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Russian economic thought on agricultural issues (Article of N.P. Makarov)
No full textThe author of this article, the remarkable Russian economist Nikolai Makarov (1886-1980), is one of the brightest representatives of Chayanov’s organization-production school, who had a long and dramatic life. After graduating from the Faculty of Economics of the Moscow University, he conducted economic-statistical studies of the Russian peasantry and cooperation, and taught a number of agrarian-economic disciplines at the universities of Moscow and Voronezh. Makarov took an active part in the preparation of agrarian reforms during the 1917 Revolution. During the Civil War, he emigrated to the United States and wrote books about American agriculture. In 1924, at the invitation of Alexander Chayanov, Makarov returned to Soviet Russia - as a wellknown professor and influential expert in the comparative studies of rural development in various regions of the world2. The fruitful scientific work of Makarov and his colleagues from the organization-production school was stopped in 1930 - when Stalin accused Chayanov and Makarov of sabotaging collectivization and preparing a counter-revolutionary coup in the USSR. Makarov spent several years in prison, and in the mid-1930s, he was sent to work as an economist at the state farms of the Black-Earth region. In the late 1940s, he was allowed to return to research and teaching, and in old age, he published a number of books on the Soviet agricultural economy. The article presents the emigrant period of Makarov’s life, when he collaborated with the editorial board of the Peasant Russia journal published in Czechoslovakia in the 1920s. Makarov conducts a political-economic analysis of the main issues and topics in the Russian agrarian thought of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. First, he describes the features of the Narodnik and Marxist theoretical-methodological approaches to the study of the Russian rural evolution. Then, in the spirit of the Chayanov school, Makarov looks for a fruitful compromise between these two ideologies. He notes the important impact on Russian agrarians of the international, primarily German, studies of the agricultural organization and evolution. The final sections of the article explain Makarov’s original classifications and typologies of the forms and directions of the agricultural evolution. Today, a hundred years later, this Makarov’s work helps us to better understand the debatable roots of the Russian and global agrarian ideologies in the early 20th century.Автор этой статьи замечательный российский экономист Николай Макаров (1886-1980) является одним из ярких представителей организационно-производственной школы Александра Чаянова. Макаров прожил долгую и драматическую жизнь. По окончании экономического факультета Московского университета он занимался экономико-статистическими исследованиями крестьянства и кооперации в России, а также преподавал ряд аграрно-экономических дисциплин в университетах Москвы и Воронежа. Макаров принял активное участие в подготовке аграрных реформ в Русской революции 1917 года. Во время гражданской войны Макаров эмигрировал в США, где написал пару монографий об американском сельском хозяйстве. По приглашению Александра Чаянова Николай Макаров вернулся в советскую Россию в 1924-м году. К этому времени он уже являлся известным профессором, влиятельным экспертом в области исследований компаративистских стратегий сельского развития различных регионов мира. Плодотворная научная деятельность Макарова и его коллег по организационно-производственной школе была оборвана в 1930-м году, когда Сталин обвинил Чаянова и Макарова в саботаже политики коллективизации и подготовке контрреволюционного переворота в СССР. Макаров провел несколько лет в тюрьме. В середине 1930-х годов он был выслан работать экономистом в совхозы Черноземья. В конце 1940-х годов Макаров получил разрешение вернуться к профессорской научной и преподавательской деятельности. Он уже в очень преклонном возрасте опубликовал ряд книг по экономике советского сельского хозяйства. Представленная здесь статья относится к эмигрантскому периоду жизни Макарова, когда он активно сотрудничал с редколлегией журнала «Крестьянская Россия» издававшемся в Чехословакии в 1920-е годы. В этой статье Макаров стремится дать политэкономический анализ основных вопросов и тем аграрной мысли России конца ХIX - начала XX века. Изначально он характеризует особенности теоретико-методологических подходов к изучению эволюции сельской России народников и марксистов, а затем стремится вполне в духе школы Чаянова найти пути для плодотворного компромисса этих двух идеологических мировоззрений. При этом Макаров отмечает важное воздействие на российских аграрников международного, прежде всего германского опыта изучения организации сельского хозяйства и его эволюции. Заключительные разделы этой статьи посвящены обоснованию собственных макаровских оригинальных классификаций и типологизаций форм и направлений сельскохозяйственной эволюции. Спустя сто лет этот текст Макарова помогает нам глубже понять дискуссионные корни аграрных идеологий России и мира начала XX века
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No full text
Russian economic thought on agricultural issues
No full textThe author of this article, the remarkable Russian economist Nikolai Makarov (1886-1980), is one of the brightest representatives of Chayanov's organization-production school, who had a long and dramatic life. After graduating from the Faculty of Economics of the Moscow University, he conducted economic-statistical studies of the Russian peasantry and cooperation, and taught a number of agrarian-economic disciplines at the universities of Moscow and Voronezh. Makarov took an active part in the preparation of agrarian reforms during the 1917 Revolution. During the Civil War, he emigrated to the United States and wrote books about American agriculture. In 1924, at the invitation of Alexander Chayanov, Makarov returned to Soviet Russia - as a wellknown professor and influential expert in the comparative studies of rural development in various regions of the world. The fruitful scientific work of Makarov and his colleagues from the organization-production school was stopped in 1930 - when Stalin accused Chayanov and Makarov of sabotaging collectivization and preparing a counter-revolutionary coup in the USSR. Makarov spent several years in prison, and in the mid-1930s, he was sent to work as an economist at the state farms of the Black-Earth region. In the late 1940s, he was allowed to return to research and teaching, and in old age, he published a number of books on the Soviet agricultural economy. The article presents the emigrant period of Makarov's life, when he collaborated with the editorial board of the Peasant Russia journal published in Czechoslovakia in the 1920s. Makarov conducts a political-economic analysis of the main issues and topics in the Russian agrarian thought of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. First, he describes the features of the Narodnik and Marxist theoretical-methodological approaches to the study of the Russian rural evolution. Then, in the spirit of the Chayanov school, Makarov looks for a fruitful compromise between these two ideologies. He notes the important impact on Russian agrarians of the international, primarily German, studies of the agricultural organization and evolution. The final sections of the article explain Makarov's original classifications and typologies of the forms and directions of the agricultural evolution. Today, a hundred years later, this Makarov's work helps us to better understand the debatable roots of the Russian and global agrarian ideologies in the early 20th century
Stochastic Modeling of the Impact of Random Dopants on Hot-Carrier Degradation in n-FinFETs
No full textsponsorship: This work was supported in part by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through the Marie Sklodowska-Curie under Grant 794950 and in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under Grant P31204-N30. The review of this letter was arranged by Editor S. Hall. (Corresponding author: Alexander Makarov.) (European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through the Marie Sklodowska-Curie|794950, Austrian Science Fund (FWF)|P31204-N30, Austrian Science Fund (FWF)|P31204)status: Publishe
Structure, electronic properties, and energetics of oxygen vacancies in varying concentrations of SixGe1-xO2
No full textThe authors would like to acknowledge support from the Vienna Scientific Cluster for providing computer resources on the Austrian high-performance clusters VSC3 and VSC4. They would like to thank the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under Project No. P31204 -N30. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 871813, within the framework of the project Modeling Unconventional Nanoscaled Device FABrication (MUNDFAB) . This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation under Grant No. 075-15-2020-790. For stimulating discussions on the characterization and physics of SiGe devices, the authors would like to thank V. V. Afanas?ev and M. Houssa
Figs. 11–13. Heteroborips seriatus, habitus. 11 in Resurrection of Heteroborips Reitter, 1913 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from Synonymy with Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864
No full textFigs. 11–13. Heteroborips seriatus, habitus. 11) Female, dorsal view. Photograph from www.zin.ru\Animalia\Coleoptera, Author – Kirill V. Makarov. Used with permission as indicated on website; 12) Male, dorsal view; 13) Male, lateral view. Photographs in Figs. 12 and 13 by Boris Anokhin (ZISP) (Mandelshtam et al. 2018).Published as part of Mandelshtam, Michail Yu., Petrov, Alexander V., Smith, Sarah M. & Cognato, Anthony I., 2019, Resurrection of Heteroborips Reitter, 1913 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from Synonymy with Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864, pp. 387-394 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 73 (2) on page 392, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-73.2.387, http://zenodo.org/record/537214
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