22 research outputs found
Barrell\u27s Band P.1
No full text9735 Nicholas G. Morgan Donor. Front row from Left to Right: Newman; Sprange, Hugh; Barrell, Frank; Snow; Evans; Newman. Second Row: Smith, David A; Osborne, Alma Bullough; Widstoe, J; Perkes, Wm.; Sandburg; Eardley, Roscoe. Third Row: Nuttall, Will; Smith, George; Taylor, Samuel M; Schank, Charles. Fourth Row: Ensign, Angus; Pederson, Charles R; Oblad, Alex; Thomas, Elmer G; Taylor, Alma; Swift, John D.; Grames, Ralph. Fifth Row: Thomstorff, Joseph; Schank, John; Thornberg; Barrell, Samuel
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Fundamental studies in production of C{sub 2}-C{sub 4} hydrocarbons from coal. Final report, 1 September 1988--31 August 1992
No full textThe following conclusions can be drawn from the result obtained in this kinetic study of single stage coal gasification to hydrocarbon (HC) gases high in C{sub 2}-C{sub 4} hydrocarbons. It was observed that the direct conversion of coal to HC gases involves two steps. The first step is thermal cleavage of the coal structure to produce liquids with small amounts of gases and coke. The second step is conversion of liquids to gases. Coal to liquids occurs very rapidly and was completed within 10 minutes. Liquids to gases is the rate-determining step of the overall process. The conversion of liquids to gases was observed to follow first order kinetics. The first order kinetics treatment of the data by isothermal approximation gave an apparent activation energy of approximately 23 kcal/mol. The first order kinetics treatment of the data by a more rigorous non-isothermal method gave an activation energy of 26 kcal/mol. The quantity of HC gases produced directly from coal reached a constant value of about l0% of the dmmf coal at a reaction time of 10 miutes. Most of the HC gases were produced from the liquids. The study of model compounds shows that conversion of liquids to HC gases.proceeds through a carbonium ion mechanism, and this accounts for the production of C{sub 2}-C{sub 4} gases. Liquid to gases occurs by a catalytic hydrocracking reaction
High Conversion of Coal to Transportation Fuels for the Future With Low HC Gas Production
No full textAn announced objective of the Department of Energy in funding this work, and other current research in coal liquefaction, is to produce a synthetic crude from coal at a cost lower than $30.00 per barrel (Task A). A second objective, reflecting a recent change in direction in the synthetic fuels effort of DOE, is to produce a fuel which is low in aromatics, yet of sufficiently high octane number for use in the gasoline- burning transportation vehicles of today. To meet this second objective, research was proposed, and funding awarded, for conversion of the highly-aromatic liquid product from coal conversion to a product high in isoparaffins, which compounds in the gasoline range exhibit a high octane number (Task B)
Production of bitumen-derived hydrocarbon liquids from Utah\u27s tar sands
No full textreportIn previous work done on Utah\u27s tar sands, it had been shown that the fluidized-bed pyrolysis of the sands to produce a bitumen-derived hydrocarbon liquid was feasible. The research and development work conducted in the small-scale equipment utilized as feed a number of samples from the various tar sand deposits of Utah and elsewhere. The results obtained from these studies in yields and quality of products and the operating experience gained strongly suggested that larger scale operation was in order to advance this technology. Accordingly, funding was obtained from the State of Utah through Mineral Leasing Funds administered by the College of Mines and Earth Sciences of the University of Utah to design and build a 4-1/2 inch diameter fluidized-bed pilot plant reactor with the necessary feeding and recovery equipment. The current United States Department of Energy contract supplied the funds to test and operate the unit. This report covers the calibration and testing studies carried out on this equipment. The tests conducted with the Circle Cliffs tar sand ore gave good results. The equipment was found to operate as expected with this lean tar sand (less than 5% bitumen saturation). The hydrocarbon liquid yield with the Circle Cliffs tar sand was found to be greater in the pilot plant than it was in the small unit at comparable conditions. Following this work, the program called for an extensive run to be carried out on tar sands obtained from a large representative tar sand deposit to produce barrel quantities of liquid product. For the extended run, a moderately high grade ore from Whiterocks was obtained. Operation with this grade of tar sand (8-11%) bitumen presented many difficulties, including significant problems with ore preparation, ore feeding, and product recovery. The problems encountered and solutions devised are described in the report in detail. The unit w as made operable and many days of operation were accomplished. Approximately one barrel of product was made and extensively evaluated. The overall material balance from the operation was excellent, and yields of liquid product in excess of 55 wt % of the bitumen fed to the unit were obtained. The API gravity was increased and weight percent of the product boiling below residuum temperatures was 87.5%, as compared with only 25.4% for the native bitumen. The experience obtained with these studies has provided sufficient data to justify further development of the fluidized-bed concept for tar sand processing. We feel very confident that with further upgrading of the unit, it will be ready for around-the-clock operation with Utah\u27s tar sands with excellent results
The fluidized bed pyrolysis of bitumen-impregnated sandstone from the tar sand deposits of Utah
No full textThe influence of process operating variables on the product distribution and yields for the pyrolysis of bitumen-impregnated sandstone in a fluidized-bed reactor have been investigated in both laboratory (11/2 inch diameter) and pilot-scale (4 1/2 inch diameter) reactors. The quality of the liquid products has also been determined and related to the process operating variables. The process variables investigated included pyrolysis reactor temperature, sand retention time in the pyrolysis zone of the reactor, the fluidizing gas velocity, and the average feed-sand particle size. The ranges of the variables were as follows: temperature 698-973 K (425-700°C), feed sand retention time 15-35 minutes, fluidizing gas velocity one to four times the minimum fluidization velocity, and feed sand particle sizes from 359 micron up to 1/2 inch. In the case of the bench scale experiments, the reactor pressure and feed sand particle size were constant; the reactor pressure was maintained at atmospheric pressure and the average feed sand particle size was 359 microns. In the pilot-scale experiments the feed sand particle size varied from 359 microns up to 1/2 inch. A variety of physical, chemical, and spectroscopic analyses was used to characterize the native bitumens and the bitumen-derived hydrocarbon liquids produced in the fluidized bed pyrolysis experiments. The Utah tar sand deposits investigated included Sunnyside, Whiterocks, PR Spring, Tar Sand Triangle, Circle Cliffs, and Asphalt Ridge. The sand retention time appeared to be the most significant variable affecting the product distribution and yield of the bitumen-derived hydrocarbon liquid, whereas the fluidizing gas velocity had little effect on the product distribution, yields, and liquid product quality for the range of values- studies. The liquid product yield increased with decreasing sand retention time; however, the yield of the carbonaceous residue on the sand was insensitive to changes in sand retention time. The gas yield increased with increasing temperature while the liquid yield decreased. The coke yield decreased as the reactor temperature increased up to 723 K and remained constant as the reactor temperature increased above 723 K. The liquid product quality and yield pattern indicated that the optimum operating conditions should be those approximating visbreaking rather than coking. The unusual nature of the Circle Cliffs tar sand will also be discussed
Upgrading of bitumen by hydropyrolysis -- A process for low coke and high syncrude yields
No full textBookThe Department of Fuels Engineering at the University of Utah has been conducting research on the chemistry and engineering of hydropyrolysis for several years. It was previously observed (Ramakrishnan, 1978; Shabtai et al., 1979) that under certain reaction conditions hydrocarbon species undergo cracking reactions with no evidence of products possessing molecular weights greater than those of the starting material. In work involving heavy feedstocks with significant (>10%) carbon residue properties, and using a coiled tube reactor, it was further observed (Bunger, 1979; Bunger et al., 1978,1981) that conversion to gaseous and liquid products with yields greater than 99% was possible. The general conditions that result in these yields are 450-600°C, 1200-2000 psig H2, and 1-30 sec residence times. The prospect of developing a noncataly tic process for conversion of heavy oils and bitumens, which also may contain a high content of metals, was very attractive
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High Conversion of Coal to Transportation Fuels for the Future With Low HC Gas Production
Get PDFAn announced objective of the Department of Energy in funding this work, and other current research in coal liquefaction, is to produce a synthetic crude from coal at a cost lower than $30.00 per barrel (Task A). A second objective, reflecting a recent change in direction in the synthetic fuels effort of DOE, is to produce a fuel which is low in aromatics, yet of sufficiently high octane number for use in the gasoline- burning transportation vehicles of today. To meet this second objective, research was proposed, and funding awarded, for conversion of the highly-aromatic liquid product from coal conversion to a product high in isoparaffins, which compounds in the gasoline range exhibit a high octane number (Task B)
