170 research outputs found
Correction to: Impacts of bariatric surgery in health outcomes and health care costs in Brazil: Interrupted time series analysis of multi-panel data (BMC Health Services Research, (2022), 22, 1, (41), 10.1186/s12913-021-07432-x)
No full textCopyright © The Author(s) 2022. Correction to: BMC Health Serv Res 22, 41 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07432-x. Following publication of this article [1], the corresponding author should be changed from José Antonio Orellana Turri to Nana Kwame Anokye due to a typesetting error. The original article [1] has been corrected
Effectiveness of integrated care interventions for patients with long-term conditions: a review of systematic reviews
Get PDFSupplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer- reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.Correction notice This article has been corrected since it was first published online. The corresponding author has been updated to Nana Anokye and the licence has been updated to CC- BY.Copyright © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. To examine the effectiveness of integrated care intervention (ICI) models (stand-alone or combination of self-management, discharge management, case management and multidisciplinary teams models) targeting patients with one or more chronic conditions, and to identify outcome measures/indicators of effectiveness, we conducted a systematic review of published systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Included reviews comprise ICIs targeting adult patients with one or more long-term conditions. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: 60 reviews were included in the final analysis; 28 reviews evaluated ICIs focused on self-management, 4 on case management, 10 on discharge management and 5 on multidisciplinary teams; 13 reviews assessed multiple interventions that were labelled as complex. Across all reviews, only 19 reviews included intervention with multiple ICIs. Overall, interventions with multiple components, compared with interventions with single components, were more likely to improve hospital use outcomes effectively. Clinical/lifestyle/condition-specific outcomes were more likely to be improved by self-management interventions. Outcome measures identified could be classified into three main categories: organisational, patient-centred and clinical/lifestyle/condition-specific. The findings of this review may provide inputs to future design and evaluation of ICIs.Supplemental material: This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer- reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise
Foreign direct investment and growth causal-nexus in economic community of West African States: Evidence from spectral causality
No full textThe paper examines the causal relationship between FDI and economic growth (GDP) in thirteen ECOWAS countries using both time domain and frequency domain testing procedures using annual data from 1970 to 2015. The results showed that time domain is not adequate in detecting causality. The time domain detected causality in only four out of thirteen countries whilst the frequency domain detected causality at different frequencies and cycles in nine out of thirteen countries. The findings of this study indicate the importance of frequency domain causality, that it decomposes causality at different frequencies and subsequently detects causality at certain cycles lengths. The general observation that economic growth leads FDI calls for ECOWAS leaders to rethink about painful sacrifices they make to attract FDI into the region
Susceptibility of Stock Market Returns to International Economic Policy: Evidence from Effective Transfer Entropy of Africa with the Implication for Open Innovation
No full textThis study contributes to the scant finance literature on information flow from international economic policy uncertainty to emerging stock markets in Africa, using daily US economic policy uncertainty as a proxy and the daily stock market index for Botswana, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Namibia, South Africa, and Zambia from 31 December 2010 to 27 May 2020, using the Rényi effective transfer entropy. International economic policy uncertainty transmits significant information to Egypt, Ghana, Morocco, Namibia, and South Africa, and insignificant information to Botswana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Zambia. The asymmetry in the information transfer tends to make the African market an alternative for the diversification of international portfolios when the uncertainty of the global economic policy is on the rise. The findings also have implications for the adoption of open innovation in African stock markets
Intestinal obstruction in older children in Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital: A tertiary referral centre in Kumasi, Ghana
Get PDFBackground Childhood intestinal obstruction can either be congenital or acquired and both types result in high morbidity and mortality in developing countries, mainly as a result of late presentation and diagnosis.Patients and methods From January 2007 to December2010, a retrospective analysis of all older children with intestinal obstruction admitted to Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (Kumasi, Ghana) was carried out. This was to establish the causes of intestinal obstruction and to determine its morbidity and mortality among the children studied.Results There were 98 children who were treated with a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction during the period. The mean age of the children, in months, was 34.7 ±5.0 SEM (range 3–180, median age 10 months), with a male : female ratio of 1.5 : 1. About 70.6% of the children were admitted with acquired causes of intestinal obstruction and 29.4% with congenital causes of intestinal obstruction. In all, 21.2% of the children, treated for intestinal obstruction, underwent bowel resection as a result of nonviability of a segment of the intestine; the majority of the bowel resections were performed in the intussusception group. The mean length of hospital stay, in days, was 8.2± 5.7. There were 15 children (15.3%) with various postoperative complications, mainly surgical site infections; the mortality rate was 11.2%. Here again, most of the deaths occurred in the intussusception group of children.Conclusion Intestinal obstruction is a serious emergencyin children and must be diagnosed early and treated promptly to avoid high morbidity and unnecessary deaths among children in our subregion
Implications of Oil Price Shocks for Monetary Policy in Ghana: A Vector Error Correction Model
Get PDFWe estimate a Vector Error Correction Model to explore the long run and short run linkages between the world crude oil price and economic activity in Ghana for the period 1970:1 to 2006:4. The results point out that there is a long run relationship between the variables under consideration. We find that an unexpected oil price increase is followed by an increase in price level and a decline in output in Ghana. We argue that monetary policy has in the past been with the intention of lessening negative growth consequences of oil price shocks, at the cost of higher inflation
Threshold Cointegration Approach for Assessing the Impact of US Economic Policy Uncertainty on Monetary Policy Decision of African Countries
Get PDFThis study uses threshold cointegration technique to ascertain the relationship between United States (US) economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and monetary policy rate (MPR) of each of the four African countries, namely Egypt, Ghana, Namibia and South Africa using monthly data from March 1998 to April 2020. The impact of US EPU on MPR of each country is assessed by examining the linear cointegration, asymmetric cointegration and causal relationships in the frequency domain between the US EPU and MPR of each African country. The findings provide evidence of long-run threshold cointegration and the adjustment mechanisms towards long-run equilibrium are asymmetric in the short run for the MPR models for Ghana, Namibia and South Africa in the M-TAR specification except for Egypt’s MPR model which does not provide evidence of asymmetric adjustment towards the equilibrium position. The bivariate analysis performed in the spectral frequency domain suggests unidirectional causality between US EPU and MPR of each country and that, the US EPU influences the MPR of each country in the long run. The findings provide important guidelines to monetary policy reviewers to take policy stance that would stimulate economic growth amid US policy uncertainties
Time-frequency domain analysis of exchange rate market integration in Southern Africa Development Community: A Hilbert-Huang Transform approach
No full textPhD (Applied Mathematics)Department of Mathematical and Computational SciencesThe desire of most African economic communities to introduce a common currency has persisted for years. As postulated by the Optimum Currency Area hypothesis, coordination of policy indicators among member countries is desirable for stable monetary union. In this regard, the integration of exchange rate markets has been studied and cited as one of the key indicators that could signal economic integration. Therefore, analysis of similarities, interdependence, and information transfer across exchange rate markets in Southern African Development Community (SADC) is a necessity to measure the extent of integration in the region. However, the intrinsic complexity of exchange rate data generation and its stylised characteristics of non-stationarity and non-linearity influence the modelling of such data in terms of the accuracy of the analysis and the embedded policy direction. In response, this thesis proposes empirical mode decomposition-based market integration analysis to address the limitations of the existing literature which fails to recognise the heterogeneity of market participants and data generation of the exchange rate in SADC.
The data employed for the thesis are the daily real exchange rates from 15 out of 16 member countries of the SADC from 3rd January, 1994 to 7th January 2019. The choice of study window and countries was based on the availability of adequate and consistent data for robust analysis and the period after South Africa, the largest economy, joined SADC. Based on the criteria, Zimbabwe was excluded from the analysis.
To achieve the purpose of this thesis, a four-step approach was used. The first step reviewed and explored the non-stationarity and non-linearity stylised facts about the data and observed that exchange series in SADC are non-stationary and non-linear. The second stage compared the performance of two Hilbert-Huang Transforms (EMD and EEMD) to decompose SADC exchange rate markets of which EEMD emerged superior. The components of the decomposed series were examined for dominance and ability to define the exchange rate trajectory in SADC. The residue of all the markets explained over 80% of the variation of the original series except Angola. The short- and long-term comovement was analysed through the analysis of the characteristics of IMFs and residues. The analysis of the IMFs and residues obtained from EEMD showed that exchange rate markets in SADC are driven by economic fundamentals and 12 out of 15 countries examined showed some level of similarity in the long-term trend.
In the third stage, EEMD-DCCA based multifrequency network was introduced to study the dynamic interdependence structure of the exchange rate markets in SADC. This was done by first decomposing all series into intrinsic mode functions using EEMD and reconstructing the series into three frequency modes: high, medium, and low frequency, and residue. The DCCA method was used to analyse the cross-correlation between the various frequencies, residues and original series. These were meant to address the non-linearity and non-stationarity in observed exchange rate data. A correlation network was formed from the cross-correlation coefficients to reveal rich information
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than would have been obtained from the original series. The results showed similarities between the nature of cross-correlation between high-frequency series mimicking the original series. There was also a significant cross-correlation of long-term trends of most SADC countries’ exchange rate markets.
The final stage proposed EEMD-Effective transfer entropy-based model to study exchange rate market information transmission in SADC at various frequencies. The combination of Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) and the Rényi effective transfer entropy techniques to investigate the multiscale information transfer helped quantify the directional flow of information at four frequency domains, high-, medium-, and low-frequencies, representing short-, medium-, and long-terms, respectively, in addition to the residue (fundamental feature). This revealed a significant positive information flow in the high frequency, but negative flow in the medium and low frequencies.
Based on the findings of this thesis we recommend that EEMD based method be used in the analysis of financial data that susceptible to non-linearity and non-stationary to elicit the time-frequency information. In terms of policy towards monetary formulation, we recommend a stepwise approach to monetary integration in SADC.NR
Currency union and foreign direct investment inflow: Evidence from Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Get PDFThis study investigates the effect of currency union membership on foreign direct investment inflow to ECOWAS subregion. The study employed panel dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) to estimate a panel data of fifteen ECOWAS countries from 1995 to 2010 with the framework of the gravity model. The result indicates a positive effect of a currency union on FDI inflow to ECOWAS, which shows that the presence of a currency union is likely to increase FDI by 46%. The control variables; political constraint, current account and trade openness is significant in explaining FDI inflow to ECOWAS. The implications of the findings are that currency union positively influences the flow of FDI into ECOWAS region, and this requires stable political environment, financial and trade openness. It goes to suggest that adoption of common currency should go with these factors to maximize the benefit of currency union membership in the region
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