230 research outputs found
sj-docx-1-ehi-10.1177_11786302241234731 – Supplemental material for Assessment of Urogenital Schistosomiasis Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Among Abobo Communities in Gambella Regional State, Southwestern Ethiopia
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-ehi-10.1177_11786302241234731 for Assessment of Urogenital Schistosomiasis Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Among Abobo Communities in Gambella Regional State, Southwestern Ethiopia by Tigist Mohammed, Abraham Degarege, Mulugeta Aemero, Abebe Animut, Yohannes Negash and Berhanu Erko in Environmental Health Insights</p
Anopheles species and malaria transmission risk in a highland area, south-central Ethiopia
No full textMalaria is a growing public health problem in Butajira area, a highland in south-central Ethiopia. However, the occurrence of vectors and the entomological aspects of the disease remain poorly described. This thesis describes abundance, host feeding preference, resting behaviour and entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) of Anopheles mosquitoes in low- (Hobe), mid- (Dirama) and high- (Wurib) altitude villages of the area. Housing conditions and the exposure of households to the bite of Anopheles arabiensis are also described. A larval survey and collection were undertaken in the villages following standard entomological methods to describe breeding habitats and their dynamics. Habitats were characterized and late larval instars were identified to species. Adult mosquitoes were sampled from indoors and outdoors and identified to species, and their host preferences and sporozoite infection rates were determined. From larval and adult collections 10 and nine Anopheles species, respectively, were identified. During the dry seasons, the streams serve as the main breeding habitats of Anopheles mosquitoes, including An. arabiensis. The occurrence of immature An. arabiensis was correlated positively with habitat temperature (r = 0.33, p < 0.05) and negatively with habitat depth (r = -0.56; p < 0.05). Adult An. arabiensis fed on human and cattle with a similar preference. From CDC light trap catches, the annual P. falciparum EIR for An. arabiensis was 3.7 in the first year (July 2008 -June 2009) in the low-altitude village, while in the same village, the annual P. falciparum EIR was zero in the second year (July 2009 - June 2010). The annual P. vivax EIR for An. arabiensis was 33 in the first year and 14.5 in the second. Sporozoite-positive An. arabiensis and An. pharoensis were caught inside houses closer to streams. Moreover, houses located in the low-altitude village, and in mid-altitude houses with open eaves, were associated with a high density of indoor-resting An. arabiensis. The density of An. arabiensis larvae and the densities of adult An. arabiensis and An. pharoensis, including sporozoite-positive ones, decreased with an increasing altitude starting from the low-altitude village, whereas densities of the other anophelines increased with an increase in altitude
Use of epidemiological and entomological tools in the control and elimination of malaria in Ethiopia
No full textAbstract Malaria is the leading public health problem in Ethiopia where over 75% of the land surface is at risk with varying intensities depending on altitude and season. Although the mortality because of malaria infection has declined much during the last 15–20 years, some researchers worry that this success story may not be sustainable. Past notable achievements in the reduction of malaria disease burden could be reversed in the future. To interrupt, or even to eliminate malaria transmission in Ethiopia, there is a need to implement a wide range of interventions that include insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, improved control of residual malaria transmission, and improved diagnostics, enhanced surveillance, and methods to deal with the emergence of resistance both to drugs and to insecticides. Developments during the past years with increasing awareness about the role of very low levels of malaria prevalence can sustain infections, may also demand that tools not used in the routine control efforts to reduce or eliminate malaria, should now be made available in places where malaria transmission occurs
LARVICIDAL PROPERTIES OF FOUR ETHIOPIAN ME()ICINAL PLANTS AGAINST CULEX QUINQUEFASClATUS
No full textThe emergence and spread of insecticide resistant mosquitoes necessitated the;! search forplant derived insecticides. A study was conducted to investigate the larvicidal properties of fourEtJ;riopian maUcinal plants against second instars of laboratoty reared Culex quinquefasciatus. Finelyground powders of Chrysanthemum coronariurn inflorescence, Melia azadirach seeds, Azadiractha indicaseeds and Phytolacca dodecandra berries were tested for their larvicidal effect. The tests were conductedby exposing 20 mosquito larvae per cup to plant materials diluted in distilled water at different testconcentrations (400, 200,'100, 50 and 25 mg/ml). P. dodecandra (LCso=.90.21 mg/lit) and C. coronarium(LC50 = 96.21 mg/lit) showed better leilial effect compared to M. azadirach (LCso= ;w3.06 mg/lit) and A.indica (LC50= 229:86 mg/lit). Larvicidal properties of these plants decreased in the order P. dodecandraberries, C. coronarium inflorescence, M. azadirach seeds and A. indica seed
Use of epidemiological and entomological tools in the control and elimination of malaria in Ethiopia
No full textDry season occurrence of Anopheles mosquitoes and implications in Jabi Tehnan District, West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia
No full textAbstract Background Generating evidence on the dry season occurrence of the larval and adult stages of Anopheles mosquitoes helps to design effective malaria vector control strategy as the populations of the vectors is expected to be low. Methods Larval and adult stages of Anopheles were surveyed during dry seasons in Mender Meter, Jiga Yehlmidar and Wongie Berkegn villages, Jabi Tehnan District, West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. Larvae were surveyed (along the available surface water collections), sampled, identified into genus, counted and late instars of the genus Anopheles identified into species. Indoor-resting adult mosquitoes were collected using insecticide aerosol spray, processed and identified into species. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20.0 to determine frequencies, mean differences and associations. Results A total of 3127 Anopheles larvae were collected among which most (91.7%; 2869/3127) were from streams followed by ponds (4.3%; 136/3127) and swamps (3.9%; 122/3127). Anopheles gambiae sensu lato was the most prevalent (84.9%; 921/1085) followed by Anopheles cinereus (7.0%; 76/1085), Anopheles chrysti (3.7%; 40/1085), Anopheles demeilloni (2.8%; 30/1085) and Anopheles rhodesiensis (1.6%; 18/1085). The mean number (mean = 15.3) of An. gambiae from Jiga Yehlmidar was significantly (p = 0.024) higher than the corresponding number (mean = 3.2) from Mender Meter. The mean number (mean = 36.3) of An. gambiae larvae in April 2017 was significantly (p = 0.001) higher than the number (mean = 4.0) in December 2013 and the number (mean = 2.6) in March 2013. A total of 1324 adult Anopheles were collected of which the highest proportion (79.1%; 1048/1324) was An. gambiae, followed by An. chrysti (11.7%; 155/1324), An. demeilloni (6%; 80/1324), An. cinereus (2.6%; 35/1324) and Anopheles coustani (0.5%; 6/1324). The highest proportion (54.3%; 569/1048) of the An. gambiae was collected from Wongie Berkegn followed by Jiga Yehlmidar (23.6%; 247/1048) and Mender Meter (22.1%; 232/1048). The mean number (mean = 7.8) of adult An. gambiae caught in Wongie Berkegn was significantly (p = 0.018) higher compared to the number (mean = 3.0) in Mender Meter. No significant difference was observed in the mean number of adult An. gambiae between the seasons. Conclusion and implication Streams were prolific breeding habitats of Anopheles mosquitoes followed by ponds and swamps in the dry seasons. In addition, a high population of indoor resting An. gambiae was caught from indoors. This implies the need for a strengthened vector control during dry seasons using breeding habitat management and improved housing in addition to the existing insecticide (LLINs and IRS) based interventions in Jabi Tehnan District, West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia
Antimalarial Activity of Solvent and Alkaloid Fractions of <i>Kleinia abyssinica</i>
No full textIn Ethiopia, the roots of Kleinia abyssinica (A. Rich.) A. Berger are used traditionally for the treatment of malaria. In the present study, the 80% methanol extract as well as solvent and alkaloid fractions prepared from the powdered roots of K. abyssinica were tested for their in vivo antimalarial activity using mice infected with Plasmodium berghei parasites in a four-day suppressive test. Preliminary investigation showed that the crude 80% methanol extract significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited parsitaemia of P. berghei in mice. Investigation of the activity of solvent fractions of the plant revealed that the petroleum ether and methanol fractions displayed better suppression than those of the chloroform and acetone fractions. However, the alkaloid extract obtained from the methanol fraction displayed maximum activity suppressing significantly (p < 0.05) the growth of P. berghei at dose levels of 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day compared to the mice in the negative control group. The ED50 for the total alkaloid was found to be 60.77 mg/kg/day. In conclusion the present study confirmed the traditional uses of the plant in the treatment of malaria and that alkaloids contribute to the overall antimalarial activity.Keywords: Kleinia abyssinica, roots, four-day suppressive test, Plasmodium berghei, alkaloid fractio
Intestinal Helminth Infection, Anemia, Undernutrition and Academic Performance among School Children in Northwestern Ethiopia
No full textThis study examined the prevalence and intensity of intestinal helminth infections and their association with anemia, undernutrition, and academic performance among school children in Maksegnit, northwestern Ethiopia. A total of 1205 school children, who attended Maksegnit Number Two Elementary School between May and July 2021, participated in this study. To determine helminth infection status, two thick Kato–Katz slides were examined for each child. Hemoglobin level was measured using a HemoCue machine. Academic performance was assessed using the mean score of all subjects children have taken for the Spring 2020/2021 academic term. Out of 1205 children examined, 45.4% were infected with at least one helminth species, 7.9% were anemic, and 35.8% were undernourished. The means for hemoglobin level and z-scores of weight for age, height for age, body mass index for age, and academic scores were lower among helminth-infected children than the uninfected. Children infected with intestinal helminths showed higher odds of anemia than those uninfected with helminths. In conclusion, there was a moderate prevalence of intestinal helminth infection and undernutrition among school children in Maksegnit. Intestinal helminth infection could increase the risk of anemia, undernutrition, and poor academic performance
Undernutrition and associated risk factors among school age children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
No full textBackground Causes of child undernutrition are diverse and change in space and time. Investigating current determinants of undernutrition remains vital to design an effective intervention strategy. The study assessed prevalence of undernutrition and its associated factors among children living in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in 459 school age children and their parents or caregivers living in Lideta sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Participants were selected using a multi-stage simple random sampling technique. Height and weight of children was measured and their parents or care givers were interviewed for factors associated with undernutrition. Results About 31% (n = 141) of the children were undernourished (19.6% stunted, 15.9% underweight). Being male, higher birth order (\u3e2), larger family size (6–8), low meal frequency (≤3 times) in a day prior to the survey and mud floor house were significantly associated with undernutrition. Similarly, the risk of underweight increased significantly with an increase in age, birth order, family size and also the absence of hand washing facilities. The odds of undernutrition was lower in children born to 20–30 years old mothers compared to those born to mothers younger than 20 years. Conclusions Undernutrition is prevalent among school age children living in Lideta sub city, Addis Ababa. Policy makers should consider school age children in their nutrition policy documents and implement screening program and intervention strategy
Performance of Urine Reagent Strips in Detecting the Presence and Estimating the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection
No full textThe performance of the urine reagent strips (URS) in detecting the presence and estimating the intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection was evaluated using urine filtration microscopy as a reference standard. Urine samples collected from 1288 school-age children living in five villages of the Afar and one village in the Gambella Regional States of Ethiopia between October 2021 and April 2022 were examined using urine filtration and URS. The prevalence of S. haematobium infection was 31.6% based on urine filtration and 32.1% using URS. Using results of the urine filtration as a reference, the sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive values, and accuracy of the URS in detecting S. haematobium egg-positive urine specimens were 73.7%, 87.8%, 87.1%, and 82.8%, respectively. Sensitivity increased significantly with an increase in the urine egg count. Specificity was greater in low prevalence settings and among children aged 5–9 years. The level of hematuria detected was trace (19.1%), weak (30.2%), moderate (36.0%), or high (14.7%). The log odds of showing higher-level hematuria significantly increased as the number of egg counts in urine increased. In conclusion, URS remains good in rapidly screening individuals for S. haematobium infection, but the sensitivity of the test could be lower, particularly when the intensity of the infection is light
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