1,721,036 research outputs found
Effect of heparin and low molecular weight heparin concentration on thermoresponsive properties of poloxamer hydrogels
No full textA study of nail care cosmetic products composition
No full textOhranjanje zdravih nohtov je izrednega pomena, saj nohti pomembno vplivajo na človekov videz in počutje, zato jih je treba ustrezno negovati s prilagojenimi kozmetičnimi izdelki za nego nohtov. Za ta namen lahko uporabljamo izdelke za utrjevanje in vlaženje nohtov in izdelke za odstranjevanje obnohtne kožice. Zaradi anatomije nohta so za nego najpogosteje v uporabi laki za nohte, kjer pri formuliranju dodajamo primarne in sekundarne tvorilce filma, ki so tudi osnova lakov. Na trgu najdemo širok izbor izdelkov za nego. V diplomski nalogi smo proučili sestavo 55 kozmetičnih izdelkov za nego nohtov, ki so na voljo v spletnih in specializiranih trgovinah in jih razdelili v 3 skupine glede na njihov namen. Zanimalo nas je, katere sestavine, ki so odgovorne za pozitiven učinek, proizvajalci najpogosteje izpostavljajo in kateri tip glede na nosilni sistem prevladuje. V nadaljevanju smo pregledali pogostost pojavljanja določenih sestavin za vsako skupino izdelkov. Pri izdelkih za utrjevanje nohtov smo pregledali primarne in sekundarne tvorilce filma, ki morajo biti med seboj kompatibilni. V okviru izdelkov za vlaženje nohtov smo pregledali najpogosteje prisotne vlažilne sestavine in prišli do zaključka, da v izbranih izdelkih prevladujejo emolienti – največkrat uporabljen emolient je mandljevo olje, pogosti so tudi humektanti, medtem ko je prisotnost okluzivov veliko manjša. Preverili smo tudi prisotnost konzervansov, površinsko aktivnih snovi, antioksidantov in dišav, ki imajo vlogo pomožnih sestavin v izdelkih, prav tako smo prisotnost teh sestavin preverili tudi pri izdelkih za odstranjevanje obnohtne kožice. Pozornost smo namenili tudi hipoalergenim lakom. V lakih za nohte se lahko srečamo s sestavinami, ki povzročajo neželene učinke, zato smo pregledali prisotnost potencialnih alergenov. Kopolimer toluensulfonamida in formaldehida , ki je znan alergen, smo našli v 1 kozmetičnem izdelku, v 3 kozmetičnih izdelkih pa formaldehid. Med izbranimi izdelki se 2 kozmetična izdelka oglašujeta kot hipoalergena. Zaradi naraščajočega zanimanja za naravno kozmetiko smo pri izbranih izdelkih preverili prisotnost različnih certifikatov. Po pregledu smo našli le 2 s certifikatom NaTrue, ki ga proizvajalec sme pridobiti če, uporabi 5–15 % sinteznih sestavin v izdelku.Maintaining healthy nails is of utmost importance as they have a significant impact on a person\u27s appearance and well-being, and should be properly cared for with nail care products. For this purpose, nail hardening and moisturising products, such as products that remove cuticles, can be used. Due to the anatomy of the nail, nail polishes are the most commonly used nail care products, where primary and secondary film formers are added in the formulation, which are also the base of the polish. A wide range of care products can be found on the market. In this thesis I have studied the composition of 55 nail care products available online and in specialised shops, dividing them into 3 groups according to their purpose. I was interested in which ingredients responsible for the positive effect are most frequently highlighted by the manufacturers, and which type is predominant, according to the carrier system. I then checked the frequency of occurrence of specific ingredients for each product group. For nail hardening products, I focused on primary and secondary film formers, which must be compatible with each other. In the nail moisturising products, I researched the most frequently used moisturising ingredients and concluded that emollients are predominant in the selected products – almond oil is the most frequently used emollienthumectants are also common, while occlusive agents are much less prevalent. The presence of preservatives, surfactants, antioxidants and fragrances as excipients in the products was checkedtheir presence in cuticle removers was also checked. I also paid attention to hypoallergenic polishes. Some nail polishes may contain ingredients that cause side effects, so I looked for the presence of potential allergens. Toluene sulfonamide formaldehyde resin, a known allergen, was found in 1 cosmetic product and formaldehyde was found in 3 cosmetic products. Of the selected products, 2 cosmetic products are advertised as hypoallergenic. Due to the growing interest in natural cosmetics, I checked the presence of different certificates for the selected products. After reviewing them, I found only 2 that have the NaTrue certificate, which a manufacturer is allowed to obtain if it uses 5-15% synthetic ingredients in the product
Review of hair care cosmetic products with rosemary (Rosmarinum officinalis) extracts
No full textRožmarin je znan po svojih igličastih zelenih listih in intenzivnem aromatičnem vonju. Njegovo delovanje in lastnosti pa danes izkoriščamo v zdravstvu, kozmetiki, kulinariki in drugih industrijah. Ima zelo kompleksno kemijsko sestavo, glavne bioaktivne sestavine so triterpenoidi, rožmarinska kislina, karnozolna kislina in karnozol ter eterično olje zelišča.
V kozmetiki imajo rožmarinovi ekstrakti zelo širok spekter delovanja. Zaradi svojih antioksidativnih in protimikrobnih lastnosti pa ga vključujemo v kozmetične izdelke za lase. Lahko namreč izboljša prekrvavitev lasišča ter tako spodbudi rast las. Hkrati pa protimikrobno delovanje izkoriščamo v izdelkih proti prhljaju in izboljšanju mastnega lasišča.
V diplomski nalogi smo pregledali 50 kozmetičnih izdelkov za lase, ki vsebujejo izvleček rožmarina kot aktivno sestavino. Zanimale so nas študije, ki raziskujejo uporabo rožmarina na laseh in lasišču. Raziskali smo tudi, v kakšnih oblikah kozmetičnih izdelkov se rožmarin pojavlja in kakšna je njihova sestava. Največ kozmetičnih izdelkov z izvlečkom rožmarina je namenjenih hitrejši rasti las, v tej kategoriji največji delež predstavljajo šamponi. To področje uporabe rožmarina je tudi najbolj raziskano in na podlagi študij lahko delovanje rožmarinovih izvlečkov enačimo z minoksidilom. Na podlagi kvalitativnih ocen študij lahko potrdimo, da olje rožmarina in njegovi izvlečki prav tako preprečijo oziroma upočasnijo prekomerno izpadanje las. Tudi v tej kategoriji prevladujejo šamponi. Zaradi protimikrobnega delovanja proti glivam in kvasovkam pa izvlečki rožmarina zelo dobro in vitro preprečujejo prhljaj na lasišču. Najmanj je raziskana uporaba rožmarinovega izvlečka za nego las in nego mastnega lasišča. Zato v teh izdelkih ne moremo potrditi učinkovitosti izvlečka. Izvleček rožmarina proizvajalci redko kdaj vključujejo v kozmetični izdelek kot edino aktivno sestavino, v veliki večini njegovo delovanje v lasni kozmetiki dopolnjujejo drugi izvlečki ali sintetične sestavine.
Pregledali pa smo tudi oglaševanje rožmarina v izbranih izdelkih in ugotovili, da vsebnost te sestavine proizvajalci navajajo na skoraj vsakem izdelku in da prednosti uporabe rožmarina oglašujejo na spletnih omrežjih. Predaja informacij na tak način pa je lahko večkrat zavajajočaRosemary is known for its needle-like green leaves and intense aromatic scent. Today, its properties and effects are widely used in medicine, cosmetics, culinary arts, and other industries. Rosemary has a very complex chemical structure, with key bioactive components including triterpenoids, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, and carnosol, as well as the herb’s essential oil.
In cosmetic products, rosemary extracts have a wide range of effects. Due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, they are included in hair care products. Rosemary is able to improve scalp circulation and stimulate hair growth. Additionally, its antimicrobial action is used in products that target dandruff and improve oily scalp.
In our research, we examined 50 hair care products containing rosemary extract as an active ingredient. We explored studies that researched rosemary’s effects on hair and scalp, as well as the various forms of cosmetic products containing this herb. Most products with rosemary extract are designed for faster hair growth, with shampoos being the predominant category. This area of rosemary use is also the most studied, and based on research, its effects can be compared to minoxidil. Furthermore, rosemary oil and its extracts can prevent or slow down excessive hair loss. Shampoos are also the ones that dominate in this category. Due to its antimicrobial action against fungi and yeasts, rosemary extracts effectively prevent dandruff on the scalp in vitro. The use of rosemary extract for hair care and oily scalp is less explored. In most cosmetic products, rosemary is not the sole active ingredientits effects are often complemented by other extracts or synthetic compounds.
We also reviewed the advertising of rosemary in selected products and found that manufacturers mention this ingredient in almost every product and advertise the benefits of using rosemary on social networks. The transmission of information in this way can often be misleadin
A study of the influence of liposome composition and size on transepidermal water loss and skin hydration
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Applicability of differential scanning calorimetry for the determination of drug concentration in lipid nanoparticles
No full textInfluence of excipients on oral lyophilisates’ physical properties
Full text linkPeroralni liofilizati so trdne farmacevtske oblike, za katere je značilno, da po aplikaciji v ustno votlino v nekaj sekundah razpadejo in sprostijo zdravilno učinkovino. V ustni votlini se učinkovina lahko delno absorbira, s čimer se izognemo metabolizmu prvega prehoda, kar lahko vodi v njeno večjo biološko uporabnost. Zaradi hitrega razpada in enostavnega zaužitja se poveča tudi komplianca pacientov, kar je pomembno pri psihiatričnih, pediatričnih in geriatričnih bolnikih. Glavni namen magistrske naloge je bil razvoj formulacije peroralnih liofilizatov, torej izbor primernih pomožnih snovi ter njihovih koncentracij v raztopinah za liofiliziranje. Pri izboru sestave formulacij smo za polnilo uporabili manitol, za vezivo pa smo izbirali med želatino, polivinilpirolidonom (PVP K25) ali mešanico obeh. Najbolj obetavnim formulacijam smo dodali zdravilno učinkovino olanzapin. Po vsakem liofilizacijskem ciklu smo proces liofilizacije ovrednotili s pomočjo procesnih grafov. Nastalim produktom smo vrednotili videz, izmerili debelino, maso, trdnost in čas razpadnosti. S termogravimetrično analizo (TGA) smo določili vsebnost rezidualne vode, z diferenčno dinamično kalorimetrijo (DSC) pa fazne spremembe raztopin za liofiliziranje kot tudi liofilizatov. Glede na to, da je liofilizacija energijsko in finančno zahteven proces, še posebej stopnja primarnega sušenja, smo slednjo fazo optimizirali z implementacijo agresivnih pogojev. Ugotovili smo, da je najbolj ustrezen videz liofilizata izkazovala formulacija s 6-odstotnim (m/m) deležem pomožnih snovi in masnim razmerjem želatina : PVP : manitol = 1 : 2 : 5. PVP je omogočil optimalno vodotopnost, medtem ko je dodatek želatine ojačal ogrodje liofilizata in s tem preprečil krušenje in pokanje. Čas razpadnosti takšnih peroralnih liofilizatov je znašal 5 sekund, vsebnost rezidualne vode pa je bila nižja od 4 % (m/m). S termičnim analiziranjem tekočih vzorcev z DSC smo določili temperaturo steklastega prehoda kritično koncentrirane raztopine (Tg\u27), ki je pomemben parameter za načrtovanje pogojev liofilizacijskega cikla. Z analiziranjem trdnih vzorcev z DSC pa smo določili temperaturo steklastega prehoda liofilizata (Tg), kar je povezano s fizikalno stabilnostjo produkta. To nam je pokazalo, da je optimalna formulacija stabilna pri sobni temperaturi. Z implementacijo agresivnih pogojev smo fazo primarnega sušenja skrajšali za 50 % v primerjavi z osnovnim ciklom. S tem smo znatno povečali stroškovno in časovno učinkovitost procesa liofilizacije, ne da bi s tem vplivali na kakovost končnega produkta.Oral lyophilisates are solid pharmaceutical formulations which are characterized by disintegration and release of the active ingredient within a few seconds after application to the oral cavity. The active ingredient can be partially absorbed in the oral cavity, avoiding the »first-pass« effect and improving its bioavailability. Patient compliance is also increased due to rapid disintegration and ease of ingestion, which is especially important in psychiatric, pediatric, and geriatric patients.The main purpose of the master\u27s thesis was to develop the formulation of oral lyophilisates, i.e. the selection of suitable excipients and their concentrations in the solutions that were lyophilized. Given that lyophilization is an energy-intensive and financially demanding process, especially the rate of primary drying. We optimized the latter phase by implementing aggressive drying conditions.Mannitol was used as the filler of the lyophilisates, and as the binder, we got to choose from gelatin, PVP K25, and a mixture of both. The active ingredient olanzapine was added to the most promising formulations. After each lyophilization cycle, the lyophilization process was evaluated using process graphs. We evaluated the appearance, measured the thickness, mass, strength, and disintegration time of the final products. Residual water content was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and phase changes of liquid samples before lyophilization as well as solid products were determined by differential dynamic calorimetry (DSC).We found that the most suitable appearance of the lyophilisate was shown by the formulation with 6 % (w/w) of excipients and mass ratio of gelatin:PVP:mannitol = 1:2:5. PVP provided optimal water solubility, while the addition of gelatin strengthened the lyophilisate matrix thus preventing crumbling and cracking.The disintegration time of such oral lyophilisates was 5 seconds and the residual water content was less than 4 % (w/w). Thermal analysis of liquid samples by DSC was used to determine the glass transition temperature of the critically concentrated solution (Tg \u27), which is an important parameter for planning the conditions of the lyophilization cycle. By analyzing solid samples with DSC, we determined the glass transition temperature of the lyophilisate (Tg), which is related to the physical stability of the product. The aforementioned parameter showed that the optimal formulation was stable at room temperature. By using aggressive conditions, we shortened the primary drying phase by 50 %. This significantly increased the cost and time efficiency of the lyophilization process, without affecting the quality of the final product
The effect of freezing conditions on freeze-drying process and characteristics of product containing a model protein substance
Full text linkLiofilizacija je proces, v katerem vodo najprej zamrznemo, v procesu primarnega sušenja jo večinsko odstranimo s procesom sublimacije, med sekundarnim sušenjem pa z desorpcijo zmanjšamo njeno vsebnost na minimalno sprejemljivo vrednost. Omenjeni proces izvajamo na vzorcih z namenom odstranitve vode brez termične obremenitve vzorca, z namenom stabilizacije materiala in upočasnitve razgradnih reakcij, z namenom olajšanja transporta in podaljšanja roka uporabnosti proizvoda. Vsi proteini, ki jih liofiliziramo, se oblikujejo v formulaciji s pomožnimi snovmi, ki stabilizirajo in ščitijo protein pri obremenitvah med procesom ali pa omogočajo ustrezen izgled končnega izdelka. V našem primeru smo se osredotočili na optimizacijo faze zamrzovanja, ki je kritičnega pomena v liofilizacijskem procesu. Po zamrznitvi vzorca se ohranita struktura in oblika vzorca, z nastankom velikih kristalov ledu in posledično velikih por za sublimacijo vodne pare med sušenjem pa lahko vplivamo na skrajšanje časa primarnega sušenja, ki je stroškovno in časovno najpotratnejša faza liofilizacije. V generična liofilizacijska cikla smo vpeljali dodatna koraka temperiranja vzorca in vzdrževanja temperature podhladitve raztopine ter poizkušali optimizirati hitrost zamrzovanja. Primerjali smo procesne grafe vseh izvedenih liofilizacijskih ciklov, kjer nas je najbolj zanimal temperaturni profil produkta. Z nobenim izmed izvedenih ciklov nismo uspeli skrajšati časa primarnega sušenja v primerjavi z osnovnim konzervativnim ciklom, iz katerega smo izhajali, a smo vseeno dobili številne uporabne informacije s stališča optimizacije faze zamrzovanja in sestave formulacij. V ciklih z dodanima korakoma temperiranja vzorca in vzdrževanja podhladitve raztopine smo določili optimalni temperaturi vzdrževanja omenjenih faz pri dani sestavi formulacije. Vpliv temperiranja vzorca v našem primeru težje vrednotimo v agresivnem kot v konzervativnem liofilizacijskem ciklu. Podaljšanje časa temperiranja vzorca in povišanje deleža kristaliničnega polnila nista skrajšala časa primarnega sušenja. Tudi sprememba hitrosti ohlajanja v ciklih z vzdrževanjem podhladitve raztopine ni vplivala na skrajšanje časa sušenja. Cikel, v katerem smo združili koraka temperiranja vzorca in vzdrževanja podhladitve raztopine je dajal najobetavnejše rezultate s stališča temperaturnega profila produkta in lastnosti končnega izdelka. V vseh izvedenih ciklih smo dobili liofilizate z ustreznim izgledom pogače, sprejemljivimi časi rekonstitucije in optimalno vsebnostjo rezidualne vode. Liofilizati izkazujejo zadostno fizikalno in kemijsko stabilnost med shranjevanjem pri sobni temperaturi in celo višjih temperaturah.Freeze-drying, also known as lyophilization, is a process in which the water is first frozen and then, during primary drying, removed from the sample with the process of sublimation. During secondary drying, the water content is then reduced to the minimum acceptable value with desorption. This process is widely applied to the samples in order to remove the water from heat-sensitive compounds without excessive damage, to enhance product stability by reducing chemical or physical degradation reactions, to simplify transport and to improve long-term stability of the product. Nearly all freeze-dried pharmaceutical proteins are formulated in an excipient system, which allows protein stabilization against the stress of freeze-drying and satisfactory appearance of the final product. In this study, we focused on the freezing step, which is presumably the most critical step in the freeze-drying process. Moreover, the microstructure established by the freezing process usually represents the microstructure of the final dried product. With the formation of large ice crystals and large pores the primary drying can be accelerated, which with all aspects represents the costliest portion of the aforementioned process. Into the generic freeze-drying cycles, additional annealing and supercooling holding steps were introduced. Furthermore, investigation of the cooling rate was carried out. The comparison of the cycles was made especially in terms of product temperature profile. However, we couldn’t manage to significantly shorten the time of primary drying with none of the studied cycles, as compared to the conventional freeze-drying cycle from which we originated, but we got some useful information about optimizing the freezing step and formulation composition. We determined optimum maintaining temperature at the given formulation composition in the cycles with additional annealing and supercooling holding step. It was more difficult to evaluate the impact of annealing in aggressive than in conventional freeze-drying cycle in our study. Prolonging the annealing time and increasing the weight fraction of glycine didn’t shorten the time of primary drying. In addition, a change in the cooling rate in cycles with supercooling holding also didn’t shorten the drying time. The cycle in which we combined annealing and supercooling holding step showed the most promising results from the standpoint of the product temperature profile and the characteristics of the final product. The cycle resulted in the formation of dried samples with uniform cake appearance, acceptable reconstitution times and optimal residual moisture content. The lyophilized material consisted of adequate chemical or physical long-term stability during storage at ambient or even higher temperatures
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