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Ortheziola mizushimai Tanaka & Amano, n. sp.
No full text<i>Ortheziola mizushimai</i> Tanaka & Amano, n. sp. (Fig.1) <p> <b>Type material. HOLOTYPE,</b> adult female: <b>Japan,</b> Mt. Hasuge, Aikawa-chô, Kanagawa-pref., 27- -2004, coll. H. Mizushima (NSMT). <b>PARATYPE</b>: adult female: data as for holotype (TUA). <b>Other material (not paratype):</b> data as for holotype, one adult female in poor condition (TUA).</p> <p> <b>Description (adult female, holotype and a paratype)</b> (Fig. 1).</p> <p> <i>Mounted material</i>. 1.2–1.3 mm long and 0.9–1.0 mm wide. Antennae: segment I 82 –107 Μm long, 74–86 Μm wide; II 52 –67 Μm long, 37–42 Μm wide; III 268–289 Μm long, 32–42 Μm wide; segment III nearly parallel sided; apical seta 132–134 Μm long, subapical seta 44–52 Μm long; flagellate sensory seta near apical seta 27–28 Μm long; unusual hair-like seta absent from near subapical seta; all segments covered with spine-like setae; segment I with 0–3 clavate sensory setae on each side of segment; segment III with 42–51 spine-like setae.</p> <p> <i>Ve n te r</i>. Labium 83–148 Μm long. Stylet loop longer than labium. Legs (lengths in Μm): anterior legs: coxa 123–134, trochanter-femur 315–338, tibia + tarsus 302–334, claw 31–42; claw digitules each about 15 Μm long; middle legs: coxae 118–158, trochanter–femur 318–328, tibia + tarsus 325–348, claw 37–49; claw digitules each about 15 Μm long; posterior legs: coxae 142–151, trochanter-femur 376–402, tibia + tarsus 386– 433, claw 48–54: claw digitules each 13–18 Μm long. Claws without a denticle. All legs with rows of robust setae; also with 1 or 2 flagellate setae present on distal end of trochanter-femur. Wax plates absent from marginal areas of head and thorax; marginal wax band surrounding each thoracic spiracle (plates 15 and 16) present; with one band of spines present within ovisac band. Each thoracic spiraclular opening with a scattered group of 5-9 disc pores, each with 5 or 6 loculi; diameter of anterior thoracic spiraclular peritremes 23– 27 Μm. Setose setae scattered medially on thorax, although a few clavate around mouthparts and on abdomen. Multilocular pores, each with 6–8 loculi, present along anterior margin of ovisac band, along posterior edges of ovisac band, and also along anterior margin and inside of spine band within ovisac. Pores absent from around vulva. Abdominal spiracles not detected.</p> <p> <i>Dorsum.</i> Wax plates covering two–thirds of dorsal surface; wax plates 3, 5 & 6 present, covering most of mediolateral areas of thorax; wax plates absent medially on thorax and abdomen; wax plate 3 divided medially; wax plate 7 separated into several subplates posteriorly. With a few setae present mainly on medial area and with a few setae clavate. Disc pores, each with 4–6 loculi, present on posterolateral area of wax plate 7. Sclerotized anal plate in front of anal ring 24–48 Μm long, 222–242 Μm wide. Anal ring with incomplete twin–triple rows of round pores; longest anal ring seta 58 Μm, longer than length of anal ring; anal ring 42–44 Μm wide, 49 Μm long. With a group of disc pores, each with 5–8 loculi, present on each side of anal ring.</p> <p> <b>Host.</b> Unknown. Type series extracted with Berlese funnels from forest litter.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> This species is dedicated to Mr. Hiroki Mizushima, who collected the specimens.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>O. mizushimai</i> resembles <i>Ortheziola peregovitsi</i> Kozár et Konczné Benedicty (2001) in having wax plate 3 present and in lacking multilocular disc pores around the vulva. However, it differs from <i>O. peregovitsi</i> in having: (i) disc pores with 5 or 6 loculi around each thoracic spiracle; (ii) fewer clavate setae on both of median dorsal surface and ventral median area, and (iii) wax plate 7 clearly separated into several subplates posteriorly (<i>O. peregovitsi</i> has disc pores with only 4 loculi around each spiracle and the separation of wax plate 7 into subplates is indistinct).</p>Published as part of <i>Tanaka, Hirotaka & Amano, Hiroshi, 2007, First records of the subfamily Ortheziolinae (Hemiptera: Ortheziidae) in Japan, with descriptions of two new species, pp. 31-37 in Zootaxa 1516</i> on pages 32-34, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/177316">10.5281/zenodo.177316</a>
Ortheziolamameti maeharai Tanaka & Amano, n. sp.
No full text<i>Ortheziolamameti maeharai</i> Tanaka & Amano, n. sp. (Fig. 2) <p> <b>Type material.</b> HOLOTYPE, adult female: <b>Japan,</b> Mt. Kanô, Kimitsu, Chiba-pref., 5- -2005, coll. S. Maehara (NSMT). <b>Other material (not paratype):</b> data as for holotype, 1 immature (TUA). Also: <b>Japan,</b> Mt. Hasuge, Aikawa-chô, Kanagawa-pref., 27-i-2004, coll. H. Mizushima, 3 adult female in poor condition (TUA).</p> <p> <b>Description (adult female, holotype only)</b> (Fig. 2).</p> <p> <i>Mounted material.</i> 1.9 mm long and 1.3 mm wide. Antennae: segment I 104–107 Μm long, 100–102 Μm wide; II 56 –60 Μm long, 68–70 Μm wide; III 390–398 Μm long, 75–82 Μm wide; segment III nearly parallel sided; apical seta of antenna 149 Μm long, subapical seta 59 Μm long; flagellate sensory seta near apical seta 24–30 Μm long; microseta absent from apex of antenna; unusual hair-like seta absent from near subapical seta; all segments covered with hair-like setae; segment I with 1 clavate sensory seta on each side of segment.</p> <p> <i>Ve n te r</i>. Labium 144 Μm long. Stylet loop longer than labium. Legs (lengths in Μm): anterior legs: coxae 137–142, trochanter-femur 426–452, tibia + tarsus 438–472, claw 56–69; claw digitules each 19–23 Μm long; middle legs: coxae 126–144, trochanter-femur 446–447, tibia + tarsus 460–486, claw 66–68; claw digitules each 23–24 Μm long; posterior legs: coxae 182, trochanter-femur 517. Left posterior leg plus tibia, tarsus and claw of right posterior leg missing. Claws without a denticle. All legs with rows of robust setae. Wax plates present on marginal areas of head and thorax; with a wide marginal wax band surrounding each thoracic spiracle (plates 15 and 16); with large rectangular-shaped wax plates surrounding each coxa present; cluster of spines band between hind legs and ovisac band present; with two bands of spines present within ovisac band. With a few setose setae scattered medially on thorax. Multilocular pores, each with 10–13 loculi, present anterior to posterior edges of ovisac band, and also around vulva; quadrilocular pores present along margins of spine bands inside ovisac area. Abdominal spiracles not detected.</p> <p> <i>Dorsum.</i> Wax plates present, covering all of dorsal surface; wax plates 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 present; wax plates 9 and 10 wide; plate 9 almost an equilateral triangle. In shape; wax plate 10 narrow posteriorly, widening significantly near anterior margin. Sclerotized anal plate in front of anal ring 68 Μm long, 202 Μm wide. Anal ring with 6 setae; longest seta 48 Μm; anal ring 48Μm wide. With a group of disc pores, each with 8 loculi, present around anal ring.</p> <p> <b>Host.</b> Unknown. Type specimen and other examined specimens extracted by Berlese funnels from forest litter.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> This species is dedicated to Mr. Satoshi Maehara, one of the collectors of the specimens.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Om. maeharai</i> resembles the Nepalese species <i>Ortheziolamameti loebli</i> (Richard) (1990) and the Taiwanese species <i>Om. taipensiana</i> Shiau & Kozár (2004) in having hair-like rather than spine-like setae on the antennae. However, it differs from <i>Om. loebli</i> in having multilocular pores around the vulva; and from <i>Om. taipensiana</i> in the shape of wax plates 9 and 10, with wax plate 9 being very broad and almost an equilateral triangle in shape, and wax plate 10 being rather narrow posteriorly and along most of its length but then widening suddenly near anterior margin (wax plate 9 on <i>Om. taipensiana</i> is narrow and elongated, in the shape of an isosceles triangle, while wax plate 10 widens gradually from posterior to anterior margin, not widening abruptly near anterior margin).</p>Published as part of <i>Tanaka, Hirotaka & Amano, Hiroshi, 2007, First records of the subfamily Ortheziolinae (Hemiptera: Ortheziidae) in Japan, with descriptions of two new species, pp. 31-37 in Zootaxa 1516</i> on page 35, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/177316">10.5281/zenodo.177316</a>
On the Number of p4-Tilings by an n-Omino
No full textA plane tiling by the copies of a polyomino is called isohedral if every pair of copies in the tiling has a symmetry of the tiling that maps one copy to the other. We show that, for every -omino (i.e., polyomino consisting of n cells),
the number of non-equivalent isohedral tilings generated by 90 degree rotations, so called p4-tilings or quarter-turn tilings, is bounded by a constant (independent of n). The proof relies on the analysis of the factorization of the boundary word of a polyomino
Integer Complexity and Mixed Binary-Ternary Representation
No full textThe integer complexity of a natural number n, denoted by ‖n‖, is the smallest number of 1’s needed to express n using an arbitrary combination of addition and multiplication (and parentheses). For example, ‖6‖ = 5 since the expression 6 = (1+1)⋅ (1+1+1) contains five 1’s and there are no such expressions containing at most four 1’s. The investigation of this cute complexity measure was originated by Mahler and Popken in the 1950s. It is easy to see that ‖n‖/(log₃ n) ∈ [3, 3 log₂ 3] (∼ [3,4.755]) for every n, but the distribution of ‖n‖ is largely unknown.
In this work, we focus on the restricted expressions obtained by applying Horner’s schema to a mixed binary-ternary representation of a given number in which we can arrange base-two and base-three digits in an arbitrary order. Let f(n) denote the minimum number of 1’s needed to express n in this way. Apparently, f(n) ≥ ‖n‖ for every n. We extensively investigate on f(n) via the combination of computer experiments and theoretical analysis and obtain the following set of results: (i) Computer experiments supporting the hypothesis that f(n)/log₃ n 3.934. Several new bounds on the original integer complexity are also presented in the paper
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Production of novel ACE inhibitory peptides from beta-lactoglobulin using Protease N Amano
No full textPotent angiotensin l-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide mixtures were obtained from the hydrolysis of beta-lactoglobulin (beta Lg) using Protease N Amano, a food-grade commercial proteolytic preparation. Hydrolysis experiments were carried out for 8 h at two different temperatures and neutral pH. Based on their ACE inhibitory activity, samples of 6 h of digestion were chosen for further analysis. The temperature used for the hydrolysis had a marked influence on the type of peptides produced and their concentration in the hydrolysate. Protease N Amano was found to produce very complex peptide mixtures; however, the partially fractionated hydrolysates had already very potent ACE inhibitory activity. The novel heptapeptide SAPLRVY was isolated and characterised. It corresponded to beta Lg f(36-42) and had an IC50 value of 8 mu m, which is considerably lower than the most potent ACE inhibitory peptides derived from bovine beta Lg reported so far. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Depth Two Majority Circuits for Majority and List Expanders
No full textLet MAJ_n denote the Boolean majority function of n input variables. In this paper, we study the construction of depth two circuits computing MAJ_n where each gate in a circuit computes MAJ_m for m < n.
We first give an explicit construction of depth two MAJ_{floor[n/2]+2} o MAJ_{= 7 such that n congruent 3 (mod 4) where MAJ_m and MAJ_{<= m} denote the majority gates that take m and at most m distinct inputs, respectively. A graph theoretic argument developed by Kulikov and Podolskii (STACS '17, Article No. 49) shows that there is no MAJ_{<= n-2} o MAJ_{n-2} circuit computing MAJ_n. Hence, our construction reveals that the use of a smaller fan-in gates at the bottom level is essential for the existence of such a circuit. Some computational results are also provided.
We then show that the construction of depth two MAJ_m o MAJ_m circuits computing MAJ_n for m<n can be translated into the construction of a newly introduced version of bipartite expander graphs which we call a list expander. Intuitively, a list expander is a c-leftregular bipartite graph such that for a given d < c, every d-leftregular subgraph of the original graph has a certain expansion property. We formalize this connection and verify that, with high probability, a random bipartite graph is a list expander of certain parameters. However, the parameters obtained are not sufficient to give us a MAJ_{n-c} o MAJ_{n-c} circuit computing MAJ_n for a large constant c
Depth-Three Circuits for Inner Product and Majority Functions
No full textWe consider the complexity of depth-three Boolean circuits with limited bottom fan-in that compute some explicit functions. This is one of the simplest circuit classes for which we cannot derive tight bounds on the complexity for many functions. A Σ₃^k-circuit is a depth-three OR ∘ AND ∘ OR circuit in which each bottom gate has fan-in at most k.
First, we investigate the complexity of Σ₃^k-circuits computing the inner product mod two function IP_n on n pairs of variables for small values of k. We give an explicit construction of a Σ²₃-circuit of size smaller than 2^{0.952n} for IP_n as well as a Σ³₃-circuit of size smaller than 2^{0.692n}. These improve the known upper bounds of 2^{n-o(n)} for Σ₃²-circuits and 3^{n/2} ∼ 2^{0.792n} for Σ₃³-circuits by Golovnev, Kulikov and Williams (ITCS 2021), and also the upper bound of 2^{(0.965…)n} for Σ₃²-circuits shown in a recent concurrent work by Göös, Guan and Mosnoi (MFCS 2023).
Second, we investigate the complexity of the majority function MAJ_n aiming for exploring the effect of negations. Currently, the smallest known depth-three circuit for MAJ_n is a monotone circuit. A Σ₃^{(+k,-)}-circuit is a Σ₃-circuit in which each bottom gate has at most k positive literals and negative literals as its input. We show that, for k ≤ 2, the minimum size of a Σ₃^{(+k,-∞)}-circuit for MAJ_n is essentially equal to the minimum size of a monotone Σ₃^k-circuit for MAJ_n. In sharp contrast, we also show that, for k = 3,4 and 5, there exists a Σ₃^{(+k, -)}-circuit computing MAJ_n (for an appropriately chosen ) that is smaller than the smallest known monotone Σ₃^k-circuit for MAJ_n. Our results suggest that negations may help to speed up the computation of the majority function even for depth-three circuits. All these constructions rely on efficient circuits or formulas on a small number of variables that we found through a computer search
FIGURE 2 in First records of the subfamily Ortheziolinae (Hemiptera: Ortheziidae) in Japan, with descriptions of two new species
No full textFIGURE 2. Adult female of Ortheziola maeharai Tanaka & Amano n. sp. (holotype). ANT, antenna; CS, clavate seta on legs; LG, leg (claw + part of tarsus); MP, multilocular pore; P, 8 locular disc pore associated with anal ring; QP, quadrilocular pores; VS, ventral seta; WP, part of wax plate 5. Scale lines: 200Μm (for ANT), 100µm (for LG), 25µm (for WP), and 10µm (for others).Published as part of Tanaka, Hirotaka & Amano, Hiroshi, 2007, First records of the subfamily Ortheziolinae (Hemiptera: Ortheziidae) in Japan, with descriptions of two new species, pp. 31-37 in Zootaxa 1516 on page 36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17731
Fukao Kyôji et Amano Tomofumi. Tainichi chokusetsu tôshi to Nihon keizai. (L'investissement étranger au Japon et l'économie japonaise).
No full textBassino Jean-Pascal. Fukao Kyôji et Amano Tomofumi. Tainichi chokusetsu tôshi to Nihon keizai. (L'investissement étranger au Japon et l'économie japonaise).. In: Ebisu, n°34, 2005. pp. 321-323
FIGURE 1 in First records of the subfamily Ortheziolinae (Hemiptera: Ortheziidae) in Japan, with descriptions of two new species
No full textFIGURE 1. Adult female Ortheziola mizushimai Tanaka & Amano, n. sp. (holotype). ANT, antenna; CS, clavate seta; DS, dorsal seta; LG, leg (claw + a part of tarsus); MP, multilocular pore; P(I), 6 locular disc pore associated with spiracles; P(II), 6 locular disc pore on posterolateral side of wax plate 7; P(III), 8 locular disc pore on each side of anal ring; WP, part of wax plate 5. Scale lines: 200Μm (for ANT), 100µm (for LG), 25µm (for WP), and 10µm (for others).Published as part of Tanaka, Hirotaka & Amano, Hiroshi, 2007, First records of the subfamily Ortheziolinae (Hemiptera: Ortheziidae) in Japan, with descriptions of two new species, pp. 31-37 in Zootaxa 1516 on page 33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17731
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