1,720,993 research outputs found
Exploring orientation with geovisualisations and virtual nested environments
No full textSpatial orientation is the ability to maintain knowledge of our position with respect to other cues within an environment. This is an essential skill, forming the foundation of other abilities, including spatial navigation. Previous research has identified that virtual environments impede participants’ ability to orient accurately. Research exploring the role of environment type, specifically nested environments, has further identified a situation which hinders orientation ability. This thesis seeks to link these research bodies, exploring orientation ability within virtual nested environments. Across a series of experiments, it was found that participants struggled to accurately orient within these environments, especially when a link to the external environment was unavailable. The addition of orienting cues within the environment, however, reduced this difficulty. Participants provided with additional cues recorded significantly lower orientation error. This effect is apparent following either active exploration or a passive video tour. Subsequent studies illustrated that other factors such as anxiety, as manipulated via the use of stereotype threat, also influenced orientation accuracy within a nested environment. Geovisualisations were explored to examine whether orientation difficulties are observed in symbolised, rather than realistic, virtual environments. Participants reported orientation difficulties and demonstrated an inability to accurately track their position within symbolised space. Results suggest that geovisualisation users, similar to users of virtual nested environments, require increased support to efficiently orient. Results support that orientation within digital nested environments is difficult due to the lack of consistent visual cues within the multiple aspects of the environment.<br/
Chief Petty Officer Joe Allison, Craig Lockhart, Liutenant Commander. J. W. Frazier and Leon O. Paslay
No full textNaval Reserves. Chief Petty Officer Joe Allison, Craig Lockhart, Liutenant Commander. J. W. Frazier and Leon O. Paslay.https://mavmatrix.uta.edu/specialcollections_startelegram1950s/20827/thumbnail.jp
Eco-driving: the role of feedback in reducing emissions from everyday driving behaviours
No full textEco-driving has been proposed as an approach to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions arising from personal automobile use. Eco-driving is the adoption of a measured driving style, minimising unnecessary breaking and aggressive acceleration. Eco-driving can be seen as a low cost and immediate approach to emission reduction as it involves the modification of drivers’ behaviours as opposed to the development and implementation of newer, more efficient technology. Despite the proposed benefits of eco-driving, numerous challenges are faced in order to encourage the adoption of these behaviours and maintain them long term. This narrative review presents the concept of eco-driving, with a focus on the long-term maintenance of these behaviours, including training programmes and feedback devices. It is clear within current literature that, despite the economic and environmental benefits of adopting eco-driving, drivers require feedback on their actions in order to promote long-term, behavioural, change.</p
Ideation using the “Design with Intent” toolkit: a case study applying a design toolkit to support creativity in developing vehicle interfaces for fuel-efficient driving
Full text linkEveryday driving is a significant source of greenhouse gases and pollutants within developed nations. Finding ways to combat these emissions and minimise the impact of anthropometric climate change is a growing challenge for all research disciplines. This current paper explores the use of a design toolkit “Design with Intent” to generate ideas for in-vehicle interfaces designed to reduce fuel use and emissions. A preliminary interface validation assessment is also presented in order to assess whether the ideas generated were appropriate in encouraging behavioural change and of potential value. It is suggested that whilst further evaluation of the interfaces are required, the use of the “Design with Intent” toolkit facilitated the creative process, allowing engineers to conceive initial interface designs in a creative manner
Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Process (STAMP) applied to a Royal Navy Hawk jet missile simulation exercise
Full text linkThe Royal Navy uses Hawk jets to simulate sea-skimming missile attacks against vessels as part of their training regulations. To best achieve these goals, pilots of the Hawk are required to fly at approximately 50 feet above sea level to accurately mimic the flight path of a missile. Despite this need the Hawk is not equipped with a radar altimeter and instead relies upon pilot skill to ensure the safe completion of the operation. Incidents whereby the Hawk jets have struck the water are however recorded, risking pilot safety. This paper explores the Hawk missile simulation task using a Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Process (STAMP) and its corresponding hazard analysis Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) methodology to map the key stakeholders within this operation. In doing so, the method explores areas of potential risk in the system and recommends how overall systemic safety of the operation can be improved
Interaction of task difficulty and gender stereotype threat with a spatial orientation task in a virtual nested environment
Full text linkTwo experiments examined the interaction of task difficulty and stereotype threat in a spatial orientation task. Having explored the exterior and interior of a virtual building, participants were placed in a room with an external or internal view and asked to face a previously seen but occluded external target cue. In the internal room participants could use spatial updating to track their position in terms of the target cue, and in the external room they could also use the allocentric spatial relationship between the target cue and a visible external cue. Participants performed better in the external room, illustrating spatial updating is more difficult than allocentric array learning. In Experiment 1, participants were informed that they were likely to perform better, worse or the same as members of the opposite sex. Overall males performed better than females, but males given the threat statement performed worst. There was no difference between female groups. Experiment 2a, reduced the difficulty of the task by including internal orienting cues. Females with the orientation cues performed better than females without orientation cues and the same as males. In Experiment 2b, with orientation cues present, there was a significant effect of stereotype threat for both males and females but only in the more difficult internal room trial. The results suggest gender stereotype threats affect spatial orientation but only at an appropriate level of task difficulty
Driving towards a greener future: an application of cognitive work analysis to promote fuel-efficient driving
No full textDriving is a daily encountered task for many. Unlike the majority of life’s daily hassles however, the act of driving has significant environmental repercussions. Supporting the development of environmentally conscious driving techniques and developing tools and interfaces to reduce the environmental impact of driving is warranted in order to minimise the negative impact of these actions. The current paper documents the development of a complete Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) to support environmentally conscious driving. The paper proposes that the use of the CWA approach enabled examination of the fuel-efficient driving task and consideration of the role numerous objects, agents and skills can play in facilitating fuel-efficient driving. In addition to the traditional CWA process, this paper shows how the revealed finding can be used as the basis for developing specifications that can be taken forward to allow for the development of novel in-vehicle interfaces to support fuel-efficient driving
Factors influencing orientation within a nested virtual environment: external cues, active exploration and familiarity
No full textThree experiments using a spatial orientation task within a computer generated building examined the factors influencing maintenance of orientation to an external reference frame within a nested environment. Having explored a virtual building, participants were asked to point to an occluded external cue from 4 different rooms. Experiment 1 orientation errors were less in external rooms and previously visited internal rooms. To assess importance of guiding instructions, participants in Experiment 2 were shown a video of the building. Again orientation errors were less in previously visited rooms. Participants in Experiment 3 had no experience of the building. Participants shown the video were unable to maintain orientation in the internal visited room. Results suggest that maintaining orientation to an external frame of reference requires either access to an external cue or active exploration. Without previous familiarity passive exposure was not sufficient to maintain orientation within the building
Adaptive driver modelling in ADAS to improve user acceptance: a study using naturalistic data
No full textAccurate understanding of driver behaviour is crucial for future Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving. For user acceptance it is important that ADAS respect individual driving styles and adapt accordingly. Using data collected during a naturalistic driving study carried out at the University of Southampton, we assess existing models of driver acceleration and speed choice during car following and when cornering. We observe that existing models of driver behaviour that specify a preferred inter-vehicle spacing in car-following situations appear to be too prescriptive, with a wide range of acceptable spacings visible in the naturalistic data. Bounds on lateral acceleration during cornering from the literature are visible in the data, but appear to be influenced by the minimum cornering radii specified in design codes for UK roadway geometry. This analysis of existing driver models is used to suggest a small set of parameters that are sufficient to characterise driver behaviour in car-following and curve driving, which may be estimated in real-time by an ADAS to adapt to changing driver behaviour. Finally, we discuss applications to adaptive ADAS with the objectives of improving road safety and promoting eco-driving, and suggest directions for future research
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