40 research outputs found
Study and implementation of simplistic spoofing countermeasures for smartphones and unmanned aerial vehicles
No full textL'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen
Improving GNSS Spoofing Awareness in Smartphones via Statistical Processing of Raw Measurements
No full textDue to the low received power of Global Navigation Satellite Signals (GNSS), the performance of GNSS receivers can be disrupted by anthropogenic radio frequency interferences, with intentional jamming and spoofing activities being among the most critical threats. It is reported in the literature that modern, GNSS-equipped Android smartphones are generally resistant to simplistic spoofing, and many recent contributions support such a biased belief. In this paper, we present the results of a test campaign designed to further stress the resilience of such devices to simplistic spoofing attacks and highlight their actual vulnerability. We then propose an effective spoofing detection technique, that exploits the spatial and temporal correlation of the counterfeit signals by leveraging the statistical analysis of raw GNSS measurements. By not requiring access to the low signal processing level of the GNSS receiver, the proposed solution applies to any device embedding a GNSS receiver that provides raw GNSS measurements, such as current Android smartphones. Vulnerability analysis and validation of the proposed technique were conducted in a controlled environment by transmitting realistic, counterfeit Global Positioning System L1/CA navigation signals to a variety of Android smartphones embedding also different GNSS chipsets. We show that, under proper conditions, the devices were vulnerable to the attacks and that the effects were visible through their raw measurements, i.e., Carrier-to-noise ratio , pseudo-range measurements, and position estimates. In particular, the study demonstrates that cross-correlation between the time series provided by each device for different GNSS satellites increases under spoofing conditions, thus constituting an effective metric to detect the attack within a few seconds
Detecting Single-antenna Spoofing Attacks by Correlation in Time Series of Raw Measurements
No full textGlobal Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are vulnerable to intentional radio frequency interferences, posing significant risks to their performance and reliability. Among these threats, it has been widely argued that modern GNSS-equipped AndroidTM smartphones are resilient to non-coherent spoofing attacks. This study challenges such a perception by highlighting the vulnerability of GNSS-equipped AndroidTM smartphones to single-antenna, non-coherent spoofing attacks and proposing a novel, application-level detection technique solely based on raw GNSS observables, i.e., carrier-to-noise-density time series. The analysis demonstrated the capability of successfully detecting such attacks by observing the cross-correlation among Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements time series. Cross-correlation quantified by Pearson’s correlation coefficients shows a relevant increment during harmful spoofing attacks. Under these conditions, the proposed methodology allows to rise a spoofing alarm in about 5 seconds with a false alarm probability of 1.5%. Furthermore, the proposed technique does not require low-level signal access, making it suitable for implementation at the application layer in a large number of smart devices with limited knowledge of their low-level system architecture. A validation campaign has been performed by testing 18 different AndroidTM devices and chipsets, thus demonstrating the applicability of the proposed method independently from the device under test
Assessment of the Vulnerability to Spoofing Attacks of GNSS Receivers Integrated in Consumer Devices
No full textIn this paper, we investigate the effects of spoofing attacks on the mass-market positioning and navigation units
integrated in modern day AndroidTM smartphones. In order to operate spoofing in a real environment, we signed and implemented a portable, configurable, low-cost GPS spoofer exploiting a software-defined radio (SDR) implementation and a low-cost front-end. Such a tool has been exploited to set up a test campaign trying to mislead the Position, Velocity and Time computation of different AndroidTM smartphones. The effects of such simplistic spoofing attack on the smartphone GNSS has been assessed observing raw measurements and the evaluated positions and time. The main findings of this work showed that modern AndroidTM devices have a remarkable resilience to simplistic spoofing attacks, highlighting in parallel further potential weaknesses to be protected by means of practical defence mechanisms and countermeasures to spoofing
GNSS Anti-Spoofing Defense Based on Cooperative Positioning
No full textRadio navigation is of utmost importance in several application fields. Nowadays, many civil and professional applications massively rely on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and related technologies to accurately estimate position and time. Existing GNSS-based systems are threatened by malicious attacks among which spoofing and meaconing constitute severe challenges to the receiver. Several of such GNSS systems constitute mass market applications and devices, and a threat to the GNSS receiver could have cascading effects at application levels and for interconnected systems. Networked GNSS receivers are in general ubiquitous because any receiver embedded in a complex system such as a smart device or smart connected cars can exploit network connectivity. This novel generation of valuable-performance GNSS receivers are prone both to standard RF spoofing attacks and to cyber-attacks conceived to hijack complex network based services such as DGNSS-based cooperative positioning. By means of a set of experimental tests, this paper highlights possible metrics to be checked to identify malicious attacks to the positioning and navigation systems in mass market connected devices. The network-based exchange of GNSS data such as GNSS raw measurements recently disclosed in Android smart devices is conceived in this work to offer the possibility to compare or combine such metrics to better identifies spoofing and meaconing attacks
The Role of Manufacturing Execution Systems in Supporting Lean Manufacturing
No full textPart 4: Lean Product Development and the Role of PLMInternational audienceIn order to deal with global competition and increased customers expectation, companies must improve the efficiency of their manufacturing processes. Mainly, two approaches are available: the implementation of lean manufacturing practices and the deployment of information tools for data analysis. For a long time, these two strategies have been considered mutually exclusive; recently, it was understood that information concerning the manufacturing process is mandatory for the effective implementation of lean practices. This work aims at showing how Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) can support the lean manufacturing paradigm into a medium size enterprise. The case study of a company in the supply chain of automotive components is presented to provide evidence about the role of MES and to highlight possible criticalities occurring during its implementation
IMPLEMENTATIONS EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM IN CASE OF ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCY SITUATIONS (ERA-GLONASS) FOR CARS AND TRUCKS IN UZBEKISTAN
No full textThe paper addresses the problem of increasing transportation safety due to usage of new possibilities provided by modern technologies. The proposed approach extends such systems as ERA-GLONASS and eCall via service network composition enabling not only transmitting additional information but also information fusion for defining required emergency means as well as planning for a whole emergency response operation. The main idea of the approach is to model the cyber physical human system components by sets of services representing them. The services are provided with the capability of self- contextualization to autonomously adapt their behaviors to the context of the car-driver system. The approach is illustrated via an accident emergency situation response scenario. “ERA-GLONASS” is the Russian state emergency response system for accidents, aimed at improving road safety and reducing the death rate from accidents by reducing the time for warning emergency services. In fact, this is a partially copied European e Call system with some differences in the data being transmitted and partly backward compatible with the European parent. The principle of the system is quite simple and logical: in the event of an accident, the module built into the car in fully automatic mode and without human intervention determines the severity of the accident, determines the vehicle’s location via GLONASS or GPS, establishes connection with the system infrastructure and in accordance with the protocol, transfers the necessary data on the accident (a certain distress signal). Having received the distress signal, the employee of the call center of the system operator should call the on-board device and find out what happened. If no one answers, send the received data to Sistema-112 and send it to the exact coordinates of the team of rescuers and doctors, and the last one to arrive at the place is given 20 minutes. And all this, I repeat, without the participation of a person: even if people caught in an accident will not be able to independently call emergency services, the data on the accident will still be transferred. In this work intended to add some information about applying system project in Uzbek Roads especially mountain regions like “Kamchik” pass. The Kamchik Pass is a high mountain pass at an elevation of 2.306 m above the sea level, located in the Qurama Mountains in eastern Uzbekistan and its length is about 88km.The road to reach the pass is asphalted, but there are rough sections where the asphalt has disappeared. It’s called A373. The old road over the pass was by passed by a tunnel built in 1999. On the horizon, the snow-capped peaks of the Fan Mountains come into view. The pass is located in the Fergana Valley between the Tashkent and Namangan Regions
Determination of Correlations of Control Punching Area of Ecall / Era-Glonass Automated Emergency Response Systems
No full textFor selection and design of the precise parameters of shear cutting area of ERA GLONASS system, it is crucial to know the values of acceptable force, energy and speed. Accurate values of shearing force and energy can only be obtained from the actual force-penetration characteristics for specific applications. Actual force-penetration characteristics for all varieties of metal having different compositions and in use at various temperatures are not always available. The paper describes control system (closed loop) for shear cutting are of ERA GLONASS system and their correlations. The objective is this processes are impart a desired curvature to a workpiece at each point along the length of the part. Since the final part shape is determined by the shape to which workpiece is loaded and the amount of elastic spring back and since the latter is a strong function of the material properties of the workpiece, a truly closed loop controller must be accounted for these properties to insure consistent process performance
