8 research outputs found
Modification of cellulosic material for rapid dyeability with malachite green dye
No full textpeer reviewedChemical modification of cellulose fibre is one of the efficient ways to improve the dye uptake and increase the dyeability properties of the fibre. The challenge with dyeing cellulose fibres is poor dye uptake and unsatisfactory dye fixation. The major scope of this study is to determine the optimum dyeing conditions that will guarantee the dye fastness onto the cotton fabric. Four modifying agents (sodium chloride (NaCl), ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4), hydrated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3•10H2O), and acetic acid (CH3COOH)) in aqueous form were employed in the treatment of the cotton fabrics in a slacked condition. The study examined changes in thermodynamic parameters due to dyeing modified cotton fabric with malachite green (MG) dye. The equilibrium percentage dye exhaustions (%E), which is a measure of dye uptake by the fabrics were determined prior to and post-modification of the cellulose at varying concentrations and temperatures. The optimum values of %E obtained for the modification agents viz: CH3COOH, NH4)2SO4, NaCl, and Na2CO3•10H2O were: 89.71%, 88.57%, 85.71%, and 68.70% at concentration 2% v/v and temperature of 70 °C. The%E of modified cotton fabric dyed with malachite green was optimum in acidic conditions (i.e.CH3COOH with%E of 89.71%) followed by (NH4)2SO4; 88.57%, which undergoes hydrolysis in an aqueous solution. This was then followed by NaClaq (i.e. a neutral solution) and Na2CO3•10H2O (i.e. an alkaline solution). However, all modifying agents used enhanced the dye uptake. The values of partition coefficient (K) were in the order of 1307.73 L.tkg−1, 1162.34 L.tkg−1, 899.69 L.tkg−1, and 329.23 L.tkg−1, respectively at 70 °C; while the values for standard affinities (-Δμθ) were 20,463.94 kJ.mol−1, 20,127.85 kJ.mol−1, 19,397.40 kJ.mol−1, and 16,530.65 kJ.mol−1. This implies a correlation between the equilibrium exhaustion and standard affinity of dyed modified cotton fabric. The values of entropy change (ΔSθ) are 175.53 J.mol−1K−1, 141.29 J.mol−1K−1, 148.16 J.mol−1K−1, 81.023 J.mol−1K−1 and 255.10 J.mol−1K−1 for the four modifying agents, respectively, which implies that the reaction is feasible (spontaneous) whereas ΔHθ are -39,729 kJ.mol−1, -28,144 kJ.mol−1, -31,531 kJ.mol−1, -11,669 kJ.mol−1 and -73,928 kJ.mol−1, respectively. The negative values of ΔHθ suggested that the reactions were exothermic. This study established that modifying agents on cotton fabric is one of the finest ways to improve the affinity between dye and fabric, thereby significantly reducing the time, cost, and stress required to achieve an optimal result in the dyeing process
Environmental health impacts and controlling measures of anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality in Southwestern Nigeria.
No full textpeer reviewedGroundwater is the major source of drinking water in virtually all the regions of Nigeria, including the southwestern region. It is an indispensable source of drinking water that many individuals are dependent upon for daily activities in Nigeria. However, the spontaneous rise in various forms of industrialization and other anthropogenic activities of man within the southwestern region has immensely polluted these water sources. This calls for tremendous and actionable concern because of the health implications associated with the intake of contaminated water. This study aims to thoroughly disentangle the major impacts of anthropogenic activities on the quality of groundwater in the southwestern region of Nigeria through extensive reviews of literature and conceptualization of scientific and research data on the field. Unlike previous reviews, the major sources of groundwater pollution in the region were discussed extensively to set the tone for the x-raying of the subject. The study also showed major long-standing pollution cases in the region with graphical, tabular, and pictorial illustrations of some of the groundwater parameters and at the same time proposed controlling measures to enable eidetic understanding of the concepts and contribution to knowledge. In the last part of the work, we recommend improving the existing groundwater assessment techniques in Southwestern Nigeria. Regular monitoring of groundwater in Nigeria should also be encouraged to establish its quality status
Ecological assessment of Black Fly (Simuliumdamnosum, Sensulato) breeding sites in two tributaries of Ogun river, Ogun state, Nigeria.
No full textpeer reviewedOnchocerciasis is a disease transmitted by blackfly vector of the genus Simuliumdamnosum complex having public and socio-economic consequences. The abundance of blackfly is directly linked to fluvial ecosystems in both tropical and non-tropical countries of the world. This study assessed the ecology of blackfly breeding sites in two tributaries of River Ogun located in Olokemeji and Lisa villages, Ogun State. A total of eighteen water samples were collected for physicochemical analysis during high rainfall (May, June and July), low rainfall (August, September and October) and dry season (November and December) with mean rainfall values of 163.17, 88.03 and 8.95 mm, respectively, in both tributaries. Physicochemical parameters such as temperature (oC), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total solids (TS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), hardness (H), sulphate (SO4), phosphate (PO4), alkalinity, acidity, nitrate (NO3) and total dissolved solids (TDS) were analysed using standard laboratory methods. Digestive enzymes were analysed using 1 g of frozen gut of Simulium larvae grounded with 20 ml of 0.067 g of potassium hydrogen and 20 ml of 0.1 M sodium reagent. A total of 766 and 482 samples of Simulium larvae were collected from Olokemeji and Lisa tributaries using Eppendorf tubes. The zooplanktons collected from Olokemeji and Lisa tributary were 904 and 802, while phytoplanktons collected from Olokemeji and Lisa tributary were 635 and 582 during the study period. Data obtained were analysed using both descriptive analysis and T-test. The results obtained for the physicochemical parameters were 28.7 °C, 137.5 µS/cm, 6.3, 248.1 mg/L, 58 mg/L, 108.8 mg/L, 90.8 mg/L, 2.24 mg/L, 2.24 mg/L, 30.76 mg/L, 42.35 mg/L, 1.99 mg/L, 2.07 mg/L and 2.55 mg/L for Temperature, EC, pH, TS, DO, BOD, TSS, H, SO4, PO4, alkalinity, acidity, NO3 and TDS, respectively. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences between the means of EC, pH, TS, TDS, TSS and hardness of Lisa tributary, and water samples were also viewed under an electron microscope for zooplanktons and phytoplanktons. The values of species diversity which were greater than 0.5 indicated that the species were abundant and evenly distributed. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences between the tributaries in all the digestive enzymes except amylase content. The regression analysis between TSS, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, acidity, hardness, TS, pH and Simulium larvae abundance showed a positive correlation, R2 with values of 0.828, 0.994, 0.948, 0.933, 0.986, 0.997, 0.889 and 0.981, respectively. The R2 values between Simulium larvae abundance with phytoplanktons and rainfall have values of 0.868 at p < 0.01 and 0.911 at p < 0.05
Effects of industrialization on groundwater quality in Shagamu and Ota industrial areas of Ogun State, Nigeria
No full textIn recent years, there has been an increasing ecological and global public health concern associated with environmental contamination by heavy metals on groundwater resources especially in the developing countries.
Hence, this study assessed the impacts of industrialization on the quality of groundwater in Shagamu and Ota
industrial areas of Ogun State, Nigeria between the period of July and December 2018, covering both wet and dry
season. A total of 80 samples was collected from the industrial areas while a total of four control samples was also
collected from the residential areas of the study locations across both wet and dry season using a random sampling
technique. The water samples were then analyzed in the laboratory for their physico-chemical parameters (using
standard procedures) and heavy metals using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results were
evaluated for descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS for Windows version 20.0. The mean range of values
for the measured parameters was: pH (4.35–9.42), EC (18.50–684.0 μScm 1
), hardness (3.83–396.06 mg/L), Ca2þ
(0.18–138.75 mg/L) and that of heavy metals concentrations in the water sample were: Pb (0.003–0.199 mg/L),
Cd (0.002–0.013 mg/L), Ni (0.004–0.259 mg/L), Cr (0.002–0.54 mg/L), Mn (0.015–1.940 mg/L), Fe (0.02–2.01
mg/L), Cu (0.012–0.72 mg/L), Zn (0.004–0.500 mg/L). A comparison of the obtained results with the World
Health Organization standards (for drinking water) revealed that the levels of pH, Ca, Pb, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cd, and Cr
were higher than the prescribed values. It was observed that groundwater sources for the dry season in both Ota
and Shagamu have higher heavy metal concentrations that are above the permissible limits than the wet season,
implying that more industrial activities were probably conducted during the dry season under the sampling
period. The result of the heavy metals was in the magnitude according to the trend Fe > Mn > Cu > Cr > Zn > Ni
> Pb > Cd. This study revealed that these industrialized areas contained high concentrations of heavy metals
which can cause health disorders and behavioral defects. Thus, the water in the study locations is not suitable for
consumption without prior treatment. It is therefore, recommends that the water in the study locations should be
treated before were used for various domestic purposes, and the construction of the boreholes and dug wells are
proposed here to follow proper siting regulations.The University of Pretoria, South Africa, the National Research Foundation-the World Academy of Sciences for the Doctoral scholarship and the National Research Foundation S&F Extended Support for Scholarships and Fellowships.http://www.heliyon.compm2021Chemistr
Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water leaching through improperly managed dumpsite waste in Kurata, Ijoko, Sango area of Ogun State, Nigeria
No full textAVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS : All data and materials used in this study are available within this article and supplementary information.Please read abstract in the article.https://www.elsevier.com/locate/gsd2024-06-06hj2023School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH
Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water leaching through improperly managed dumpsite waste in Kurata, Ijoko, Sango area of Ogun State, Nigeria
No full textGroundwater contamination by leachate from dumpsites is a major health issue of public concern in developing nations of the world. The present study assessed the health risk of the scavengers and residents exposed to different heavy metals (HMs) in drinking water contaminated through leaching from improperly managed dumpsite waste in Kurata, Ijoko, Sango area of Ogun State, Nigeria. The data of groundwater parameters and biological (nails and urine) samples of scavengers and the residents around the dumpsite were evaluated for descriptive and inferential statistics. The HMs observed in samples varied significantly (p Zn (2.46 ± 1.80) > Pb (0.55 ± 0.59) > Cu (0.03 ± 0.01) > Cd (0.01 ± 0.01). Positive correlations were observed for Cu and Pb, and Cu and Cd at p Ni > Mn > Cu > Pb > Co for nails; and Ni > Zn > Mn > Co > Cr > Pb > Cd for urine. The hazard quotient values estimated for HMs (except Zn and Pb) in groundwater consumed by adults were greater than the permissible limit of 1.0, indicating adverse health effects. The cancer risk data for Cd and Pb were generally higher than the acceptable limit of 1.0 × 10−4; suggesting the possible development of cancer on exposure to groundwater through ingestion. The ∑CRs of HMs in groundwater samples were 114, 76, and 14 times higher than the acceptable limit of 1.0 × 10−4 for infants, children, and adults, respectively. Cd (94%) was the major contributor to the total cancer burden of HMs in the groundwater. The HMs were observed at higher concentrations in biological samples than in groundwater. This study, therefore, established the deleterious health effects of the dumpsite on the vicinity groundwater and the scavengers
Environmental and health hazards of heavy metal concentrations in Ota and Agbara industrial areas, Ogun State, Nigeria
No full textpeer reviewedThe present study evaluates the heavy metal concentration(s) in groundwater and pollution from the Agbara and Ota industrial areas of Ogun State. A total of 64 groundwater samples were collected randomly in dry and wet seasons during the sampling period in July and September, November and December, 2019, respectively. Samples were analyzed for chemical parameters using a standard procedure. The samples were examined for six heavy metals, after which the data were subjected to descriptive statistics. The contamination factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI), I-geo, and Heavy Metal Index (HPI) were also carried out to process the data. Furthermore, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to verify the sources of pollution. Mean concentrations (mg/L) of the these heavy metals in Agbara and Ota locations were Pb(0.28 ± 0.04 and 0.09 ± 0.13), Fe (0.09 ± 0.02 and 0.99 ± 0.04), Cr (0.16 ± 0.02 and 0.02 ± 0.01), Cu (0.01 ± 0.01 and 0.03 ± 0.02),Cd (0.03 ± 0.01 and 0.01 ± 0.00), and (Ni 0.04 ± 0.01 and 0.07 ± 0.02), respectively. Concentrations (mg/L) of Pb (0.28 ± 0.01), Cd (0.03 ± 0.01), and Cr (0.16 ± 0.02) in Agbara sampling points, as well as Fe (0.99 ± 0.01) in Ota, were greater than the WHO permissible limit for drinking water. Heavy metal concentrations were found to increase in the order of Pb > Cr > Fe > Ni > Cd > Cu and Fe > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cr > Cd for Agbara and Ota locations, respectively. Pollution spatial distributions of HPI ranged from 171.25 to 734.11 and 95.11 to 1393 for Ota and Agbara, respectively. Above the critical PLI value of 100, these values suggest contamination on groundwater sampled with Agbara locations displaying more contamination. PCA further showed strong positive loading for Pb, Fe, and Cr with negative loading for Cu (Factor 1), loading for Cd, Ni, Cr− (Factor 2), and positive loading Cu, Pb with negative loading of Fe (Factor 3) represents industrial pollution sources, industrial effluents, and suspected geologic and industrial sources, respectively
A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Asia, Australia and Egypt
No full textBackground: The hepatitis C pandemic has been systematically studied and characterized in North America and Europe, but this important public health problem has not received equivalent attention in other regions. Aim: The objective of this systematic review was to characterize hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology in selected countries of Asia, Australia and Egypt, i.e. in a geographical area inhabited by over 40percent of the global population. Methodology: Data references were identified through indexed journals and non-indexed sources. In this work, 7770 articles were reviewed and 690 were selected based on their relevance. Results: We estimated that 49.3-64.0 million adults in Asia, Australia and Egypt are anti-HCV positive. China alone has more HCV infections than all of Europe or the Americas. While most countries had prevalence rates from 1 to 2percent we documented several with relatively high prevalence rates, including Egypt (15percent), Pakistan (4.7percent) and Taiwan (4.4percent). Nosocomial infection, blood transfusion (before screening) and injection drug use were identified as common risk factors in the region. Genotype 1 was common in Australia, China, Taiwan and other countries in North Asia, while genotype 6 was found in Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries. In India and Pakistan genotype 3 was predominant, while genotype 4 was found in Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Syria. 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