174 research outputs found
Emissions Input Data
No full textThis directory contains emissions input fields used to drive simulations utilized in Persad, G. The Dependence of Aerosols’ Global and Local Precipitation Impacts on Emitting Region (submitted, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics) and published in Persad, G. G. & Caldeira, K. Divergent global-scale temperature effects from identical aerosols emitted in different regions. Nature Communications 9, 3289 (2018). Full details on simulation set-up may be found in Persad and Caldeira (2018) and Persad (submitted, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics)
From the Persad and Caldeira (2018) Simulation and Analysis section:
"Nine 100-year, repeating annual cycle simulations were conducted in CAM5 coupled to the mixed-layer ocean: one control simulation, and eight regionally perturbed simulations. The control simulation is a year 2000 cli- mate with non-biomass burning anthropogenic black carbon, organic carbon, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfate (SO4) emissions fields set to 1850 values. In each of the eight regionally perturbed simulations, the relevant region is populated with that region’s year 2000 values, scaled at every regional grid point and time step to achieve additional total annual emissions equivalent to China’s total year 2000 values: 22.4 Tg sulfate precursor, 1.61 Tg of black carbon emissions, and 4.03 Tg of organic carbon emissions. The 1850 and 2000 baseline emissions fields on which these are based are CAM5’s standard historical emissions fields1, and the resulting emissions fields used to drive simulations are publicly accessible to allow for replication in other model suites (see Data availability). "
See Persad and Caldeira (2018) Figure 1 and Methods for region definitions.
Questions can be directed to the corresponding author at [email protected]
Emissions input fields:
Control Simulation
/Control
-Control_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the control simulation. All input files listed are default available through NCAR CESM installations and the NCAR CESM server (https://svn-ccsm-inputdata.cgd.ucar.edu/trunk/inputdata/atm/cam/chem/trop_mozart_aero/emis/) and are not included here.
Eight Regional Perturbation Simulations
/Brazil
-Brazil_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in Brazil. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
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/China
-China_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in China. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
/East_Africa
-East_Africa_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in East Africa. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
/Western_Europe
-Western_Europe_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in Western Europe. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
/India
-India_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in India. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
/Indonesia
-Indonesia_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in Indonesia. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
/South_Africa
-South_Africa_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in South Africa. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above).
/United_States
-United_States_User_Namelist: Contains NCAR CESM user namelist specification with listing of all emissions input files for the regional perturbation simulation with scaled emissions located in the United States. All referenced files not listed in this directory are default available through the NCAR CESM server (see Control Simulation above)
Tariff rates, tariff revenue, and tariff reform : some new facts
Full text linkThe ad valorem tariff rateson specific products and the ratio of tariff revenue to import value, the collected rate, are only tenuously related, contend the authors. Using tariff and revenue data (at the tariff code line level of detail) for three developing countries, the authors compare the statutory ad valorem tariff rates (official rates) with the ratio of tariff revenues to import values (collected rates). They document four facts: (1) the collected rate for any given item of the tariff code has almost no relationship to the official rate for that item; (2) the variation of collected rates around the official rate increases as the level of the official rate increases; (3) the collected rates increase much less, on average, than one-for-one with the official rates; and (4) above a certain level, collected rates do not increase at all despite increases in official rates. Collection rates appear to level off at roughly 50 percent. (In Kenya, collected rates are lower for high-tariff than for moderate-tariff items. Assigning lower rates for the high-tariff items would actually increase revenue on those items.) The implications of these findings are twofold for calculating general revenue. The rates are not the critical determinant of revenues. The revenue implications of large rate changes can be offset by modest changes in the system of exemptions, for example. The benefit of eliminating exemptions is primarily transparency. The costs of programs that provide import exemptions for, say, regional promotion, are often hidden in customs statistics. Secondly, if pressures that cause collected rates not to increase one-for-one with tariff rates will continue to be present in any tariff regime, then these must be factored into tariff reform design.TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Export Competitiveness,Environmental Economics&Policies,Trade and Regional Integration,Economic Theory&Research
Rent - seeking trade policy : a time series approach
Full text linkUsing a time-series approach, the author analyzes the relationship between the extent of rent-seeking trade policy and both political and economic variables. For rent-seeking trade policy, the indicator he uses is the number of foreign-trade regulations passed each year for the benefit of a single firm or industry. The author uses data from Uruguay for 1925-83. Uruguay, which experienced an impressive economic decline, is an outstanding example of a rent-seeking society. After being a wealthy economy in midcentury, it suffered almost complete stagnation, which led to social and policital disintegration by the end of the 1960s. Three decades of restrictive regulations on foreign trade had created a nearly closed economy by the end of the 1960s. It was worth analyzing whether policymakers'great receptiveness to demands for protection could account for Uruguay's decline. Over the period 1925-83, the author finds almost 4,000 laws, decrees, and administrative resolutions that create, maintain, or modify a foreign-trade regulation for the benefit of a single firm or industry. About half of them explicitly identify the petitioner - usually a firm or guild. Since the size of the Uruguayan economy changed over the period studied, the author scales the annual number of regulations by output or exports to measure the extent of rent-seeking trade policy. The author shows that the extent of rent-seeking trade policy increased with discretionary policies and under dictatorship. (In the period studied, there were two stages of democracy - until 1932 and from 1943-72 - and two stages of dictatorship.) He also shows that rent-seeking trade restrictions increased under import-substitution strategies and, more unexpectedly, under active export promotion. This suggests that discretionary power leads to wasteful distribution, whether it is used to support inward- or outward-oriented policies. Finally, the author analyzes the correlation between innovations in the trade policy indicator and innovations in the growth rates of output and exports, with a lag of up to 20 years. Surprisingly, he finds a positive correlation with output growth rates after two or three years. But the correlation becomes negative some years later, particularly in the case of exports. The short-run positive impact on growth rates, together with the surprisingly long time lag before the negative impact, may account for policymakers'receptiveness to demands for protection.Trade Policy,Achieving Shared Growth,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies
Selenium supplementation for the preterm Indian neonate
No full textDeficient antioxidant defenses in preterm infants have been implicated in diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, periventricular leukomalacia, and intraventricular hemorrhage. The antioxidant properties of selenium make it important in the nutrition of very low-birth weight (VLBW) infants. Selenium is a component of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), an enzyme that prevents the production of free radicals. Preterm infants have low selenium stores and require supplementation by parenteral and enteral routes. This communiquι reviews the beneficial role that selenium supplementation might play in improving neonatal outcomes
BiETech : Bicluster Ensemble Techniques
Full text linkVarious biclustering algorithms have emerged now a days that try to deliver good biclusters from gene expression data which satisfy a particular objective function. Users are lost in finding the best out of these algorithms. Ensemble techniques come to rescue of these users by aggregating all the solutions and providing a single solution which is more robust and stable than its constituent solutions. In this paper, we present two different ensemble techniques for biclustering solutions. We have used classifiers in one approach and the other approach uses the concept of metaclustering for forming the consensus. Experiments in this research are performed on synthetic and real gene expression datasets as biologists are interested in finding meaningful patterns in expression of genes. The experiments show that both the approaches proposed in the paper show improvement over the input solutions as well as the existing bicluster ensemble techniques
BIOAVAILABILITY ENHANCDEMENT OF POORLY SOLUBLE DRUGS BY SMEDDS: A REVIEW
Full text linkOral route has always been the favorite route of drug administration in many diseases and till today it is the first way investigated in the development of new dosage forms. The major problem in oral drug formulations is low and erratic bioavailability, which mainly results from poor aqueous solubility, thereby pretense problems in their formulation. More than 40% of potential drug products suffer from poor water solubility. For the therapeutic delivery of lipophilic active moieties (BCS class II drugs), lipid based formulations are inviting increasing attention. Currently a number of technologies are available to deal with the poor solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of insoluble drugs such as micronization, solid dispersions or cyclodextrin complex formation and different technologies of drug delivery systems. One of the promising techniques is Selfâ€Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SMEDDS). Self emulsifying drug delivery system has gained more attention due to enhanced oral bio-availability enabling reduction in dose, more consistent temporal profiles of drug absorption, selective targeting of drug(s) toward specific absorption window in GIT, and protection of drug(s) from the unreceptive environment in gut. This article gives a complete overview of SMEDDS as a promising approach to effectively deal with the problem of poorly soluble molecules. Keywords: SMEDDS, surfactant, oil, co-surfactant, bioavailabilit
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