance à faire l'objet d'une lecture biographique de la part de la critique. Cette thèse se donne pour objet de redonner à l'autoreprésentation de l'auteur son sens de geste poétique. En choisissant le terme de figure, auquel on donne ici un sens plus restreint qu'à celui de persona, on s'intéressera uniquement aux moments où l'auteur fait explicitement l'objet de son propre discours.La première partie de notre thèse consiste donc en une importante typologie des mises en scène de soi chez Lucien: on part des apparitions les plus explicites de l'auteur en contexte référentiel, dans le corpus oratoire ou biographique, pour traiter ensuite de la partie fictionnelle du corpus. L'un des objectifs de ce travail est en effet de redonner à Lucien sa place de pionnier dans l'invention de l'autofiction.La seconde partie de notre thèse tire les conclusions poétiques de cette typologie, en dégageant aux autoreprésentations de l'auteur une double fonction : d'abord, elles doivent dire l'individu social et intellectuel, mais dans une démarche qui transcende les genres et la séparation traditionnelle entre référentialité et fiction. Ensuite, les figures de l'auteur ont pour fonction de servir de vecteur à un message métapoétique extrêmement riche, qui va de la théorie de la fiction à celle de la réception.The starting point of this PhD thesis was the constatation of Lucian's omnipresence within his own corpus. This phenomenon often led critics to have an excessively biographical approach to this author. The aim of this thesis is thus to give an account of the vast scope of self-representations within Lucian's corpus, in a theoretical perspective, in order to show that the staging of the self can be seen as a poetical gesture. The first part of this work thus consists in a typology of all the auctorial self-representations that can be found within Lucian's œuvre. It ranges from the most explicit forms of authorial presence, in referential works, such as prolaliai and biographies, to the most fictional part of the corpus. The aim of this work is to establish Lucian's position as a pioneer in the invention of autofiction.The second part of this thesis draws the theoretical conclusions of this typology, by showing that authorial self-representations have two main functions : first, they help defining Lucian's social and intellectual identity, beyond generic boudaries ; second, they serve a metaliterary purpose : as vicarious surrogates, Lucian's doubles appear as a powerful means of expressing his aesthetical views
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