5 research outputs found
Biological Degradation of Azo Dyes Azoic Diazo 5, Diazo Fast Red Salt in Anaerobic System
No full textThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the biodegradability of synthetic azo dyes in
anaerobic treatment system. Azo dye biodegradation study was conducted in batch
experiments in 1000 ml conical flask with 500 ml total working volume. The dye
concentrations used in the study were in the range of 100 to 600 mg/l of synthetic azoic
diazo5, Diazo Fast Red Salt (DFRS). Testes were performed at a temperature of 30oC for
four days at 50 rpm in rotary shaker. Color removal and dye degradation efficiencies
were monitored for absorbance, COD, BOD5, TN, NH4+-N, S-2 and SO4-2.
The results from the absorbance indicated that the color removal and dye degradation
efficiencies were 92.6, 83.8, 67.3, 41.2, 18.7 and 10.6 % for the dye concentrations of
100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg/l, respectively. COD and BOD5 removal efficiencies
of the batch bioreactors were also ranged from 85-20 % and 86-16 % for the dye
concentrations of 100-600 mg/l, respectively.
The TN hydrolysis of the azo dye removal efficiencies were also fount to vary from 64,
48, 23.2, 14.8 and 8.3 % with the corresponding production of ammonium-nitrogen
ranging from 368-247.8 mg/l for 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/l, respectively. The
reduction of TN and production of ammonium-nitrogen significantly correlated with
absorbance values indicating the biodegradation of the azo dyes. Sulfide removal of the
batch bioreactors were also 87.2, 72.5, 58.2, 36.7 and 18.6 % for 100, 200, 300, 400 and
500 mg/l, respectively, consistent with other parameters. The result from this study
showed potential application of the system using tannery sludge biomass for the
treatment of azo dye containing textile and other similar industries effluents
Farmers' perceptions of climate change and variability and determinants of adaptation strategies and coping mechanism in Ethiopia
No full textClimate change and variability are significantly affecting the Ethiopian agricultural sector, which serves as the backbone of the country's economy. The implementation of adaptation strategies and coping mechanisms is influenced by various factors, which are site-specific. Thus, this study aimed to explore farmers' perceptions of climate change and variability and the determinants of adaptation strategies and coping mechanisms in Ethiopia. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 133 farming households. The results revealed that farmers' perceptions of local indicators, such as temperature changes and rainfall patterns, underscore the diverse and impactful nature of climate variations on their experiences. The multivariate probit model output showed that the determinants of farmers' responses to climate variability, such as age, family size, educational status, sources of income, types of farming, farming experience, farm size, access to extension services, and availability of seasonal information, were significantly affected (p < 0.01). The impact of education, family size, farming experience, and income sources varies across various facets of agricultural practices, emphasizing the nuanced dynamics of coping mechanisms. Policymakers and agricultural practitioners seeking to develop effective strategies need to consider diverse needs and challenges faced by farmers in adapting to climate variability. Promoting education and improving access to extension services are critical components of successful adaptation strategies and coping mechanisms. 
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of listeria species from ready-to-eat foods of animal origin in Gondar Town, Ethiopia
No full textStrain diversity and gene mutations associated with presumptive multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates in Northwest Ethiopia
No full textAbstract: Objectives: In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity and gene mutations that confer resistance to rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH), fluoroquinolone (FQ), and second-line injectable (SLI) drugs in RIF-resistant (RR)/multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) isolates in Northwest Ethiopia.Methods: Spoligotyping was used to assign isolates to TB lineages (Ls), and Hain line probe assays were used to detect resistance to RIF, INH, and FQs, and SLIs.Results: Among 130 analyzed strains, 68.5% were RR, and four major Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineages (L1, L3, L4, and L7) were identified with a predominance of the Euro-American L4 (72, 54.7%), while L7 genotypes were less common (3, 2.3%). Overall, the L4-T3-ETH (41, 32.0%), L3-CAS1-Delhi (29, 22.7%), and L3-CAS1-Killi (19, 14.8%) families were most common. Line probe analysis showed that among rpoB mutants, 65.2% were S450L, while 87.8% of katG mutants were S315T. Only three isolates showed mutation (c-15t) at the inhA gene, and no double mutation with katG and inhA genes was found. Six strains, two each of L1, L3, and L4, were resistant to FQs, having gyrA mutations (D94G, S91P), of which three isolates had additional resistance to SLI (rrs A1401G or C1402T mutations) including one isolate with low-level kanamycin (KAN) resistance. Conclusions: This study showed a predominance of L4-T3-ETH, L3-CAS1-Delhi, and L3-CAS1-Killi families, with a high rate of rpoB_S450L and katG_S315T mutations and a low proportion of gyrA and rrs mutations. L7 was less frequently observed in this study. Further investigations are, therefore, needed to understand L7 and other lineages with undefined mutations.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Dominance of antimicrobial resistance bacteria and risk factors of bacteriuria infection among pregnant women in East Africa: implications for public health
No full textAbstract Background Bacterial infections in pregnancy pose significant health risks in East Africa. This study estimates pooled prevalence and identifies key risk factors, addressing limited data to improve maternal health outcomes in the region. Methods This study employed a systematic review and meta-analysis, analyzing data from eight East African studies (2016–2021). Searches spanned PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and more, with manual reference checks. Data quality was assessed via the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RevMan software with a random-effects model estimated pooled prevalence and hazard ratios for risk factors. Results A pooled analysis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacterial isolates from pregnant women in East Africa highlights concerning prevalence rates of various pathogens. Escherichia coli emerged as the most common pathogen, present in 43% (95% CI: 37–48%) of cases, followed by Staphylococcus aureus at 20% (95% CI: 0.12, 0.29) and Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, and Nocardia species (CONs) in 16% (95% CI: 10–23%) and 16% (95% CI: 12–21%) (Prevalence of K. pneumoniae). A very small proportion 6% (95% CI: 2 − 11%) was found to be infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The forest plot highlights risk factors for infections in pregnant women in East Africa: antibiotic use (HR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.5–2.6), smoking (HR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0–1.6), poor sanitation (HR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2–2.4), diabetes (HR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5–2.8), and age > 30 years (HR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1–2.0). Conclusions This analysis reveals a significant prevalence of bacterial infections, particularly Escherichia coli, among pregnant women in East Africa, with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) complicating treatment. The study identified several key risk factors, including antibiotic use, smoking, poor sanitation, diabetes, and age over 30, which are associated with higher rates of infection. While these findings emphasize the need for further research, the results suggest that routine bacterial screening, AMR surveillance, improved sanitation, and antibiotic stewardship are important steps in mitigating the impact of these infections. Public health strategies should prioritize high-risk groups, encourage hygiene practices, and continue to guide policy and interventions through ongoing studies
