1,721,001 research outputs found
La trasmissione degli stereotipi di genere sulla matematica all’interno della famiglia: Il ruolo dei padri.
No full textStudi recenti nell’ambito del modello della Minaccia dello Stereotipo hanno dimostrato che a 6 anni i bambini non manifestano né condivisione né consapevolezza dello stereotipo di genere che vuole i maschi più capaci delle femmine in matematica, mentre associazioni automatiche coerenti con tale stereotipo sono presenti nelle bambine ma non nei bambini (Galdi et al., in press.). A partire da tali risultati, il presente Studio è stato realizzato per indagare il ruolo di entrambi i genitori nella trasmissione precoce di tali associazioni stereotipiche automatiche all’interno della famiglia. Allo studio hanno partecipato 69 bambini di prima elementare e i loro genitori (69 padri e 69 madri). Per rilevare la forza delle associazioni automatiche tra le categorie matematica/bambino e italiano/bambina rispetto a matematica/bambina e italiano/bambino, ai bambini è stato chiesto di svolgere un Child-IAT; successivamente alcune semplici domande hanno consentito di rilevare il grado di condivisione esplicita degli stereotipi di genere sulle materie scolastiche da parte dei bambini. Attraverso un questionario e un IAT sono stati rilevati gli stereotipi di genere espliciti e le associazioni stereotipiche automatiche di ciascun genitore. I risultati hanno confermato che a 6 anni i bambini non manifestano condivisione dello stereotipo, mentre associazioni automatiche stereotipiche sono presenti nelle bambine ma non nei bambini. E’ emerso inoltre che le madri possiedono associazioni automatiche stereotipiche più forti rispetto a quelle dei padri, mentre la differenza tra i genitori nel grado di condivisione esplicita dello stereotipo non risulta significativa. Le analisi hanno messo in evidenza che le associazioni stereotipiche dei padri predicono in maniera significativa tanto le associazioni automatiche stereotipiche quanto la condivisione esplicita dello stereotipo dei figli (sia maschi che femmine)
National identification weakens, and territorial identification strengthens, the relationship between masculine honor values and the justification of practices of connivance with the mafia
Get PDFOrganized crime's governance raises questions aboutmechanisms facilitating the exercise of illegal authorityin society. The present research tested the associationbetween masculine honor ideology and the justificationof connivance practices facilitating criminal groups' ac-tivities. We examined the novel idea that national iden-tification would attenuate and territorial identificationwould strengthen such a relationship, reflecting differentsources of authority at the national and territorial levels.In Studies 1a and b (N = 398 and N = 399), we measured in-dividuals' endorsement of masculine honor, justificationof connivance practices, and national and territorial iden-tifications. In Study 2 (N = 390), we experimentally manip-ulated the salience of these identities. Results supportedthe hypotheses that the link between masculine honor andjustification of connivance was weaker at higher levels ofnational identification and stronger at higher levels of ter-ritorial identification. Implications and future directionsare discussed
Alternative Systems: The Interplay between Criminal Groups’ Influence and Political Trust on Civic Honesty in the Global Context
Get PDFIndividuals’ endorsement of standards of civic honesty is necessary for democracies to
flourish. A critical driver of civic honesty is the relationship of trust between individuals and institutions. Research has yet to systematically assess the contextual factors that may moderate this relationship. In the present study, we examined the societal influence of organized criminal groups. Criminal groups operate as alternative systems of authority that erode the reliability of institutions' moral standards. We employed a new indicator that quantifies their societal influence to test the hypothesis that the association between individuals’ political trust and civic honesty would weaken in countries more strongly affected by criminal groups. Multilevel evidence across 83 representative national samples (N = 128,839) supported this hypothesis. Moreover, the association between political trust and civic honesty was negative in contexts where criminal groups' influence was more extreme. We discuss the implications of the findings and future research directions
THE MODERATING EFFECT OF NEED FOR AFFECT AND COGNITION ON THE RELATION BETWEEN PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION ABOUT LOCKDOWN AND ATTITUDES TOWARD IT
Get PDFThe matching effect in persuasive communication about lockdown
Get PDFScientific literature about persuasion has shown that the effectiveness of persuasive communication may depend on the match between the affective or cognitive contents of the message and the affective (Need for Affect) or cognitive (Need for Cognition) orientation of the recipient. The present work aims to contribute to studying this effect by considering the context of health-related communication during the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Specifically, we aim to demonstrate that, when the message is characterized by affective and cognitive contents having the same (congruent message) or different valence (incongruent message), the attitude towards the target (i.e., a new lockdown) will be guided by the valence of the contents matching the individual affective/cognitive orientation. A total of 1003 participants took part in a 2 (Cognitive content message: Positive vs. Negative) x 2 (Affective content message: Positive vs. Negative) factorial design and answered an online questionnaire. Results show that people with high levels of Need for affect and low levels of Need for cognition report attitudes toward lockdown consistent with the valence of the affective contents. Conversely, attitudes of people with high levels of Need for cognition and low levels of Need for affect were not influenced by contents that matched their orientation (i.e., cognitive)
Parents’ math-gender stereotypes and children’s perception of math ability at the age of 6: the role of children’s appraisal of parents’ evaluations.
No full textTheoretical background. The expectancy-value model (see Eccles, 2007) emphasizes the role of family influences in the emergence of early gender differences in children’s self-perception of math ability. However, thus far most of the studies have addressed children and their families from late childhood through adolescence. Moreover, past research has often overlooked the role of children’s subjective appraisals of parents’ beliefs in the construction of ability beliefs.
Aims and hypotheses. The present study investigated the influence of mothers’ and fathers’ math-gender stereotypes on parents’ evaluations of children’s math ability, and on children’s self-perception of math ability at the age of 6. The study also tested whether children’s appraisal of parents’ evaluations is a mediator of parental influences, as predicted by the expectancy-value model, or rather whether it represents a projection of children’s self-view, as predicted by the projected appraisal model of self-knowledge development (Felson, 1993).
Method. Participants were 252 first-graders aged 6 and their fathers and mothers. Children’s self-ratings and their appraisal of both parents’ evaluation of math ability were collected via individual interviews. Parents completed self-administered questionnaires measuring math-gender stereotypes and evaluations of the child’s math ability. Teachers’ ratings of math ability were also collected. Data were analyzed usingtructural equations models with robust estimation methods (i.e. WLSMV and MLR).
Results. Parents' evaluations of children's math ability fully mediated the effect of teachers' ratings children's self-perception of ability. Fathers evaluated their sons better than their daughters. Children's self-perception was affected by the interaction between mothers' math-gender stereotypes and children's gender, with a negative effect on girls’ self-perception of ability. Finally, the projected appraisal model fitted the data better than the reflected appraisal model: children's self-perceptions mediated the relationships between actual parents’ evaluations and children’s appraisals, rather than the vice versa. Importantly, girls whose mothers endorsed math-gender stereotypes at a higher extent perceived to be considered as less competent in math by both parents, regardless of parents’ actual evaluations.
Discussion and implications. The direct path linking mothers’ stereotypes and daughters’ self-perception suggests that unintended, stereotype-laden non-verbal behaviors may subtly affect girls’ self-perceptions from the very beginning of schooling, regardless of parental appreciation of daughters’ actual math achievement. Overall, results suggest that actions contrasting the gender gap in STEM fields should be promoted from the earliest school grades, with theinvolvement of families as well
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