37 research outputs found
Air Quality-Lung Cancer Data
No full textData comes from two different sources. Population-based lung cancer incidence rates for the period 2010-2014 (most updated data) were abstracted from National Cancer Institute state cancer profiles (Schwartz et al. 1996).This national county-level database of cancer data is collected by state public health surveillance systems. The domain specific county level environmental quality index (EQI) data for the period 2000-2005 were abstracted from United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) profile. Complete descriptions of the datasets used in the EQI are provided in Lobdell’s paper (Lobdell 2011). Data were merged based on the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) code. Out of 3144 counties in United States this study has available information for 2602 counties: Data was not available for four states namely Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota and Nevada due to state legislation and regulations which prohibit the release of county-level data to outside entities, county whose lung cancer mortality information is missing were omitted from the data set, the Union county, Florida is an outlier in terms of mortality information which was deleted from the data set, in the process of local control analysis this study experiences two (cluster 28 and 29) non-informative clusters (non-informative cluster is one for which either treatment or control group information is missing). For analysis, non-informative clusters information was deleted from the data set.
Three types of variables are used in this study: (i) lung cancer mortality as an outcome variable (ii) binary treatment indicator is the PM2.5 high (greater than 10.59 mg/m3) vs. low (less than 10.59 mg/m3) (iii) three potential X confounder for clustering namely land EQI, sociodemographic EQI and built EQI. For each index, higher values correspond to poorer environmental quality (Jagai et al. 2017). As PM2.5 is one of the indicators for measuring air EQI, that is why we do not consider the air EQI to avoid confounding effects
PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR MARITIM UNTUK MENDUKUNG PROGRAM TOL LAUT DALAM MEWUJUDKAN POROS MARITIM DUNIA (PMD). AUTHOR: Mithun Sinaga, D. A. Mamahit, Yusnaldi Yusnaldi
No full textPEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR MARITIM UNTUK MENDUKUNG PROGRAM TOL LAUT DALAM MEWUJUDKAN POROS MARITIM DUNIA (PMD)
Mithun Sinaga, D. A. Mamahit, Yusnaldi Yusnald
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Voice Constructions in Kanakanavu Grammar and Discourse
No full textThis dissertation is a comprehensive analysis of voice constructions in Kanakanavu, a critically endangered Formosan language (Austronesian language of Taiwan) spoken in the Namasia District of Kaohsiung, southern Taiwan. The data considered for the analysis are mainly drawn from a corpus of spontaneous speech produced by contemporary speakers, which are complemented by elicited data and a verb database constructed by the author. The Kanakanavu voice system has been treated in various previous studies, but there is a general lack of consensus regarding several of its fundamental properties. The language has been analyzed as exhibiting a two-way, three-way or even four-way/Philippine-type voice distinction; it also remains unclear how voice interacts with tense-aspect-mood marking on the one hand, and transitivity and grammatical relations on the other. By investigating the morphosyntactic, semantic and discourse-pragmatic properties of voice, this dissertation (i) establishes a framework for describing and representing Kanakanavu natural discourse data, (ii) analyzes the morphological and syntactic foundations of Kanakanavu voice and (iii) explores the functional-typological implications of Kanakanavu voice constructions both within and beyond the Austronesian language family.It is argued that Kanakanavu exhibits a binary voice distinction in its verbal-clause morphosyntax.The structural opposition --- between what are labelled "agent voice" and "patient voice" --- is evidenced in two specific patterns of interaction between voice marking and tense-aspect-mood marking: while agent-voice verbs always involve separate exponents for voice and tense-aspect-mood, patient-voice verbs are consistently marked by voice markers that also serve a tense-aspect-marking or mood-marking function. The finding regarding the number of voice distinctions is in line with those found in some recent analyses of Kanakanavu voice, but it is motivated by typologically informed analyses of verbal tense-aspect-mood marking in the language based on detailed examinations of how different verb forms are used in spontaneous speech.At the syntactic level, voice alternation in Kanakanavu is argued to be essentially a transitivity-alternation phenomenon, leading to the analysis of the agent-voice construction as the intransitive construction (involving only one core argument), and the patient-voice construction as the transitive construction (involving two core arguments). The analysis is based on the observation from natural discourse that the patient-voice construction is always used for expressing transitive situations, while the agent-voice construction is the default construction for forming (i) basic intransitive clauses and (ii) clauses involving syntactically demoted and discourse-functionally backgrounded patients. The finding suggests that the Kanakanavu verbal clause exhibits ergativity, which is in line with many analyses of Formosan and Philippine languages where voice interacts closely with transitivity. It is, however, further shown that Kanakanavu exhibits differential (pronominal) agent marking in its patient-voice construction. This is a typologically and areally unusual phenomenon within the larger Western Austronesian context, which has been generally overlooked in previous studies on the language despite having been identified early on by Tsuchida (1976)
Universals of Word Formation Processes: Noun Incorporation in the Acquisition of Samoan as a Second Language
No full textThis study examines the influence of a proposed implicational hierarchy (Mithun, 1984) and constraints of Universal Grammar (Baker, 1988) on the acquisition of noun incorporation processes by 29 adult learners of Samoan, compared to the performance of a control group of 11 native Samoan speakers. The methodology involved reaction time, grammaticality judgment and response certainty measures of the processing difficulty and acceptability of examples of noun incorporation for English speaking learners of Samoan, with the latter measure giving the clearest support for two hypothesized orders of difficulty
Trabajo de campo y documentación lingüística y cultural: el documental etnográfico como recurso audiovisual en la investigación antropológica. 2 Año 1 (2014) abril-junio. Rutas de Campo. Documentación lingüística
No full textArdèvol, Elisenda, “Representación y cine etnográfico”, en Quaderns de I’ICA, núm. 10, 1997.Ardèvol, Elisenda y Luis Pérez-Tolón (coords.), Imagen y cultura. Perspectivas del cine etnográfico, Granada, Diputación de la Provincia de Granada, 1995.Barnouw, Eric, El documental. Historia y estilos, Barcelona, Gedisa, 1998.Bateson, Gregory y Margaret Mead, “On the Use of the Camerain Anthropology”, en Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communication, vol. 4, núm. 2, 1977.Boas, Franz y John W. Powel, “Introduction to Handbook of American Indian Language”, en Preston Holder (ed.), Introduction to Handbook of American Indian Language and Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1991.Brigard, Emilie de, “The History of Ethnographic Film”, en Paul Hockings (ed.), Principles of Visual Anthropology, La Haya, Mouton Publishers, 1975, pp. 13-43.Campbell, Lyle, American Indian Languages. The Historical Linguistics of Native America, Nueva York, Oxford University Press, 1997.Campbell, Lyle y Marianne Mithun (eds.), The Languages of Native America, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1979.Conklin, Harold, “Etnografía”, en José R. Llobera (comp.), La antropología como ciencia, Barcelona, Anagrama, 1988, pp.153-163.Duranti, Alessandro, La antropología lingüística, Madrid, Cambridge University Press, 2000.Geertz, Clifford, La interpretación de las culturas, México, Gedisa, 1991.Gippert, Jost, “La documentación lingüística y la codificación de textos”, en John Haviland y José Antonio Flores Farfán (eds.), Bases de la documentación lingüística, México, Inali, 2007, pp. 387-414.Himmelmann, Nikolaus P., “La documentación lingüística. ¿Qué es y para qué sirve?”, en John Haviland y José Antonio Flores Farfán (eds.), Bases de la documentación lingüística, México, Inali, 2007, pp. 15-47.Hockings, Paul, Principles of Visual Anthropology, La Haya, Mouton Publishers, 1975.Manrique Castañeda, Leonardo, “Pasado y presente de las lenguas indígenas de México”, en Violeta Demonte y Beatriz Garza Cuarón (eds.), Estudios de lingüística de España y México, México, IIF-UNAM/El Colegio de México, 1990, pp. 387-420.Manrique Castañeda, Leonardo, “Clasificación de las lenguas indígenas de México y sus resultados en el censo de 1990”, en Beatriz Garza Cuarón (coord.), Políticas lingüísticas en México, México, La Jornada Ediciones/Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencia y Humanidades-UNAM, 1997, pp. 39-65.Mithun, Marianne, The Languages of Native North America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999.Nichols, Bill, La representación social de la realidad. Cuestiones y conceptos sobre el documental, Barcelona, Paidós, 1997.Prelorán, Jorge, El cine etnobiográfico, Buenos Aires, Catálogos, 2006.Suárez, Jorge, Las lenguas indígenas mesoamericanas, México, INI/CIESAS, 1995
An Evaluation of the Role of Simulation Training for Teaching Surgical Skills in Sub-Saharan Africa.
No full textAuthor(s) pre or post print version only. No PDFBACKGROUND: An estimated 5 billion people worldwide lack access to any surgical care, whilst surgical conditions account for 11-30% of the global burden of disease. Maximizing the effectiveness of surgical training is imperative to improve access to safe and essential surgical care on a global scale. Innovative methods of surgical training have been used in sub-Saharan Africa to attempt to improve the efficiency of training healthcare workers in surgery. Simulation training may have an important role in up-scaling and improving the efficiency of surgical training and has been widely used in SSA. Though not intended to be a systematic review, the role of simulation for teaching surgical skills in Sub-Saharan Africa was reviewed to assess the evidence for use and outcomes. METHODS: A systematic search strategy was used to retrieve relevant studies from electronic databases PubMed, Ovid, Medline for pertinent articles published until August 2016. Studies that reported the use of simulation-based training for surgery in Africa were included. RESULTS: In all, 19 articles were included. A variety of innovative surgical training methods using simulation techniques were identified. Few studies reported any outcome data. Compared to the volume of surgical training initiatives that are known to take place in SSA, there is very limited good quality published evidence for the use of simulation training in this context. CONCLUSIONS: Simulation training presents an excellent modality to enhance and improve both volume and access to high quality surgical skills training, alongside other learning domains. There is a desperate need to meticulously evaluate the appropriateness and effectiveness of simulation training in SSA, where simulation training could have a large potential beneficial impact. Training programs should attempt to assess and report learner outcomes
A Method to Evaluate Trainee Progression During Simulation Training at the Urology Simulation Boot Camp (USBC) Course.
No full textAuthor(s) pre or post-print version onlyOBJECTIVES: To evaluate skills progression at the Urology Simulation Boot Camp (USBC), a course intended to provide urology trainees with 32 hours of 1:1 training on low and high-fidelity simulators. DESIGN: In this single-group cohort study, trainees rotated through modules based on aspects of the United Kingdom urology residency curriculum and undertook a pre and postcourse MCQ. Specific procedural skill was evaluated by an expert and graded as either: "A"-Good (≥4 on a 5-point Likert Scale) or "B"-Poor (Likert scale of 1-3). Competence progression was calculated as the change in score between baseline and final assessments. SETTING: The USBC was held at St James' University Hospital, Leeds, U.K. PARTICIPANTS: Of the 34 trainees attended the second USBC, 33 trainees participated in all the pre and postcourse assessments. The mean duration of urology training prior to undertaking the USBC was 15 months. RESULTS: Competence progression was assessed in 33 urology trainees. Mean MCQ scores improved by 16.7% (p < 0.001) between pre and postcourse assessment. At final assessment, 87.9% of trainees scored "A" in instrument knowledge and assembly compared to 44.4% at baseline (p < 0.001). There was a mean improvement of 439s (p < 0.001) in the time taken to complete the European-Basic Laparoscopic skills assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The USBC has shown to aid trainees in competence progression during the simulation on a variety of urological skills; however, retention of skill in the long-term was undetermined. The use of our grading system is simple to understand and may be used in other simulation courses to guide participants with their future training needs
Concept of Queue Clearance Rate for Estimation of Equivalency Factors at Priority Junctions
No full textTraffic in developing countries is often distinguished from others for its diversity in vehicular composition and Passenger Car Equivalents (PCE) becomes essential in such conditions for expressing traffic volume in terms of equivalent number of passenger cars. PCE estimation at two-way stop-controlled intersections in developing countries is further complicated by the lack of movement priority and lane discipline. The study introduces a method to find PCE factors based on the time taken by a queue of vehicles to completely clear the intersection and composition of the queue. The method is validated through simulations in VISSIM software and was then used to derive PCE factors for three intersections in India. Although the method is developed and tested to estimate PCE factors under highly heterogeneous traffic at priority junctions in India, it is quite general in nature and can be used in traffic conditions found in developed countries as well.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author
