1,350,128 research outputs found
Myxiops Zanata & Akama 2004, new genus
No full textMyxiops, new genus Type species. Myxiops aphos, by monotypy and present designation. Diagnosis. Myxiops is a characid genus of relatively small body size (maximum known SL 56.1 mm). The following combination of derived features distinguishes Myxiops from all other characid fishes: (1) infraorbitals fused in a unique fashion, resulting in less than six autogenous bones; (2) presence of a single tooth row in the premaxilla; (3) presence of “cheirodontin-like teeth”, somewhat pedunculated, expanded and compressed distally, with cusps similar in shape and perfectly aligned along dorsal margin; (4) ventral margin of toothed portion of maxillary curved towards the ventral margin of the premaxilla and maxillary teeth forming a continuous series with premaxillary teeth; (5) margins of pre- and postzygapophyses with projections anteriorly and posteriorly directed; (6) accumulation of epithelial cells forming globular structures distributed over head and scales; and (7) base of anal-fin without scales covering basal portion of unbranched and anterior branched rays. Etymology. Myxiops from the Greek, myxa for slime, and iops for small fish, in reference to the copious amount of mucous covering the body, which makes the fish very slippery when alive and even for some period after fixation in formalin and storage in alcohol.Published as part of Zanata, Angela M. & Akama, Alberto, 2004, Myxiops aphos, new characid genus and species (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil, pp. 45-54 in Neotropical Ichthyology 2 (2) on page 46, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252004000200001, http://zenodo.org/record/541684
Exploring Emptiness: An Investigation of MA and MU in My Sonic Composition Practice
No full textThe commentary investigates Japanese aesthetics of space, silence and emptiness - ma and mu - that informed my compositional practice during the research period 2012 - 2015. The portfolio comprises text compositions and sound installations in which forms of micro events and sustained events are employed. Throughout, the emphasis is on my personal engagement with, and manifestation of emptiness that concerns a particular model of listening and perception.
Chapter 1 discusses six primary research areas: ma and mu, material, text, form, listening and perception. Firstly, I introduce ma and mu by examining noh culture and Zeami's teaching of senu hima (where there is no-action) in the context of my personal approaches to music. The following subjects are then used to contextualise my PhD practice by means of examples from various composers and visual artists. Here, these particular and enigmatic concepts are explored through Japanese art as well as Western contemporary works by Alvin Lucier, Eliane Radigue and those of the Wandelweiser collective.
Part 2 provides contextual commentaries on selected compositions from the portfolio that mostly articulate my aesthetics in relation to the topics covered in Chapter 1. koso koso addresses my methodologies to investigate the essence of senu hima, followed by treow that discusses my approach to materials and the importance of space. I move on to grade two and grade two extended in order to examine text scores, and then, look into Espèces d'espaces 03 and 04 as examples of musical forms that I employ.
Finally, listening and perception are investigated through the compositions gnome and con.de.structuring. Throughout, I describe how my works explore emptiness as a result of my particular emphasis on listening over composing
Myxiops aphos Zanata & Akama 2004, new species
No full text<i>Myxiops aphos</i>, new species <p>Figs. 1-2</p> <p> <b>Holotype</b>. MZUSP 81026, 56.0 mm SL; Brazil, Bahia, Lençóis, rio Lençóis, tributary of rio Paraguaçu, 3 km upstream of Lençóis city, above Cachoeira do Serrano, 12 o 34’S 41 o 22’W. A. Akama, 22 Feb 1995.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b>. MZUSP 81025, 22 specimens, 27.6-56.1 mm SL, 4 c&s, 26.4- 46.8 mm SL; MCP 35007, 3 specimens, 41.2-48.3 mm SL; same data as holotype.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. As for the genus.</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Body relatively small, maximum observed standard length 56.1 mm, relatively elongate and transversely rounded, somewhat flattened posterior to terminus of dorsal fin base. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head distinctly convex from margin of upper lip to region approximately at vertical through anterior nostril, nearly straight from that point to posterior tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin, posteroventrally-inclined along dorsal-fin base, nearly straight from posterior terminus of dorsal-fin base to adipose fin, and slightly convex from posterior part of adipose-fin base to origin of dorsalmost procurrent caudal-fin ray. Ventral profile of head and body distinctly convex on anterior tip of dentary, gently convex from this point to anal-fin origin, straight and posterodorsally inclined along anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle concave.</p> <p>Head obtusely rounded anteriorly in lateral profile. Contralateral frontals in contact anteriorly; frontal fontanel restricted to posterior portion of frontal bones. Parietal portion of fontanel extending between parietals posteriorly. Supraorbital absent. Jaws equal, mouth terminal, albeit somewhat ventrally positioned. Posterior tip of maxilla extending to vertical slightly anterior to or reaching the center of pupil. Gill-rakers 7+1+10 (2) or 6+1+11 (1). Branchiostegal rays 4 (4).</p> <p>Premaxilla with 5 (26) teeth arranged in single regular tooth row. Teeth pedunculated, expanded, compressed distally, and bearing 5-7 cusps. Cusps compressed, aligned along the distal tooth margin. Central cusp largest. Maxilla with 2 (16) or 3*(10) compressed teeth, each bearing 5 cusps. Three central cusps largest and of approximately same size. Dentary teeth 10 (6), 11 (13), or 12*(7) arranged in single row with anterior 8-9 teeth largest and pentacuspid, followed posteriorly by 2 tricuspid teeth. Smallest cleared and stained specimen with four posteriormost teeth conical. Dentary teeth similar in shape to premaxillary ones, although slightly curved towards oral cavity. Central cusp largest.</p> <p>Scales cycloid, circuli absent on exposed area of scales, radii well developed and extending to posterior margin of scales parallel or slightly divergent. Lateral line slightly decurved ventrally, completely pored from supracleithrum to base of caudal fin, with 36* (16), 37 (8) or 38 (2) perforated scales. Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5 (26). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3* (22) or 4 (4). Scales along middorsal line between tip of supraoccipital process and origin of dorsal fin 12 (3), 13 (20) or 14* (3). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 14 (26).</p> <p>Dorsal-fin rays ii,8,i (24) or ii,9* (3). Dorsal-fin origin situated at midlength of SL. Base of last dorsal-fin ray located at vertical through anal-fin origin. Adipose-fin origin located posterior to vertical through insertion of last anal-fin ray. Anal-fin rays iv,14 (2), iv,15 (10), iv,16 (7) or iv,17* (7). Analfin origin along vertical through insertion of posteriormost dorsal-fin ray. Pectoral-fin rays i,10 (11) or i,11* (16). Tip of depressed pectoral fin falling short of pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic-fin rays i,7 (26). Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Caudal fin forked, lobes similar in size. Principal caudal-fin rays 10/9 (26). Vertebrae 36 (2). Supraneurals 5 (2) or 6 (1).</p> <p> <b>Color in alcohol</b>. Examined specimens lack guanine on body or head. Ground color tan. Dark chromatophores concentrated on middorsal surface of head and body. Anterior portion of both dentary and maxilla with dense concentrations of dark chromatophores. Ventral portion of head with scattered, dark chromatophores. Humeral region with two dark blotches, anterior blotch more evident and bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by regions of paler coloration. Anterior blotch vertically elongate, wider dorsally, and situated immediately posterior to opercle. Posterior humeral blotch much less conspicuous, somewhat square-shaped, and formed by dark chromatophores concentrated over three or four scales immediately dorsal to anterior portion of midlateral stripe. Midlateral dark stripe extending from pale area posterior to humeral spot to end of caudal peduncle, more conspicuous and relatively wider posterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Stripe on four middle caudal-fin rays extending to tips of rays. All rays with thin line of chromatophores along margins, giving dark contour to each ray. Adipose fin with scattered dark chromatophores. Smaller specimens with overall lighter ground body and fins coloration and with posterior humeral blotch less distinct than in larger individuals.</p> <p> <b>Sexual dimorphism</b>. None of the specimens have hooks on the fins or any other sexually dimorphic features.</p> <p> <b>Geographic distribution and habitat notes</b>. The species is known from the rio Lençóis, a tributary of rio Paraguaçu, which is a relatively small, eastern drainage in Bahia State, Brazil (Fig. 3). The type-locality of <i>Myxiops aphos</i> is a shallow, headwater stream, with fast water current over a rocky bottom and margin, and with a small amount of riparian or submerged vegetation. Specimens were collected in small pools 50 cm deep. The rio Lençóis is a blackwater river such as is characteristic of rivers draining soils that are extremely poor in nutrients and highly acidic (Harley, 1995). <i>Copionodon pecten</i>, a trichomycterid endemic to the rio Paraguaçu drainage (de Pinna, 1992), and one species of loricariid, <i>Neoplecostomus</i> sp., were collected together with <i>Myxiops</i>.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The name <i>aphos</i>, from the Greek, meaning dark, obscure, in allusion to the dark color of the water of the rio Lençóis.</p> <p> <b>Stomach contents</b>. The analysis of the stomach contents of two specimens revealed the presence of filamentous algae, terrestrial vegetal fragments, larvae of the Chironomidae, and unidentified insects fragments.</p>Published as part of <i>Zanata, Angela M. & Akama, Alberto, 2004, Myxiops aphos, new characid genus and species (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil, pp. 45-54 in Neotropical Ichthyology 2 (2)</i> on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252004000200001, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5416842">http://zenodo.org/record/5416842</a>
Spinipterus Akama & Ferraris, 2011, gen. nov.
No full text<i>Spinipterus</i>, gen. nov. <p> <b>Type species:</b> <i>Spinipterus acsi</i>, n. sp., by monotypy and original designation.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> A genus of the auchenipterid subfamily Auchenipterinae that is distinguished from all other auchenipterid genera by the following combination of derived features: pectoral- and dorsal-fin spines with four rows of serrations running from base to the tip of the spines (Figures 1, 2 A, B); (2) lateral margins of skull roofing bones ornamented with a single row of spines (Figure 3); (3) groove along dorsal midline posterior to dorsal fin, in which the adducted dorsal fin rests. Also the new genus has a unique combination of fin-ray meristics that are summarized as follows: D- II,4-5; P- I,5-6; V- i,5 (i,4 on opposite side); A- iv,16; C- i,7,9,i.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Spinipterus acsi</i> is unique in the possession of four rows of serrations running along the length of the spine (Figures 1, 2 A, B). In other auchenipterids, and generally in the Siluriformes, the pectoral- and dorsal-fin spines usually have two or fewer rows of serrations which run along the anterior and poster margin of the spines. In some cases, the anterior row of serrations along the spines is flanked by smooth ridges. In <i>Spinipterus acsi</i>, these flanking ridges have serrations that extend perpendicular to the main axis of the spine. Serrated ridges are also found in <i>Parauchenipterus ceratophysus</i>, but in this species the extra rows are irregularly distributed and converge basally towards the anterior row of serrations.</p> <p>The entire lateral margin of the skull roof is ornamented with a single row of spines, which also are found on the preopercle and posterior cleithral process (Figure 3). Although some auchenipterid catfish possess low tubercles or projections on the surface of cranial bones, no other species possess conical spines or tooth-like projections. Moreover, the distribution of these spines is restricted to the margins of the cranium, a feature that may be unique among siluriforms.</p> <p>The dorsal midline groove extends immediately posterior the dorsal-fin base and is approximately the same length as the adpressed dorsal fin. This groove accommodates the entire dorsal-fin spine and fin rays, which are unusually short for auchenipterids.</p> <p> In addition to the features mentioned above, <i>Spinipterus acsi</i> exhibits the following combination of characters that are useful in distinguishing it from other auchenipterids: a posterior cleithral process ornamented with large spines; caudal-fin margin rounded, with fin fold; lateral line straight, not bifurcated on caudal-fin base; adipose-fin base long (see comments on these characters in the Discussion).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> <i>Spinipterus</i> is derived from <i>spina</i> from the Latin for spine and <i>pterus</i> from the Greek <i>pteros</i> meaning wing, in reference to the serrated nature of fin spines. Gender masculine.</p>Published as part of <i>Akama, Alberto & Ferraris, Carl J., 2011, Spinipterus, a new genus of small, spiny catfish (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) from the Peruvian Amazon, pp. 52-60 in Zootaxa 2992</i> on page 53, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/203761">10.5281/zenodo.203761</a>
The Confluent Terminating Context-Free Substitutive Rewriting System for the lambda-Calculus with Surjective Pairing and Terminal Type
No full textFor the lambda-calculus with surjective pairing and terminal type, Curien and Di Cosmo, inspired by Knuth-Bendix completion, introduced a confluent rewriting system of the naive rewriting system. Their system is a confluent (CR) rewriting system stable under contexts. They left the strong normalization (SN) of their rewriting system open. By Girard's reducibility method with restricting reducibility theorem, we prove SN of their rewriting, and SN of the extensions by polymorphism and (terminal types caused by parametric polymorphism). We extend their system by sum types and eta-like reductions, and prove the SN. We compare their system to type-directed expansions
First record of the driftwood catfish Spinipterus acsi Akama &amp; Ferraris, 2011 (Siluriformes, Auchenipteridae) for Brazil, Juru&aacute; River, Amazon basin
No full textSpinipterus Akama &amp; Ferraris, 2011 is a monotypic genus known only by the holotype of its single species S. acsi, described from a creek tributary to the Nanay River, in the Peruvian portion of the Amazon basin. A second specimen of this genus and species representing the first record of occurrence in Brazil is reported from the Juru&aacute; River, upper Amazon basin, Amazonas state
Spinipterus acsi Akama & Ferraris, 2011, n. sp.
No full text<i>Spinipterus acsi</i>, n. sp. <p> <b>Holotype</b>. ANSP 178209. 32 mm SL, male. Peru, Depto. Loreto, Prov. Maynas. Cano “Santa Rita” (right bank tributary of R. Nanay), 3.32 mi NW center of Iquitos. 0 3o 45’23”S, 73o17’28”W, 02/08/2001, M. Sabaj et al. (Figures 1–3).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> The genus being monotypic, its species diagnosis is that of the genus.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Morphometric data are presented in Table 1. Body robust, elongate; body depth at dorsal-fin origin 22.8 % of SL; body width at cleithrum 28.1% of SL. Lateral line complete, midlaterally situated; canal straight, with no branches; lateral line extending onto caudal-fin base, but not bifurcated.</p> <p>Standard length 32 mm Predorsal length (SL) 33.1 % Prepectoral length (SL) 23.4 % Head length (SL) 24.6 % Body depth (SL) 22.8 % Body width (SL) 28.1 % Upper gill membrane distance (SL) 22.6 % Dorsal-fin base length (SL) 12.8 % Dorsal-fin spine length (SL) 12.5 % Cleithral process length 24 % Pectoral-fin spine length (SL) 23.4 % Anal-fin base (SL) 20.2 % Caudal peduncle length (SL) 14.7 % Caudal peduncle depth (SL) 12.1 % Mouth width at rictus (HL) 67.4 % Snout length (HL) 36 % Eye diameter horizontal (HL) 19.8 % Bony interorbital (HL) 58.9 % Internarial length (HL) 17.8 %</p> <p>Head and nuchal region depressed; depth of body at dorsal-fin origin 83% of body width at cleithrum. Profile of head straight from snout to dorsal-fin origin. Snout length two times orbital diameter; snout margin truncate in dorsal view. Mouth terminal, dentary projecting slightly beyond upper jaw. Upper and lower lips scarcely papillose, both lips set off by grooves from tooth plates. Premaxillary tooth patch transversely elongate and rectangular, with 3 or 4 irregular villiform tooth rows. Palate without teeth. Dentary with 3 rows of teeth near symphysis, narrowing to one row posterolaterally. Skull roof clearly visible through thin skin. Mesethmoid wide, flanked by welldeveloped lacrimal. Orbital margin of skull roof circular, delimited dorsally by lateral ethmoid and anteriorly by lacrimal bones. Frontals excluded from margin of orbit. Anterior cranial fontanel circular, large, open from mesethmoid to frontals; its width equal to eye diameter. Cephalic lateral-line sensory canals narrow; canal branches not dendritic on head.</p> <p>Skull roofing bones smooth dorsally, without tubercles or ridges, except along margin of cranium where a single row of well-developed spines extends dorsally or dorsolaterally along anterior margin of mesethmoid, entire surface of lacrimal, and lateral borders of sphenotic, pterotic, supracleithrum, epiotic and nuchal plates.</p> <p>Anterior nostril located on snout margin, somewhat tubular and directed ventrally. Posterior nostril located closer to eye than to anterior nostril; nostril rim a thin, folded membrane, its tip directed posteriorly with narrow and oblong aperture; long axis of aperture oblique to longitudinal body axis.</p> <p>Eye laterodorsal, near snout tip; middle of eye at approximately anterior one-fourth of HL; ocular rim circular, bordered anteriorly and dorsally by strong spines on margin of lacrimal and lateral ethmoid. Eye relative small: horizontal eye diameter approximately 20% HL and 3 times in interorbital distance.</p> <p>Three pairs of barbels. Maxillary barbel inserted midway between verticals through anterior nostril and anterior orbital margin; barbel reaching to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Medial mental barbel reaching only to base of lateral mental barbel. Tip of lateral mental barbel extending past base of pectoral fin.</p> <p>Posterior cleithral process narrow, directed posterodorsally. Lateral surface of posterior cleithral process ornamented with strong spines, and tip with a strong hook-like spine.</p> <p>Dorsal fin inserted near anterior one-third of SL. Fin composed of seven fin elements: spinelet, spine and five soft, branched rays. Dorsal-fin spine strong, shorter than first branched ray; spine with three anterior rows of developed serrations running along long axis of spine, with serrations oriented perpendicular to spine axis; posterior margin of spine with single row of nearly-imperceptible serrations. Dorsal midline of body posterior of dorsal fin with groove posterior to, and same length as, dorsal-fin base.</p> <p>Adipose fin elongate, with thick base, with free posterior lobe. Anterior extent of fin somewhat posterior of dorsal-fin medial groove, but difficult to determine precisely, because it gradually merges with body.</p> <p>Pectoral fin inserted at vertical through middle of predorsal distance. Fin composed of seven fin elements: spine and six soft, branched rays. First soft ray longest, but shorter than pectoral-fin spine; no low fleshy membrane along medial margin of inner ray. Pectoral-fin spine stout; posterior margin with retrorse, unicuspid, well-developed serrations; anterior margin with three rows of strong serrations. Anterior row of serrations antrorse; anterodorsal and anteroventral serrations perpendicular to long axis of spine.</p> <p>Pelvic fin inserted near vertical through middle of SL; fin with 5 soft rays on left side and 6 on right side; first ray simple, all others branched. Adducted fin reaches to base of anal fin.</p> <p>Anal-fin base short, with slightly-convex distal margin; fin with 4 unbranched rays and 16 branched rays. Anal-fin origin posterior of middle of SL.</p> <p>Caudal fin obliquely convex, with dorsal rays slightly more elongated than ventral rays; principal caudal-fin rays i,7,9,i. Dorsal and ventral fin folds present anterior of caudal fin, but with few procurrent rays preceding principal rays.</p> <p> <b>Sexual dimorphism.</b> The holotype is a young adult male in which the urogenital tube is beginning to elongate, but is not yet extended along the entire length of the anterior anal-fin margin. Typically in auchenipterids, secondary sexually-dimorphic characters of the fins, barbels, and epidermis do not appear until the urogenital tube is fully, or nearly fully, extended to the distal margin of the anal fin. In the holotype of <i>Spinipterus acsi</i>, the dorsal-fin spine and the maxillary barbel show no evidence of being unusually elongated or ossified, and there is no indication of epidermal modifications. The unusual array of spines found on the margin of the cranium and on the fin spines of <i>Spinipterus acsi</i> might be external sexual characters that have developed at a comparatively early stage. However, in the absence of more fully-mature males, or females, that would allow us to better interpret the significance of these features in the ontogenetic development of males, we consider the presence of spines around the periphery of the cranium and the serrations on the fin spines instead to be a novel characteristic of the species.</p> <p> <b>Size.</b> The length of the only known individual of this species is 29 mm SL. As noted above, the holotype is already showing signs of transforming into an adult male, which suggests that the maximum size of the species is not substantially larger than the size of this individual. If this is the case, then <i>Spinipterus acsi</i> is one of the smallest species of the subfamily Auchenipterinae, but its small size is probably not related to miniaturization (as defined by Weitzman & Vari, 1988); note that small size in the family was already registered for <i>Gelanoglanis</i> species (Böhlke, 1980).</p> <p> <b>Color pattern.</b> Body heavily pigmented with dorsum, head, and lateral body surfaces dorsal of lateral line dark brown. Dorsolateral surface of body covered with nearly-rectangular spots of different sizes and erratic distribution. Ventral of lateral line, body becoming lighter ventrally, but covered with large dark chromatophores; abdomen white.</p> <p>Dorsal and pectoral fins darkly pigmented; anal fin pigmented basally, pale distally; pelvic fin pale; most of caudal fin covered with large dark chromatophores, but pale distally.</p> <p>Head darker than body, at least dorsally. Margin of lower jaw heavily pigmented, becoming lighter posteriorly; no chromatophores posterior of branchiostegal rays. Maxillary barbels pigmented; mental barbels without dark chromatophores, except for base of outer mental barbel.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Name from ACSI, the acronym of the All Catfishes Species Inventory, a project that is supported by the Planetary Biodiversity Inventory Program of the National Science Foundation.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Known only from the type locality, at Caño Santa Rita, a tributary of the Nanay River, Amazon River basin, Peru.</p>Published as part of <i>Akama, Alberto & Ferraris, Carl J., 2011, Spinipterus, a new genus of small, spiny catfish (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) from the Peruvian Amazon, pp. 52-60 in Zootaxa 2992</i> on pages 53-57, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/203761">10.5281/zenodo.203761</a>
Spinipterus acsi Akama & Ferraris, 2011, n. sp.
No full textSpinipterus acsi, n. sp. Holotype. ANSP 178209. 32 mm SL, male. Peru, Depto. Loreto, Prov. Maynas. Cano “Santa Rita” (right bank tributary of R. Nanay), 3.32 mi NW center of Iquitos. 0 3 o 45 ’ 23 ”S, 73 o 17 ’ 28 ”W, 02/08/ 2001, M. Sabaj et al. (Figures 1–3). Diagnosis. The genus being monotypic, its species diagnosis is that of the genus. Description. Morphometric data are presented in Table 1. Body robust, elongate; body depth at dorsal-fin origin 22.8 % of SL; body width at cleithrum 28.1 % of SL. Lateral line complete, midlaterally situated; canal straight, with no branches; lateral line extending onto caudal-fin base, but not bifurcated. Standard length 32 mm Predorsal length (SL) 33.1 % Prepectoral length (SL) 23.4 % Head length (SL) 24.6 % Body depth (SL) 22.8 % Body width (SL) 28.1 % Upper gill membrane distance (SL) 22.6 % Dorsal-fin base length (SL) 12.8 % Dorsal-fin spine length (SL) 12.5 % Cleithral process length 24 % Pectoral-fin spine length (SL) 23.4 % Anal-fin base (SL) 20.2 % Caudal peduncle length (SL) 14.7 % Caudal peduncle depth (SL) 12.1 % Mouth width at rictus (HL) 67.4 % Snout length (HL) 36 % Eye diameter horizontal (HL) 19.8 % Bony interorbital (HL) 58.9 % Internarial length (HL) 17.8 % Head and nuchal region depressed; depth of body at dorsal-fin origin 83 % of body width at cleithrum. Profile of head straight from snout to dorsal-fin origin. Snout length two times orbital diameter; snout margin truncate in dorsal view. Mouth terminal, dentary projecting slightly beyond upper jaw. Upper and lower lips scarcely papillose, both lips set off by grooves from tooth plates. Premaxillary tooth patch transversely elongate and rectangular, with 3 or 4 irregular villiform tooth rows. Palate without teeth. Dentary with 3 rows of teeth near symphysis, narrowing to one row posterolaterally. Skull roof clearly visible through thin skin. Mesethmoid wide, flanked by welldeveloped lacrimal. Orbital margin of skull roof circular, delimited dorsally by lateral ethmoid and anteriorly by lacrimal bones. Frontals excluded from margin of orbit. Anterior cranial fontanel circular, large, open from mesethmoid to frontals; its width equal to eye diameter. Cephalic lateral-line sensory canals narrow; canal branches not dendritic on head. Skull roofing bones smooth dorsally, without tubercles or ridges, except along margin of cranium where a single row of well-developed spines extends dorsally or dorsolaterally along anterior margin of mesethmoid, entire surface of lacrimal, and lateral borders of sphenotic, pterotic, supracleithrum, epiotic and nuchal plates. Anterior nostril located on snout margin, somewhat tubular and directed ventrally. Posterior nostril located closer to eye than to anterior nostril; nostril rim a thin, folded membrane, its tip directed posteriorly with narrow and oblong aperture; long axis of aperture oblique to longitudinal body axis. Eye laterodorsal, near snout tip; middle of eye at approximately anterior one-fourth of HL; ocular rim circular, bordered anteriorly and dorsally by strong spines on margin of lacrimal and lateral ethmoid. Eye relative small: horizontal eye diameter approximately 20 % HL and 3 times in interorbital distance. Three pairs of barbels. Maxillary barbel inserted midway between verticals through anterior nostril and anterior orbital margin; barbel reaching to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Medial mental barbel reaching only to base of lateral mental barbel. Tip of lateral mental barbel extending past base of pectoral fin. Posterior cleithral process narrow, directed posterodorsally. Lateral surface of posterior cleithral process ornamented with strong spines, and tip with a strong hook-like spine. Dorsal fin inserted near anterior one-third of SL. Fin composed of seven fin elements: spinelet, spine and five soft, branched rays. Dorsal-fin spine strong, shorter than first branched ray; spine with three anterior rows of developed serrations running along long axis of spine, with serrations oriented perpendicular to spine axis; posterior margin of spine with single row of nearly-imperceptible serrations. Dorsal midline of body posterior of dorsal fin with groove posterior to, and same length as, dorsal-fin base. Adipose fin elongate, with thick base, with free posterior lobe. Anterior extent of fin somewhat posterior of dorsal-fin medial groove, but difficult to determine precisely, because it gradually merges with body. Pectoral fin inserted at vertical through middle of predorsal distance. Fin composed of seven fin elements: spine and six soft, branched rays. First soft ray longest, but shorter than pectoral-fin spine; no low fleshy membrane along medial margin of inner ray. Pectoral-fin spine stout; posterior margin with retrorse, unicuspid, well-developed serrations; anterior margin with three rows of strong serrations. Anterior row of serrations antrorse; anterodorsal and anteroventral serrations perpendicular to long axis of spine. Pelvic fin inserted near vertical through middle of SL; fin with 5 soft rays on left side and 6 on right side; first ray simple, all others branched. Adducted fin reaches to base of anal fin. Anal-fin base short, with slightly-convex distal margin; fin with 4 unbranched rays and 16 branched rays. Anal-fin origin posterior of middle of SL. Caudal fin obliquely convex, with dorsal rays slightly more elongated than ventral rays; principal caudal-fin rays i,7,9,i. Dorsal and ventral fin folds present anterior of caudal fin, but with few procurrent rays preceding principal rays. Sexual dimorphism. The holotype is a young adult male in which the urogenital tube is beginning to elongate, but is not yet extended along the entire length of the anterior anal-fin margin. Typically in auchenipterids, secondary sexually-dimorphic characters of the fins, barbels, and epidermis do not appear until the urogenital tube is fully, or nearly fully, extended to the distal margin of the anal fin. In the holotype of Spinipterus acsi, the dorsal-fin spine and the maxillary barbel show no evidence of being unusually elongated or ossified, and there is no indication of epidermal modifications. The unusual array of spines found on the margin of the cranium and on the fin spines of Spinipterus acsi might be external sexual characters that have developed at a comparatively early stage. However, in the absence of more fully-mature males, or females, that would allow us to better interpret the significance of these features in the ontogenetic development of males, we consider the presence of spines around the periphery of the cranium and the serrations on the fin spines instead to be a novel characteristic of the species. Size. The length of the only known individual of this species is 29 mm SL. As noted above, the holotype is already showing signs of transforming into an adult male, which suggests that the maximum size of the species is not substantially larger than the size of this individual. If this is the case, then Spinipterus acsi is one of the smallest species of the subfamily Auchenipterinae, but its small size is probably not related to miniaturization (as defined by Weitzman & Vari, 1988); note that small size in the family was already registered for Gelanoglanis species (Böhlke, 1980). Color pattern. Body heavily pigmented with dorsum, head, and lateral body surfaces dorsal of lateral line dark brown. Dorsolateral surface of body covered with nearly-rectangular spots of different sizes and erratic distribution. Ventral of lateral line, body becoming lighter ventrally, but covered with large dark chromatophores; abdomen white. Dorsal and pectoral fins darkly pigmented; anal fin pigmented basally, pale distally; pelvic fin pale; most of caudal fin covered with large dark chromatophores, but pale distally. Head darker than body, at least dorsally. Margin of lower jaw heavily pigmented, becoming lighter posteriorly; no chromatophores posterior of branchiostegal rays. Maxillary barbels pigmented; mental barbels without dark chromatophores, except for base of outer mental barbel. Etymology. Name from ACSI, the acronym of the All Catfishes Species Inventory, a project that is supported by the Planetary Biodiversity Inventory Program of the National Science Foundation. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, at Caño Santa Rita, a tributary of the Nanay River, Amazon River basin, Peru.Published as part of Akama, Alberto & Ferraris, Carl J., 2011, Spinipterus, a new genus of small, spiny catfish (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) from the Peruvian Amazon, pp. 52-60 in Zootaxa 2992 on pages 53-57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20376
[Report to Chief J. E. Curry, by an unknown author #1]
No full textReport to Chief J. E. Curry, by an unknown author. The report contains a list of officers who gave depositions to the United States Attorney
Challenge for Studying Metacognitive Experiences: A Rejoinder to Akama and Yamauchi
No full text This commentary focuses on three points of the Akama and Yamauchi paper (2004) that raise possibilities for research. These points regard (a) the nature of metacognitive experiences, (b) their relations with performance, and (c) their role in self-regulation. </jats:p
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