1,721,019 research outputs found
Treatment options for managing atherogenic dyslipidemia and fatty liver disease
No full textNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in Western countries with up to 30% of the population affected. Since NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease, these patients should be stratified for CV risk factors, including atherogenic dyslipidemia, and managed accordingly. Lifestyle modifications represent an effective treatment for NAFLD, since most patients are overweight or obese. Also, promising, but not conclusive, results are available for current pharmacologic treatment. Drugs potentially effective against NAFLD include insulin sensitisers as well as fibrates and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, while there is reluctance to use statins in patients with suspected or established chronic liver disease. Several other therapeutic options are potentially available, and more data are expected from new peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and incretin-based therapies
Drug evaluation: The combination of fenofibrate and simvastatin for the treatment of dyslipidemia: When and for whom?
No full textSimvastatin and fenofibrate are the most frequently co-prescribed drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, manifesting beneficial effects on non-lipid parameters as well. The combination of these two drugs has been shown to increase success in the management of combined hyperlipidemia. Their different mechanism of action allows for the targeting of two types of lipid abnormalities: increased cholesterol and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Clinical studies have demonstrated that statin and fibrate combination therapy is effective in improving multiple lipid abnormalities, that may further decrease overall cardiovascular (CV) risk of patients with combined dyslipidemia. However, the clinical use of this combination therapy is still limited due to persistent controversy with respect to clinical trial outcomes and safety issues. The available evidence supports fenofibrate/simvastatin therapy as a viable treatment for mixed dyslipidemia. It seems to be particularly beneficial in subjects with high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, including subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, larger prospective studies are needed to better quantitate the effect of this combination therapy on CVD morbidity and mortality of T2DM subjects as well as nondiabetic patients with mixed dyslipidemia
Nutraceuticals in Lipid-Lowering Treatment: A Narrative Review on the Role of Chitosan
No full textLipid-lowering drugs may cause adverse effects and, although lipid targets may be achieved, a substantial residual cardiovascular (CV) risk remains. Treatment with agents mimicking proteins present in the body, such as incretin-based therapies, provided promising results. However, in order to improve lipids and CV risk, lifestyle measures remain important. Some researchers focused on nutraceuticals that may beneficially affect metabolic parameters and minimize CV risk. Chitosan, a dietary fiber, can regulate lipids with benefit on anthropometric parameters. The beneficial properties of dietary supplements (such as green tea extract, prebiotics, plant sterols, and stanols) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, blood pressure, glucose, and insulin levels and their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects are documented. However, larger, prospective clinical trials are required to confirm such benefits. Such treatments may be recommended when lipid-lowering drugs are neither indicated nor tolerated as well as in order to achieve therapeutic targets and/or overcome residual CV risk
The role of potassium in atherosclerosis
No full textBackground: Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic progressive inflammatory condition with a leading prevalence worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction leads to low-density lipoprotein trafficking into subendothelial space and the subsequent form of oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) within intimal layer, perpetuating the vicious cycle of endothelial dysfunction. K+ exerts beneficial effects in vascular wall by reducing LDL oxidization, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation, and free radical generation. K+ also modulates vascular tone through a regulatory effect on cell membrane potential. Materials and Methods: The most relevant papers on the association between ‘potassium channels’ and ‘atherosclerosis’ were selected among those deposited on PubMed from 1990 to 2020. Results: Here, we provide a short narrative review that elaborates on the role of K+ in atherosclerosis. This review also update the current knowledge about potential pharmacological agents targeting K+ channels with a special focus on pleiotropic activities of agents such as statins, sulfonylureas and dihydropyridines. Conclusion: In this review, the mechanism of different K+ channels on vascular endothelium will be summarized, mainly focusing on their pathophysiological role in atherosclerosis and potential therapeutic application
Statins: Epidrugs with effects on endothelial health?
No full textBackground: Epigenetic events involving the methylation of CpG cites in DNA, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs correlated with many essential processes in human cells and diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)—the LDL cholesterol-lowering drugs—are broadly used in cardio- and cerebro-vascular diseases. It is well established that statins exert pleiotropic functions, but how they exert effects on epigenetic modifications independently of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition is not yet clear. Thereby, understanding these mechanisms may pave the way for further clinical application of statin therapy. Design: Following and electronic database search, studies reporting substantial effects of statins on epigenetic reprogramming in both cultured cells and in vivo models were retrieved and reviewed. Results: Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in cellular development and function, and data collected in the past few years have revealed that many of the pleiotropic properties of statins are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, those ‘nonclassical’ effects are not limited to CV field but they would extend to other conditions such as malignancies. Conclusion: This review suggests that the epigenetic effects of statins mediate, at least in part, the pleiotropic actions of these drugs but further validation of such effects in clinical studies is yet to be provided
Potential Benefits of Phytochemicals for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
No full textBackground: Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a leading cause of death in older adults due to aortic rupture. There are currently no effective medical therapies for AAA, with surgery being the only acceptable treatment. There is frequently an extended period between AAA diagnosis and treatment by corrective surgery, during which an effective drug therapy could prevent or delay the need for AAA repair.
Objective: This review aimed to critically summarize prior research investigating the potential benefits of phytochemicals in preventing or treating AAA.
Methods: In vitro, in vivo, and human studies examining the effect of phytochemicals in AAA models and patients were critically summarised.
Results: Some preliminary data support the further investigation of curcumin, radix astragali, grape seed polyphenols, resveratrol, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), Ginsenoide Rb1, Dan Hong, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Baicalein, Fucoidan, Quercetin, and Salvianolic acid as potential treatments for AAA.
Conclusion: Experimental in vivo and in vitro studies suggest the potential benefits of a number of medicinal herbs and phytochemicals in preventing or reducing the progression of AAA. In order to assess whether these findings can be translated into proven treatments, adequately designed double-blind randomized clinical trials will be required
Nutraceuticals in Lipid-Lowering Treatment: A Narrative Review on the Role of Chitosan
No full textLipid-lowering drugs may cause adverse effects and, although lipid targets may be achieved, a substantial residual cardiovascular (CV) risk remains. Treatment with agents mimicking proteins present in the body, such as incretin-based therapies, provided promising results. However, in order to improve lipids and CV risk, lifestyle measures remain important. Some researchers focused on nutraceuticals that may beneficially affect metabolic parameters and minimize CV risk. Chitosan, a dietary fiber, can regulate lipids with benefit on anthropometric parameters. The beneficial properties of dietary supplements (such as green tea extract, prebiotics, plant sterols, and stanols) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, blood pressure, glucose, and insulin levels and their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects are documented. However, larger, prospective clinical trials are required to confirm such benefits. Such treatments may be recommended when lipid-lowering drugs are neither indicated nor tolerated as well as in order to achieve therapeutic targets and/or overcome residual CV risk
Author Correction: Impact of ezetimibe on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations as monotherapy or in combination with statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Scientific Reports, (2018), 8, 1, (17887), 10.1038/s41598-018-36204-7)
No full textThe original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Cesare Sirtori, which was incorrectly given as Cesare Sirotri. Additionally, the original version of this Article omitted an affiliation for Amirhossein Sahebkar. The correct affiliations for Amirhossein Sahebkar are listed below: Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran. Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. This has now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of this Article
Nutraceuticals as lipid-lowering treatment in pregnancy and their effects on the metabolic syndrome
No full textMaternal nutrition and lifestyle before and during pregnancy influence both mother and offspring’s health and can be correlated with the metabolic syndrome in later life. Findings from animal and human studies indicate that nutrition during pregnancy has an important role in microbiological, metabolic, physiologic and immunologic development and homeostasis. A low nutritional intake in early pregnancy may represent a risk for adverse effects during pregnancy as well as on birth outcome. It seems that dietary supplementation with probiotics in perinatal period may represent safe and practical approach in dealing with the most common adverse pregnancy outcomes such as obesity and gestational diabetes. The SPRING (Study of Probiotics in the prevention of Gestational diabetes) will give important answers about potential benefits of probiotics in pregnant women who are obese and overweight and otherwise at the high risk for complications during pregnancy. Fish oil supplementation during the last trimester of pregnancy showed no effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in offspring, as well as on their adiposity. The effect of hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy on both mothers and child needs to be further investigated as it could have a biological role. The guidelines for the eventual clinical approach currently do not exist. Potential benefits of nutraceuticals on several metabolic parameters have been suggested. Limited evidence does not allow to draw final conclusions on preventive health strategies and dietary patterns that should be promoted during pregnancy. Further prospective and intervention studies are needed to establish it. Healthy lifestyle and dietary advice with appropriate supplements usage should be considered
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