101 research outputs found
Effects of Azorhizophilus paspali and Paenibacillus mucilaginosus as Biofertilizer and Determination of Nutritional Efficiency by Sensors
No full textThe benefits of nitrogen-fixing and potassium-solubilizing microorganisms in plant growth were investigated by using micro-sized ion-selective sensors developed in our laboratory. Azorhizophilus paspali (ATCC 23367) having nitrogen-fixing capability and Paenibacillus mucilaginosus (DSM 24461) having potassium-solubilizing capability were used in media. The microorganisms grown in aseptic conditions were mixed with soil and compost in order to improve plant nutrition, and samples taken from growth medium were examined for 23 days by ammonium- and potassium-selective PVC membrane sensors exhibiting almost Nernstian response. The highest nitrate release were obtained on the 14th day of inoculation in samples using A. paspali. The highest potassium release was obtained on 18th day of inoculation in samples using P. mucilaginosus. The results showed that bacterial inoculation had a more stimulating effect on assimilation of N and K in compost than in soil. In addition, the effect of microbial strains on shoot and root growth and nutrient uptake of tomato was tested in pot experiments using compost. A. paspali and P. mucilaginosus inoculation increased the shoot and root dry weight of tomato seedlings, respectively, 7-14 and 12-19% when compared with the control. The results showed that addition of the microorganisms into compost would be beneficial in plant nutrition. Application of these microorganisms as biofertilizers in barren areas will protect soil from the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers with an environmentally friendly approach
Gene therapy techniques: Physical and chemical methods
No full textGene therapy is used for developing strategies for the treatment of genetic diseases and it is a promising technique for people with incurable diseases. A successful gene therapy includes the transfection of plasmids with related transgenes into the target cells. The transfer of the DNA molecule to target cell is the main problem of the gene therapy studies which directed researchers to find an effective way of transfection. The transfection of DNA is commonly achieved by a vector because of the limited insertion ability of the DNA into the cells and the possibility of enzymatic degradation of DNA molecule. These vectors are grouped into two categories as viral and non-viral. Adenovirus, adenoassociated virus, herpes simplex and retrovirus are the main examples of viral vectors. Non-viral vectors are grouped into two as physical and chemical methods. The physical methods are microinjection, particle bombardment - gene gun, electroporation, sonoporation, laser beam and magnetofection. The chemical methods are consisted of liposomes which developed as an alternative to the viral vectors. These vectors must have three important features for the transfer of the related gene into the cell nucleus. Those are disguising the negative charge of the DNA, condensing the DNA molecule and protecting it from the intracellular nuclease activity. Non-viral transfection systems such as liposomes are preferred rather than viruses, because of being nonimmunogenic, ease in formation and simple scale-up process in industrial production. Liposomal vectors have a diversity in morphology and in release characteristics, which they can be used tissue targeting and they can protect plasmid DNA from the attacks of degradative nucleases. DNA - cationic lipid complexes were used in different DNA transfer protocols in various cell types since defined as a potential transfer system in 1987 and is still being researched for the clinical gene therapy studies. This review highlights the chemical and physical methods of gene therapy as a novel and promising technique for the treatment of cancer and genetic disorders
Which way will Tatar cultur go ? A controversial essay by Galimdzhan Ibragimov
No full textAzade-Ayse Rorlich, Which way will Tatar culture go ? A controversial essay by Galimdzhan Ibragimov.
The present article discusses G. Ibragimov's essay Which way will Tatar culture go ? which demonstrates his awareness of the historical traditions, peculiarities of the Volga Tatars as well as the need to preserve and develop the national identity in the future. Since in his essay Ibragimov posed two alternatives for the future of Tatar culture: russification or survival, the author of this article concentrated around the same issue, comparing Ibragimov's theses with those of other Tatar intellectuals concerned with the future of the Tatar nation. Ibragimov considered the national language as the main ingredient of a national culture and the present article discusses his struggle around this issue as well as his belief that the future of the Tatar culture depended upon the future of the Tatar language.Azade-Ayse Rorlich, Où ira la culture tatare ? Un essai critique de Galimdzhan Ibragimov.
Le présent article discute un essai de G. Ibragimov intitulé Оù ira la culture tatare ? qui démontre la haute conscience qu'avait Ibragimov des traditions historiques et des caractères propres aux Tatars de la Volga, ainsi que la nécessité de préserver et de développer à l'avenir leur identité nationale. Étant donné que, dans son essai, Ibragimov a posé, pour l'avenir de la culture tatare, l'alternative suivante : russification ou survie, la présente étude est centrée sur le même problème et compare les thèses ď Ibragimov à celles des autres intellectuels tatars préoccupés de l'avenir de la nation tatare. Ibragimov considérait la langue nationale comme le principal élément d'une culture nationale ; le présent article remet en cause la bataille qu'il livra à ce sujet et sa conviction que l'avenir de la culture tatare dépendait de celui de la langue tatare.Rorlich Azade-Ayse. Which way will Tatar cultur go ? A controversial essay by Galimdzhan Ibragimov. In: Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, vol. 15, n°3-4, Juillet-décembre 1974. pp. 363-371
Fungal ve Arkeal Kaynaklı Lipazların Eldesi, Aktivitelerinin Kıyaslanması ve Kağıt Üretiminde Kullanımı
No full text
The potential of archaeosomes as carriers of pDNA into mammalian cells
No full textThis paper describes the formulation of archaeosomes and the evaluation of their abilities to facilitate in vitro DNA delivery. Lipids of the H.hispanica 2TK2 strain were used in archaeosome formation, which is formulated by mixing H.hispanica 2TK2 lipids with plasmid DNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) or beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). Archaeosome/pDNA formation and unbound DNA were monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. The archaeosome formulations were visualized by AFM and TEM. The zeta potential analysis showed the archaeosomes to be electronegative. The composition of archaeosomes and the DNA dose for transient transfection into HEK293 cells were optimized, and the relationship between the structure and activity of archaeosomes in DNA delivery was investigated. By themselves, archaeosomes showed low efficiency for DNA delivery, due to their anionic nature. By formulating archaeosomes with a helper molecule, such as DOTAP, CaCl2, or LiCl, the capability of archaeosomes for gene transfection is significantly enhanced. The transfection profiles of efficient archaeosomes are proved to have a long shelf-life when maintained at room temperature. Thus, the archaeal lipids have the potential to be used as transfection reagents in vitro
Enzymatic activity of a novel halotolerant lipase from Haloarcula hispanica 2TK2
No full textA strain of Haloarcula hispanica isolated from Tuzkoy salt mine, Turkey exhibited extracellular lipolytic activity. Important parameters such as carbon sources and salt concentration for lipase production were investigated. Optimal conditions for the enzyme production from Haloarcula hispanica 2TK2 were determined. It was observed that the lipolytic activity of Haloarcula hispanica was stimulated by some of the carbon sources. The high lipase acitivity values were obtained in the presence of 2% (v/v) walnut oil (6.16 U/ml), 1% (v/v) fish oil (5.07 U/ml), 1% (v/v) olive oil (4.52 U/ml) and 1% (w/v) stearic acid (4.88 U/ml) at 4M NaCl concentration. Lipase was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ultrafiltration. Optimal temperature and pH values were determined as 45 degrees C and 8.0, respectively. Lipase activity decreased with the increasing salt concentration, but 85% activity of the enzyme was maintained at 5M NaCl concentration. The enzyme preserved 41% of its relative activity at 90 degrees C. The partially purified lipase maintained its activity in the presence of surfactants such as Triton X-100 and SDS. Therefore, the lipase which is an extremozyme may have potential applications especially in detergent industry
Degradation Of Pitch Components In Recycled Cardboard Production Process By Fungal Lipase
No full textTez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2004Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2004Pitch maddelerinin biyolojik olarak arındırılması, kağıt endüstrisi için son yıllarda geliştirilmiş biyoteknolojik bir metoddur. Odun eksraktiflerinin kağıt makineleri üzerinde birikmesi, düşük kaliteli kağıt hamuru elde edilmesine ve blokajlara neden olur ki bu da üretimin durması, önemli ekonomik kayıplar, ürün kalitesini düşmesi ve zehirli atık su oluşması gibi sonuçlar doğurur Problemli pitch maddelerinin miktarı, kağıt üretimi esnasında biyolojik ve kimyasal işlemlerle azaltılabilir. Son yıllarda, bu problem doğal olarak pitch bileşkenlerini parçalayabilen ve odun üzerinde yaşayan funguslar kullanılarak aşılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Pitch parçalanmasında en başarılı olan funguslar Fusarium oxysporum ve Ophiostoma piliferum’dur. Bu funguslar triaçilgliseritleri hidrolize edebilen bir enzim olan lipaz üretir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, geri dönüşümlü kağıtta bulunan pitch bileşkenlerini analiz ederek bunları parçalamak için uygun bir yöntem geliştirmektir. Bu çalışmada, örneklerdeki triaçilgliserit, serbest yağ asidi, ester, hidrokarbon, mono ve diaçilgliseritler; bir gaz kromatografi cihazında ölçülmüştür. Kontrol olarak ticari enzimlerden Lipozyme IM, Lipozyme TL IM, Novozym 435 (Novo Nordisk) kullanılmıştır. Lipaz aktivitesi pH-stat cihazı ile ölçülmüştür. Hidroliz miktarını daha iyi saptamak amacıyla serbest yağ asitlerinin miktarı asit değeri tayini ile belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar göstermiştir ki, F. oxysporum ve O. piliferum kültürlerinden elde edilen süpernatanlar geri dönüşümlü kağıt üretiminde pitch maddelerinin yok edilmesinde etkilidir.Biological pitch removal is a biotechnological method that has been developed recently for the paper and pulp industry. Accumulation of wood extractives in pulp and paper mills results in low-quality pulp and blockages that cause shutdowns of operations and important economic losses, reduces the quality of product and also create waste water toxicity. The amount of problematic pitch can be reduced by biological and chemical processes during paper production. In the recent years, this problem was tried to be solved by utilizing wood-dwelling fungi which naturally degrade pitch components. It has been shown that the two most successful fungi for pitch degradation are Fusarium oxysporum and Ophiostoma piliferum. These fungi produce lipases that hydrolyze triacylgyicerides. The aim of this study is to analyze the pitch components found in recycled paper to develop a suitable degradation method. Samples were analyzed on a GC to detect the amount of triacylgyicerides, free fatty acids, esters, hydrocarbons, mono and diacylglycerides. Commercial enzymes Lipozyme IM, Lipozyme TL IM, Novozym 435 from Novo Nordisk were used as controls. Lipase activity was assayed by using pH-stat. The amount of free fatty acids were also determined by acid value analysis in order to get a better quantification of the hydrolysis. Results demonstrated that F. oxysporum and O. piliferum growth medium supernatants can be efficiently used for pitch removal in recycled paper production.Yüksek LisansM.Sc
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