5,047 research outputs found
An Assessment on the Structuring Activity Related with Institutions in Turkey in the Period of Nomadization (1018-1192)
No full textAnadolu 1018-1192 yılları arasında büyük çoğunluğu göçebe hayat yaşayan Türkmenlerin göçüne maruz kaldı. Begler ve sultanlar kurumsal olmayan siyasi yapılar oluştururken, Anadolu’ya göç eden yerleşik Müslüman Türkler ve diğer Müslümanlar siyasi olmayan kurumsal yapılar oluşturdular ve inşa faaliyetlerinde bulundular. Bu kurumsallaşma ve inşa faaliyetlerinin başlaması ve yaygınlaşması bölgelere göre değişmektedir. Danişmendli Begliği’nin hakimiyeti altındaki şehirlerde XI. yüzyılın sonlarında başlamakta, XII. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar birkaç yapı ile öne çıkmakta, XII. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren görece artmaktadır. Diğer beglikler ve Türkiye Selçukluları’nda ise XII. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar bir yapılaşma görülmezken XII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren yapılaşma görülmeye başlamaktadır. Bunda Türkiye Selçukluları ve begliklerin dışarıya karşı ve kendi aralarında verdikleri mücadelenin belirleyici olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Bu mücadeleler askerileşmeyi artırmış ve gelirlerin büyük kısmının asker olarak istihdam edilen Türkmenlere aktarılmasına sebep olmuş olmalıdır. Göçebelerin özellikle Türkiye’nin batı bölgesine Türkiye Selçukluları hakimiyetindeki bölgeye yığılması Türkiye Selçukluları’nın siyasi ve askeri olarak gücünü artırırken göçebelerin baskısına daha fazla maruz kalmasına, bu da bölgede yapılaşmanın gecikmesine ve seyrekleşmesine neden olmuştur. Artuklu Begliği hakimiyeti altındaki şehirlerde XII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısındaki yapılaşmanın, Türkiye’nin diğer şehirlerine nazaran daha zengin olduğu dikkati çekmektedir. Bunda bu şehirlerdeki yerleşik Müslümanların yoğunluğunun da etkili olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Yapılaşmanın zamana göre dağılımı siyasi olmayan kurumsal yapıların siyasi yapılardan bağımsız olarak ortaya çıktıklarını göstermektedir. Fakat niteliğinde siyasi yapının gücü ve yerleşiklikle ilişkisinin belirleyici olduğu söylenebilir. Çalışma, 1192 öncesine ait cami, medrese ve sarayların inşa zamanlarının tespiti esasına dayanmaktadır.Anatolia underwent the migration of Turkmens who mostly lived a nomadic life between the years 1018-1192. While lords and sultans created non-institutional political structures the settled Muslim Turks and other Muslims who migrated to Anatolia formed non-political institutional structures and engaged in structuring activities. The beginning and becoming prevalent of this institutionalization and structuring activities change according to the regions. It begins at the end of the XIth century in cities under the Danishmends Beglik, becomes prominent with some structures in the first half of the XIIth century and the concentration is in the second half of the XIIth century. A structuring is not seen in the first half of the XIIth century in other begliks and Seljuks of Turkey and structuring starts in the second half of the XIIth century. It is speculated that the fight put up by the Seljuks and beyliks of Turkey between themselves and outwards is determinative in this. These fights must have increased militarization and caused the transfer of a significant part of the revenues to the Turkmen who were employed as soldiers. While the accumulation of nomads in the western regions of Turkey, in the region under the domination of Seljuks increased the military power of the Seljuks of Turkey it cause it to be more exposed to the pressure of the nomads and this caused a delay and rarefaction in structuring in the region. It attracts attention that the structuring in the cities under the domination of Artuklu Beylik is richer compared to the other cities of Turkey in the second half of the XIIth century. It is speculated that the concentration of Muslims settled in these cities also has an influence on this. The distribution of structuring by time indicates that the non-political institutional structures emerged independent of the political structures. However, it can be said that the power of the political structure and its relation with sedentariness is determinative in its characteristics. The study is based on the determination of the establishment of mosques, madrasahs and palaces before 1192
Writing from the shadowlands: how cross-cultural literature negotiates the legacy of Edward Said
No full textThis thesis examines the impact of Edward Said's influential work Orientalism and its legacy in respect of contemporary reading and writing across cultures. It also questions the legitimacy of Said's retrospective stereotyping of early examples of cross-cultural representation in literature as uncompromisingly 'orientalist'.
It is well known that the release of Edward Said's Orientalism in 1978 was responsible for the rise of a range of cultural and critical theories from multiculturalism to postcolonialism. It was a study that not only polarized critics and forced scholars to re-examine orientalist archives, but persuaded creative writers to re-think their ethnographic positions when it came to the literary representations of cultures other than their own. Without detracting from the enormous impact of Said, this thesis isolates gaps and silences in Said that need correcting. Furthermore, there is an element of intransigence, an uncompromising refusal to fine-tune what is essentially a binary discourse of the West and its other in Said's work, that encourages the continued interrogation of power relations but which, because of its very boldness, paradoxically disallows the extent to which the conflict of cultures indeed produced new, hybrid social and cultural formations.
In an attempt to challenge the severity of Said's claim that 'every European, in what he could say about the Orient, was consequently a racist, an imperialist, and almost totally ethnocentric', the thesis examines a number of different discursive contexts in which such a presumption is challenged. Thus while the second chapter discusses the 'traditional' profession-based orientalism of nineteenth-century E. G. Browne, the third considers the anti-imperialism of colonial administrator Leonard Woolf. The fourth chapter provides a reflection on the difficulties of diasporic 'orientalism' through the works of Michael Ondaatje while chapter five demonstrates the effects of the dialogism used by Amitav Ghosh as a defence against 'orientalism'. The thesis concludes with an examination of contemporary writing by Andrea Levy that appositely illustrates the legacy of Said's influence.
While the restrictive parameters of Said's work make it difficult to mount a thorough-going critique of Said, this thesis shows that, indeed, it is within the restraints of these parameters and in the very discourse that Said employs that he traps himself. This study claims that even Said is susceptible to 'orientalist' criticism in that he is as much an 'orientalist' as those at whom he directs his polemic
Chemical Composition and in vitro Gas Production of Whole Cottonseed (Gossypium hirsitum L.) Cultivars
No full textÇalışmanın amacı farklı çeşitlere ait pamuk çiğitlerinin besin madde içeriklerini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla; beş pamuk çeşidinin (Gossupolsuz 86, Lifsiz, Suregrov 125, Stoneville 453 ve Nazilli) çiğitlerinin kimyasal kompozisyonu ve gaz üretim miktarları ile hesaplama ile elde edilen metabolik enerji ve organik madde sindirilebilirliği belirlenmiştir. Pamuk çiğitlerinin ham protein içeriği %19.03-24.15; ADF içeriği %31.13-35.01; NDF içeriği %38.61-44.86; ham kül içeriği %2.98-4.39; ham yağ içeriği %16.26-26.46 ve kuru madde %65.06-69.13 arasında değişmiştir. Gaz üretimi 60.3392.71 mL; metabolik enerji (ME) 7.94-11.42 MJ/kg/KM ve organik madde sindirim derecesi (OMS)%50.51-71.72 arasında değişmiştir. Pamuk çeşitleri arasında kimyasal kompozisyon, gaz üretimi, ME ve OMS yönünden fark istatistiki olarak önemli (P<0.01) bulunmuştur. Kullanılan çeşitler içerisinde yüksek ham protein ve ham yağ içeriğine, metabolik enerjiye ve düşük ADF ve NDF içeriğine sahip Nazilli çeşidi ön plana çıkmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, pamuk çiğitleri hayvan besleme için oldukça kaliteli yem kaynakları olmuştur.The present study was conducted to investigate the chemical composition, gas production, metabolic energy and organic matter digestibility of whole cottonseeds of five different cotton cultivars (Gossupolsuz 86, Lifsiz, Suregrov 125, Stoneville 453 and Nazilli). Crude protein contents of cottonseeds varied between 19.03-24.15%; ADF contents between 31.13-35.01%; NDF contents between 38.61-44.86%; crude ash contents between 2.98-4.39%; crude oil contents between 16.26-26.46% and dry matter between 65.06-69.13%. Gas production values varied between 60.33-92.71 mL; metabolic energy (ME) values between 7.94-11.42 MJ/kg/DM and organic matter digestibility (OMD) between 50.51-71.72%. The differences in chemical composition, gas production, ME and OMD values of cotton cultivars were found to be statistically significant (P<0.01). The cultivar Nazilli was prominent with high crude protein, metabolic energy, low ADF and NDF content. Current findings revealed that present cotton cultivars constituted high quality feed source for livestoc
What said the economic theory about Portugal. Another approach
No full textWith this work we try to analyse the agglomeration process in the Portuguese regions, using the New Economic Geography models. This work aims to test, also, the Verdoorn Law, with the alternative specifications of (1)Kaldor (1966), for the 28 NUTS III Portuguese in the period 1995 to 1999. It is intended to test the alternative interpretation of (2)Rowthorn (1975). With this study we want, also, to test the Verdoorn´s Law at a regional and a sectoral levels (NUTs II) for the period 1995-1999. The importance of some additional variables in the original specification of Verdoorn´s Law is yet tested, such as, trade flows, capital accumulation and labour concentration. This study analyses, also, through cross-section estimation methods, the influence of spatial effects in productivity in the NUTs III economic sectors of mainland Portugal from 1995 to 1999, considering the Verdoorn relationship. The aim of this paper is, yet, to present a contribution, with panel data, to the analysis of absolute convergence and conditional of the sectoral productivity at regional level (from 1995 to 1999). The structural variables used in the analysis of conditional convergence is the ratio of capital/output, the flow of goods/output and location ratio.new economic geography; Verdoorn law; convergence; cross-section and panel data; Portuguese regions
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B-spline neural network based single-carrier frequency domain equalisation for Hammerstein channels
No full textA practical single-carrier (SC) block transmission with frequency domain equalisation (FDE) system can generally be modelled by the Hammerstein system that includes the nonlinear distortion effects of the high power amplifier (HPA) at transmitter. For such Hammerstein channels, the standard SC-FDE scheme no longer works. We propose a novel B-spline neural network based nonlinear SC-FDE scheme for Hammerstein channels. In particular, we model the nonlinear HPA, which represents the complex-valued static nonlinearity of the Hammerstein channel, by two real-valued B-spline neural networks, one for modelling the nonlinear amplitude response of the HPA and the other for the nonlinear phase response of the HPA. We then develop an efficient alternating least squares algorithm for estimating the parameters of the Hammerstein channel, including the channel impulse response coefficients and the parameters of the two B-spline models. Moreover, we also use another real-valued B-spline neural network to model the inversion of the HPA's nonlinear amplitude response, and the parameters of this inverting B-spline model can be estimated using the standard least squares algorithm based on the pseudo training data obtained as a byproduct of the Hammerstein channel identification. Equalisation of the SC Hammerstein channel can then be accomplished by the usual one-tap linear equalisation in frequency domain as well as the inverse B-spline neural network model obtained in time domain. The effectiveness of our nonlinear SC-FDE scheme for Hammerstein channels is demonstrated in a simulation study
Nudging Payment Behaviour: Evidence from a Field Experiment on Pay-as-You-Go Off-Grid Electricity
No full textThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Oxford University Press via the DOI in this recordData availability:
Anonymised, unit-level data along with the do files that are required for replication of the findings presented in this paper can be provided on request.This paper reports results from a randomized control trial with a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) solar system provider in Pakistan. In the default treatment, customers are told the amount to pay every month to keep the system active. In a first treatment, customers are assisted in planning this monthly payment. A second treatment discloses that payments can be made flexibly within the month. This disclosure may reduce contract cancellation by helping minimize transaction costs but may increase contract complexity and reduce discipline. A third treatment combines flexibility with assistance in planning payments. Disclosing flexibility increases contract cancellation relative to the default, but combining flexibility with planning offsets this effect. Treatment effects appear stronger among users facing high mental constraints and transaction costs. These findings support the idea that behavioral factors, such as inattention and commitment problems, lay behind the negative impact of flexibility on cancellation. The results suggest that providers of PAYG systems may face a trade-off between disclosing complex contractual features and customer retention. Planning helps customers handle the added complexity.International Growth CentreEuropean Union FP
The Iranian vole Microtus irani occurs in Lebanon (Mammalia: Rodentia)
No full textWe studied 1140 bp cytochrome b sequences of social voles from three localities in Lebanon. The results were compared with published sequences representing seven species of social voles. New sequences from Lebanon clustered with reference samples of two species: M. guentheri and M. irani. While M. guentheri was already reported for Lebanon, M. irani is a new addition to the fauna of Lebanon, and the third known record for the species. Animals were collected in two localities above Tripolis at 855 m and 1430 m a.s.l., respectively. © Zoology in the Middle East, 2013.Anisimova M, 2006, SYST BIOL, V55, P539, DOI 10.1080-10635150600755453; Corbet G. B., 1978, MAMMALS PALAEARCTIC; ELLERMAN JR, 1948, P ZOOL SOC LOND, V118, P765; Golenishchev Fedor N., 2002, Russian Journal of Theriology, V1, P117; Guindon S, 2003, SYST BIOL, V52, P696, DOI 10.1080-10635150390235520; Harrison Richard G., 2003, Journal of Mammalian Evolution, V10, P249, DOI 10.1023-B:JOMM.0000015105.96065.f0; Haynes S, 2003, MOL ECOL, V12, P951, DOI 10.1046-j.1365-294X.2003.01795.x; Huelsenbeck JP, 2001, BIOINFORMATICS, V17, P754, DOI 10.1093-bioinformatics-17.8.754; Jaarola M, 2002, MOL ECOL, V11, P2613, DOI 10.1046-j.1365-294X.2002.01639.x; Jaarola M, 2004, MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL, V33, P647, DOI 10.1016-j.ympev.2004.07.015; Krystufek B, 2001, MAMMAL REV, V31, P229, DOI 10.1046-j.1365-2907.2001.00088.x; Krystufek B., 2001, BONNER ZOOLOGISCHE B, V50, P1; Krystufek B, 2010, ZOOL MIDDLE EAST, V50, P11; Krystufek B, 2012, MAMM BIOL, V77, P178, DOI 10.1016-j.mambio.2011.11.007; Krystufek B, 2009, BIOL J LINN SOC, V98, P121; Krystufek B, 2005, MAMMALS TURKEY CYPRU; LEWIS RE, 1967, J ZOOL, V153, P45; Martinkova N, 2012, FOLIA ZOOL, V61, P254; Musser G. G., 2005, MAMMAL SPECIES WORLD, V2, P894; Nylander JAA, 2004, MRMODELTEST VERSION; Rambaut A, 2007, TRACER V1 4; Ronquist F, 2003, BIOINFORMATICS, V19, P1572, DOI 10.1093-bioinformatics-btg180; Shenbrot G. I., 2005, ATLAS GEOGRAPHIC DIS; Shimodaira H, 1999, MOL BIOL EVOL, V16, P1114; Steppan SJ, 1999, SYST BIOL, V48, P715; Swofford DL, 2002, PAUP PHYLOGENETIC AN; Tamura K, 2011, MOL BIOL EVOL, V28, P2731, DOI 10.1093-molbev-msr121; Tohme G., 1985, MAMMIFERES SAUVAGES; Zima J., 2013, ACTA THERIO IN PRESS11
What said the new economic geography about Portugal? An alternative approach
No full textWith this work we try to analyse the agglomeration process in Portugal, using the New Economic Geography models, in a linear and in a non linear way. In a non linear way, of referring, as summary conclusion, that with this work the existence of increasing returns to scale and low transport cost, in the Portuguese regions, was proven and, because this, the existence of agglomeration in Portugal. We pretend, also, in a linear way to explain the complementarily of clustering models, associated with the New Economic Geography, and polarization associated with the Keynesian tradition. As a summary conclusion, we can say which the agglomeration process shows some signs of concentration in Lisboa e Vale do Tejo and the productivity factor significantly improves the results that explain the regional clustering in Portugal. The aim of this paper is to analyze, yet, the relationship between the regional industry clustering and the demand for labor by companies in Portugal. Again, the results are consistent with the theoretical developments of the New Economic Geography, namely the demand for labor is greater where transport costs are lower and where there is a strong links "backward and forward" and strong economies of agglomeration.new economic geography; linear and non linear models; Portuguese regions
An efficient predistorter design for compensating nonlinear memory high power amplifier
No full textThis contribution applies digital predistorter to compensate distortions caused by memory high power amplifiers (HPAs) which exhibit true output saturation characteristics. Particle swarm optimization is first implemented to identify the Wiener HPA’s parameters. The estimated Wiener HPA model is then directly used to design the predistorter. The proposed digital predistorter solution is attractive owing to its low on-line computational complexity, small memory units required and simple VLSI hardware structure implementation. Moreover, the designed predistorter is capable of successfully compensating serious nonlinear distortions and memory effects caused by the memory HPA operating in the output saturation region. Simulation results obtained are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this novel digital predistorter design
Author Ben Ames Williams first met Searsmont farmer Bert McCorrison in 1918, a m
No full textAuthor Ben Ames Williams first met Searsmont farmer Bert McCorrison in 1918, a meeting which the author said had a profound impact on his professional career. McCorrison died in 1931, leaving Williams his Hardscrabble Farm in Searsmount, which became the author\u27s home until his death in 1953
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