183,062 research outputs found
Multi-agent reinforcement learning for planning and scheduling multiple goals
No full textRecently, reinforcement learning has been proposed as an effective method for knowledge acquisition of the multiagent systems. However, most researches on multiagent system applying a reinforcement learning algorithm focus on the method to reduce complexity due to the existence of multiple agents and goals. Though these pre-defined structures succeeded in putting down the undesirable effect due to the existence of multiple agents, they would also suppress the desirable emergence of cooperative behaviors in the multiagent domain. We show that the potential cooperative properties among the agent are emerged by means of Profit-sharing which is robust in the non-MDPs
Malacocephalus okamurai Iwamoto & Arai 1987
No full textMalacocephalus okamurai Iwamoto & Arai 1987 (Fig. 3 I) Material examined. Nine specimens: MNRJ 26918 (4, 224.0–260.0 mm), T, E- 515; MNRJ 26919 (1, 245.0 mm), T, E- 508; MNRJ 26988 (1, 300.0 mm), T, E- 518; MNRJ 30477 (3, 345.0–389.0 mm), T, E- 502. Distribution. First record of Malacocephalus okamurai in the WSA. Collected from off Bahia, at depths from 379 to 627 m. It was described from off the mouth of the Amazon River, Brazil (2 °04’ N, 47 °00’ W); it is a rare species which is only known from the type locality (Iwamoto & Arai 1987).Published as part of Melo, Marcelo R. S., Braga, Adriana C., Nunan, Gustavo W. A. & Costa, Paulo A. S., 2010, On new collections of deep-sea Gadiformes (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) from the Brazilian continental slope, between 11 ° and 23 ° S, pp. 25-46 in Zootaxa 2433 on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19474
Bathyferdina caelator Arai & Fujita 2021, sp. nov.
No full textBathyferdina caelator sp. nov. [New Japanese name: Koyo-akamon-hitode] (Figs 2A, 3) Bathyferdina sp.: Arai et al. 2018: 194–196. Material examined. Holotype: NSMT E-8265, KY-09-21, Northwest of Ototo-jima Island, 135.5–135.8m. Paratypes: NSMT E-8266, 1 individual, KT-09-2-TW1-1, West of Chichi-jima Island, 138.6–145.2 m; NSMT E-8267, 1 individual, dry, locality unknown. Diagnosis. A species of Bathyferdina with glassy bosses on abactinal, actinal and adambulacral plates. Disc broad with R/r 2.0–2.3. Abactinal plates are homogeneous in size and shape. Superomarginal plates rectangular to barrel-like in outline, and regularly decreasing in size from the interradius to the tip of arms. Glassy boss/ridge present on abactinal and actinal plates. One or two glassy bosses on the center of each adambulacral plate. Three furrow spines on each adambulacral plate. Description of holotype. R= 23.2 mm, r= 9.9 mm, R/r= 2.3, width of arm is 11.1 mm at base, 6.6 mm at half of R, and 3.1 mm at 1/10 R from the tip. Body is flat on both abactinal and actinal sides. Arms are five and tapering more greatly near the disc than near the arm tip (Fig. 3A). Abactinal plates are polygonal to elliptical in shape, not lobed, variable in size, and tessellated so that only small spaces are left for papulae around the corners of these plates (Fig. 3B). Those on the disc are about 1.5–2.0 times larger than those on the arms. The arrangement of abactinal plates is regular, and median rows of plates are conspicuous. Between two upper interradial corners of first superomarginal plates on a ray, there are seven to nine abactinal plates. The entire abactinal surface of abactinal plates is rough with glassy bosses which are circular around the center of the plate and elongated around the periphery (Fig. 3D). Madreporite is single, 1 mm in diameter, flat and pentagonal with rounded corners; gyri extend radially from the central area where nine discontinuous, short gyri lie in parallel to one another. Terminal plates are conical with a broad base and a narrow rounded apex, smaller than the distalmost marginal plates, smooth and bare without skin or granules (Fig. 3C). Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates correspond in number and size. There are six (seven on one arm) plates to each side of an arm. Superomarginal plates are rectangular in outline, longer than width, rounded at corners, and conspicuous on the abactinal side; first superomarginal plates are about 3 mm in length and 2 mm in width on the abactinal surface. They gradually decrease in size toward the arm tip where the distalmost superomarginal plates are more squarish, measuring about 1–1.5 mm in both length and width. No glassy boss was observed on any marginal plates. Actinal plates are quadrangular, regularly arranged, and normally flat except several small plates slightly convex between larger actinal plates (Fig. 3F) and inferomarginal plates are slightly convex. The surface of actinal plates is rough with glassy bosses when denuded of granular skin. Adambulacral armature is composed of three (distally two) furrow spines on each adambulacral plate (Fig. 3F). Furrow spines are truncated at the tip, prismatic, and quadrangular or triangular in a cross section. The adambulacral plates are rectangular with slightly rounded corners. On the proximal first to tenth adambulacral plates, there are one or two glassy bosses at the center of the plates. Abactinal, actinal and adambulacral plates are covered with a thin skin concealed by fine granules. On the marginal plates, the skin and granules are limited at the periphery, leaving the rest of the plate surface exposed (Fig. 3B). Papulae are isolated, confined around the abactinal plates except in the abactinal interradial areas where they are absent. There are no papulae on the actinal surface. Most papulae occur in spaces where corners of three abactinal plates meet. There are pedicellariae on some of the first or second superomarginal plate and actinal interradial plates (Fig. 3B). Each pedicellaria with a single fan-shaped valve rather than two or more valves normally observed in Ferdininae. Some alveoli lacking a fan-shaped valve are present on some marginal plates. Color in life is brownish on the abactinal surface and white on the actinal. Bare areas on marginal plates are darker brown (Fig. 2A). Notes on paratypes. The body dimensions in the paratypes are: R =10.0 mm, r=5.0 mm, and R /r=2.0 (NSMT E-8266); R = 20.4 mm, r= 9.7 mm, and R /r=2.1 (NSMT E-8267). The other characters are consistent with the description of the holotype. DNA sequence. A partial sequence of COI (655 bp) was obtained from NSMT E-8265 and deposited in DDBJ (Acc. No. LC427072). Remarks. Mah (2017) established Bathyferdina with a description of B. aireyae. Bathyferdina caelator sp. nov. is devoid of any subambulacral spines or enlarged granules while it shows small R/r, a uniform granular skin covering abactinal and actinal surface, marginal plates continuous in size, large quadrate bare area on marginal plates, homogenous abactinal plates completely covered with skin, and glassy bosses on abactinal plates. These characters support placement of the present species in Bathyferdina. Mah (2017) mentioned that Bathyferdina has no glassy bosses on marginal plates in his key of Ferdininae but he also stated that it has glassy bosses on both abactinal and marginal plates. According to Mah (personal communication), B. aireyae in fact has glassy bosses on the abactinal and marginal surfaces but not on the actinal surface. We have emended the diagnosis of Bathyferdina accordingly. Bathyferdina caelator is distinguished from the single congeneric species, B. aireyae, in having glassy bosses on not only abactinal but actinal and adambulacral plates while lacking them on marginal plates. Bathyferdina caelator lacks granules or tubercles on the inferomarginal plates, while they are occasionally present in B. aireyae. Mah (2017) described B. aireyae as lacking any pedicellariae but one of the paratypes reexamined in this study (CASIZ 219696) possesses a large number of pedicellariae on marginal and actinal plates. Although these pedicellariae varied in number of valves from one to five, the shape of the valves closely resembled those in B. caelator. Distribution. Ogasawara Islands, 135.5–145.2 m (this study). Etymology. The specific epithet, caelator, is a Latin masculine noun in apposition meaning sculptor, and alluding to the complex patterns of glassy bosses on abactinal, actinal and adambulacral plates. Japanese name. Koyo is taken from R/V Koyo, the vessel which collected the holotype, and akamon-hitode comes from the Japanese name of Neoferdina cumingi (Gray, 1840), another species of Ferdininae which occurs commonly in Japanese waters.Published as part of Arai, Mikihito & Fujita, Toshihiko, 2021, Sea Stars of Families Ophidiasteridae and Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Mesophotic Zone of the Ogasawara Islands, Including Two New Species, pp. 7-21 in Species Diversity 26 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.26.7, http://zenodo.org/record/458529
Bathyferdina caelator Arai & Fujita 2021
No full text<i>Bathyferdina caelator</i> Arai & Fujita 2021 Diagnosis <p>Body stellate, R/r=2.0–2.3, with disk broad, arms triangular, interradial arcs rounded. Abactinal, actinal and adambulacral plates with glassy bosses. Abactinal plates, uniform in size and shape. Superomarginal plates rectangular to barrel–like in outline, and regularly decreasing in size from the interradius to arm tips. Glassy boss/ ridge present on abactinal and actinal plates. One or two glassy bosses on the center of each adambulacral plate. Furrow spines three.</p> Comments <p> This species is distinguished from <i>B. aireyae</i> Mah 2017 in having the presence of glassy bosses on the abactinal, actinal and adambulacral plates, while lacking them on the marginal plates (Arai & Fujita 2021). Arai and Fujita (2021) also discovered glassy, embossed granules on the actinal and adambulacral plates and pedicellariae in <i>Bathyferdina aireyae</i> Mah 2017.</p> Occurrence <p>Ogasawara Islands, 135.5–145.2 m.</p> No Material ExaminedPublished as part of <i>Mah, Christopher L., Kogure, Yoichi, Fujita, Toshihiko & Higashiji, Takuo, 2024, New Taxa and Occurrences of Mesophotic and Deep-sea Goniasteridae (Valvatida, Asteroidea) from Okinawa and adjacent regions, pp. 1-41 in Zootaxa 5403 (1)</i> on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5403.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10561570">http://zenodo.org/record/10561570</a>
Wage effects of R&D tax incentives:Evidence from the Netherlands
No full textThis paper examines the impact of the Dutch R&D tax incentives program, known as WBSO, on the wages of R&D workers. In our model these wages are partly determined by the governments WBSO tax disbursements. We construct detailed firm- and time specific R&D tax credit rates as a function of the R&D tax incentives scheme to capture the wage effects of the government R&D support. An instrumentalvariables econometric model is estimated using an unbalanced firm-level panel data covering the period 1996-2004. After controlling for firm and industry effects and business cycle fluctuations, R&D tax incentives are found to increase R&D wages. The R&D wage effect of these incentives is smaller than their effect on real R&D investment, but it is still sizeable. The elasticity of the R&D wage with respect to the fraction of the wage supported by the WBSO scheme is estimated at 0.1.price effect of tax incentives, tax credits, panel data model, R&D workers, wages
Fromia labeosa Arai and Fujita 2021
No full text<i>Fromia labeosa</i> Arai and Fujita 2021 <p>FIGURE 7A–F</p> <p> <i>Fromia</i> sp. Arai <i>et al.</i> 2018: 194, 196.</p> <p> <i>Fromia labeosa</i> Arai and Fujita 2021: 13.</p> Diagnosis <p>Body stellate (R/r=3.6–4.1), arms slender, disk small. Abactinal plates flat, polygonal in shape, abutted. Abactinal, marginal plates covered by continuous granules that obscure plate boundaries (Fig. 7A–B). Marginal plates quadrate, uniform, gradually decreasing in size along arm (Fig. 7C). Large elliptical pedicellariae present on the actinal surface at oblique angle to the adambulacral plates (Fig. 7D–F). Furrow spines, 2 to 4, mostly 3; subambulacral spines thick, short, approximately 50% the height of the furrow spines (Fig. 7E–F). Adambulacral plates with granules, 2–4 identical with those on actinal plate surface.</p> Comments <p>These specimens agree with the original description in nearly all respects except for the abundance and location of the pedicellariae. The specimen herein shows pedicellariae which are positioned at more oblique angles (Figs. 7E– F) to the tube foot groove compared to the holotype figured by Arai and Fujita (2021) in which the pedicellariae are oriented at perpendicular or transverse angles relative to the tube foot groove. The relative size of the pedicellariae on USNM 1659486 is approximately equivalent to or greater than the width of two adambulacral plates, whereas the Ogasawara specimen shows pedicellariae which are approximately the width of a single adambulacral plate. The pedicellariae themselves also differ in morphology, with some displaying four granular valves and strong curves and perpendicular bends in contrast with the straight pedicellariae shown by Arai and Fujita (2021). Large pedicellariae extend from the proximal arm but are absent at approximately 75% of the arm distance in USNM E48903.</p> <p>This is the first recorded occurrence of this species beyond the Ogasawara Islands and in shallower depths, 52–70 m. Original depth occurrence was from 56–137 m depth.</p> Occurrence <p> Okinawa, Ogasawara Islands, <b>52</b> –137 m.</p> <p>Not known outside of Japanese waters.</p> Material Examined <p>USNM E48903 1 km WNW of Onna village, Horseshoe Cliffs, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands. 26.5 127.848, 70.0 m. Coll. R.F. Bolland 16 Aug 1981. 1 wet spec. R=2.0 r=0.5.</p> <p>USNM 1659486 3km WNW of Yuhi Misaki, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. 26.8467, 127.533, 52–55 m. Coll. R.F. Bolland, 14 Nov. 1987. 1 wet spec. R=3.3 r=0.8.</p>Published as part of <i>Mah, Christopher L., Kogure, Yoichi, Fujita, Toshihiko & Higashiji, Takuo, 2024, New Taxa and Occurrences of Mesophotic and Deep-sea Goniasteridae (Valvatida, Asteroidea) from Okinawa and adjacent regions, pp. 1-41 in Zootaxa 5403 (1)</i> on pages 17-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5403.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10561570">http://zenodo.org/record/10561570</a>
Fromia labeosa Arai & Fujita 2021, sp. nov.
No full textFromia labeosa sp. nov. [New Japanese name: Ogasawara-juzuberi-hitode] (Figs 2C, 5) Fromia sp.: Arai et al. 2018: 194, 196. Material examined. Holotype: NSMT E-9297, KY-16-14, East of Ototo-jima Island, 56.6–62.9 m. Paratypes: NSMT E-9293, KY-08-25, West of Nishi-jima Island, 127–129 m; NSMT E-9294 and E-9295, KY-16-06, Northwest of Ototojima Island, 135–137 m; NSMT E-9296, KY-16-09, East of Chichi-jima Island, 90.5–94.6 m; 1 individual each. Diagnosis. A species of the genus Fromia with a small disc and slender, slightly arched arms. At R= 31.3 mm, abactinal plates arranged in five longitudinal rows at base of arms. Superomarginal plates only slightly convex, not alternating but regularly decreasing in size toward the tip of arms. Coarse granules enlarged at center of plates. Papulae single and confined on the abactinal surface. Adambulacral plates bear three (rarely two or four) furrow spines and five to nine thicker subambulacral granules graduating in size toward those on neighboring actinal/marginal plates. Oral plates bear five oral spines on the margin and four to six suboral spines on the rest of the plate. Large, elliptical pedicellariae on many actinal plates with their major axis oblique to the ambulacra. Description of holotype. R= 31.3 mm, r= 8.6 mm, R/r= 3.6, width of arm is 9.0 mm at base, 5.4 mm at half of R, and 2.9 mm at 1/10 R from the tip. Body is slightly arched at both sides, and the abactinal interradial areas are sunken. Arms taper to blunt tips. Abactinal plates are polygonal, weakly lobate, arranged in staggered longitudinal series where there are five rows at the base of arms (Fig. 5C). Hemispherical glassy bosses (crystal bodies) occur on the abactinal plates. Madreporite is single, circular, and about 0.9 mm in diameter, located at about one half r from the anal aperture. Gyri do not regularly radiate from the center of the madreporite. The anal aperture is single and surrounded by six slightly larger ossicles. Terminal plates are conical, truncated at the tip. Several tubercles encircle the top of terminal plates. Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates are block-like, rectangular, only slightly convex and not alternating but regularly decreasing in size toward the tip of arms. There are sixteen superomarginal and seventeen inferomarginal plates on one side of the ray when skin and granules are removed. The second to fourth superomarginal plates average 1.7 mm in length. Actinal plates are polygonal, without lobes, and leave no space in between. No glassy bosses occur on actinal plates. These are arranged in three longitudinal series at the base of a denuded arm with a few odd plates on the interradial area. Adambulacral plates bear three (exceptionally two or four), slender, flattened, cylindrical and bluntly pointed furrow spines and five to nine thicker, more sharply pointed subambulacral granules (Fig. 5F). The latter are not in regular rows parallel to the ambulacrum, and are grading in size to the granules on neighboring actinal or marginal plates. Tubefeet are biserial with a stout terminal disc. Each oral plate bears five oral spines on the adoral margin and four to six suboral spines on the rest of the plate. Oral spines are conical or pyramidal, larger than furrow spines. Suboral spines are similar to oral spines in the adradial portion but abradially grading into actinal granules. The abactinal, marginal, and actinal plates are concealed with a skin which is covered coarsely with granules (Fig. 5B). These granules are domed at the top, polygonal in shape, and slightly enlarged at the center of plates, but never spinous. The diameter is ca. 260–340µm at center and ca. 140–200µm on periphery. There are 20 granules per square millimeter on abactinal plates at the base of arms and actinal interradial plates. The papular pores are isolated and confined around abactinal plates except on the interradial areas and tips of arms, where the pores are absent. Many actinal plates possess a large elliptical pedicellaria (Fig. 5D). It is typically 1 mm in length and 400 µm in width. The pedicellariae are loosely arranged in a parallel series to an ambulacrum on arms, and their major axis is often oblique to the ambulacrum (Fig. 5A, E). Color in life is vermilion with white granules and terminal plates (Fig. 2C). Notes on paratypes. The difference in the numeric characters among type specimens is shown in Table 2. R /r generally increases and the number of granules per square millimeter decreases as R increases. Other characters in the paratypes are consistent with the description of holotype. DNA sequence. A partial sequence of COI (655 bp) was obtained from NSMT E-9295 and deposited in DDBJ (Acc. No. LC427074). Remarks. The present species is distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: superomarginal plates regularly decreasing in size toward the arm tip in F. labeosa sp. nov. while they are alternating large and small, or small superomarginal plates are occasionally intercalated between larger ones, in F. pacifica H. L. Clark, 1921, F. heffernani (Livingstone, 1931), F. monilis (Perrier, 1869), and F. nodosa A. M. Clark, 1967; there are five abactinal plates between first superomarginal plates on each side of arms in F. labeosa while there are more than seven such plates in F. hemiopla Fisher, 1913, F. milleporella (Lamarck, 1816), F. polypora H. L. Clark, 1916, and F. schultzei (Döderlein, 1910); abactinal plates are uniform in size in F. labeosa while several elliptical plates are larger than others in F. elegans H. L. Clark, 1921 and F. indica (Perrier, 1869); abactinal granules are granular in F. labeosa while they are spinuous in F. armata Koehler, 1910; they are also coarse (20/mm 2) in F. labeosa while they are fine (80–90/mm 2) in F. hadracantha H. L. Clark, 1921; papulae are lacking on the actinal surface in F. labeosa while there are two rows of actinal papulae in F. balansae Perrier, 1875 and F. ghardaqana Mortensen, 1938. Five to nine subambulacral tubercles continuous in size and not arranged in definite rows in F. labeosa while subambulacral spines are conspicuously larger than outer granules on the adambulacral plate, and arranged in a straight row in F. eusticha. In addition to these differences, large elliptical pedicellariae on actinal plates are specific to F. labeosa. Distribution. Ogasawara Islands, 56.6–137 m (this study). Etymology. The species epithet, labeosa, is a Latin feminine adjective meaning having large lips and referring to the large pedicellariae on the actinal surface. Japanese name. Ogasawara is taken from the type locality and juzuberi-hitode is a Japanese name for the genus Fromia. Ogmaster capella (Müller and Troschel, 1842) [Japanese name: Hadaka-akasuji-hitode] (Figs 2D, 6) Goniodiscus capella Müller and Troschel, 1842: 61. Goniaster (Ogmaster) capella Martens, 1865: 359–360. Ogmaster capella: Sladen 1889: 261; Koehler 1910: 79; Fisher 1919: 262, 305; Döderlein 1935: 101–102; Guille and Jangoux 1978: 53; A. M. Clark 1993: 267; Liao and A. M. Clark 1995: 94; A. M. Clark and Mah 2001: 337; Arai et al. 2018: 194, 196. Dorigona reevesii Gray, 1866: 7. Goniaster muelleri: Lütken 1871: 248–250. Material examined. NSMT E-9312, 1 individual, dry, KY-08-21, East of Chichi-jima Island, 95– 98 m. Description. R= 16.5 mm, r= 6.9 mm, R/r=2.4, width of arm is 8.5 mm at base, 4.8 mm at half of R, and 1.9 mm at 1/10 R from the tip. Abactinal and actinal surface are flat. Arms are five, tapering toward a pointed tip (Fig. 6A). Abactinal plates are polygonal, mostly pentagonal to hexagonal, and arranged in a regular tessellate manner leaving only small spaces around the corners. The plates on the interradial area are larger than those on the median of arms, and those neighboring the superomarginal plates are smaller (Fig. 6B). The plates are covered with a very thin skin without any granules, thus giving a naked appearance. The surface of the plates is rough with numerous glassy bosses. Papulae are confined to the proximal portion of the abactinal radial area. They are isolated, and occur at the corners of abactinal plates. Madreporite is circular, domed, and about 1.0 mm in diameter; gyri radiate from the center. Anal aperture lies at the center of the disc, and is surrounded by five granular ossicles. Terminal plates are bell-shaped (Fig. 6C). They have a smooth surface and lack any appendages except two plates bearing a single cylindrical, blunt spine at either side of the tip, suggesting that each terminal plate should bear a pair of such spines. Marginal plates are block-like, and regularly decreasing in size from the interradius toward the arm tip. There are nine superomarginal plates on each side of arms. The distalmost four plates are in contact with their counterparts on the other side of the arm, though there are small rhomboidal abactinal plates inserted at the median of arms between sixth and seventh superomarginal plates (also between seventh and eighth on two arms). The inferomarginal plates correspond to the superomarginal plates in shape, size and number. Actinal plates are polygonal, mostly quadrangular or pentagonal, and arranged in a regular tessellate manner leaving no space in between. The surface of the plates is smooth with a skin lacking granules. A few low, faint glassy bosses occur on some of the plates. Adambulacral plates bear four to five furrow spines and two to five subambulacral tubercles (Fig. 6D). Furrow spines are cylindrical or conical with a blunt tip, and arranged on the curved adradial margin of adambulacral plates. The most distal spine on each plate is about two times wider at the base than the others, and tapering more rapidly toward the tip with the same width as the others. The subambulacral spines are hemispherical, irregular in size, and mostly arranged in a straight line at the abradial side of the plate. On the distal plates corresponding to the final two to three inferomarginal plates, the number of furrow spines decreases to 1–3 including the larger distal spine, and the subambulacral ossicles disappear. Tubefeet are biserial and with a terminal disc. No pedicellariae occur on adambulacral plates or other plates. Oral plates have a semicircular and domed abactinal surface. Each oral plate bears six oral spines at the margin and six to eight suboral tubercles on the abactinal surface. Oral spines are conical, slightly depressed with flanking spines. The most adradial one is the largest and about two times larger than the most abradial one which is almost identical with the neighboring furrow spines. Color in life is dull pink with red lines between plates on the abactinal surface and white on the actinal surface (Fig. 2D). DNA sequence. A partial sequence of COI (655 bp) was obtained from NSMT E-9312 and deposited in DDBJ (Acc. No. LC427075). Remarks. The specimen from the Ogasawara Islands is small but generally agrees with all the past descriptions. Pedicellariae are lacking on adambulacral plates in the present specimen unlike larger specimens with R around 30 mm (Döderlein 1935; Guille and Jangoux 1978). Additionally, the present specimen differs from the original description since none of its plates covered with granules. According to Döderlein (1935), who examined the type specimen, the original description by Müller and Troschel (1842) misinterpreted the crystal bodies (glassy bosses) as granules. In the present specimen, the surface of all the abactinal plates and some of the actinal plates shows numerous glassy bosses. Liao and A. M. Clark (1995) suggested that Stellaster septemtrionalis Oguro, 1991, which was described from 105 m deep in the East China Sea (Oguro 1991), may be a junior synonym of O. capella although they did not give a detailed description or comparison of the two species. The two species are indeed very similar in having 5–6 furrow spines, 2–3 short subambulacral spines, and in lacking tubercles or spines on abactinal and marginal plates. However, O. capella can be distinguished from S. septemtrionalis by the absence of coarse granules on abactinal, marginal, and actinal plates and conical tubercles on actinal plates. We consider that these differences are sufficient to separate the two species and S. septemtrionalis should be maintained as valid. Distribution. Southern coast of China, 60–129 m (Liao and A. M. Clark 1995). Kai Islands, Indonesia, 90 m; Timor Island, 112 m; Small Sunda Islands, depth unknown (Döderlein 1935). Seram Island, depth unknown (Guille and Jangoux 1978). Ogasawara Islands, Japan, 95–98 m (this study). Japanese name. Hadaka-akasuji-hitode means a bare red-lined sea star, referring to the body hardly covered with granular skin and conspicuous red lines bordering abactinal plates in life. Ogmaster capella (Müller and Troschel, 1842) [Japanese name: Hadaka-akasuji-hitode] (Figs 2D, 6) Goniodiscus capella Müller and Troschel, 1842: 61. Goniaster (Ogmaster) capella Martens, 1865: 359–360. Ogmaster capella: Sladen 1889: 261; Koehler 1910: 79; Fisher 1919: 262, 305; Döderlein 1935: 101–102; Guille and Jangoux 1978: 53; A. M. Clark 1993: 267; Liao and A. M. Clark 1995: 94; A. M. Clark and Mah 2001: 337; Arai et al. 2018: 194, 196. Dorigona reevesii Gray, 1866: 7. Goniaster muelleri: Lütken 1871: 248–250. Material examined. NSMT E-9312, 1 individual, dry, KY-08-21, East of Chichi-jima Island, 95– 98 m. Description. R= 16.5 mm, r= 6.9 mm, R/r=2.4, width of arm is 8.5 mm at base, 4.8 mm at half of R, and 1.9 mm at 1/10 R from the tip. Abactinal and actinal surface are flat. Arms are five, tapering toward a pointed tip (Fig. 6A). Abactinal plates are polygonal, mostly pentagonal to hexagonal, and arranged in a regular tessellate manner leaving only small spaces around the corners. The plates on the interradial area are larger than those on the median of arms, and those neighboring the superomarginal plates are smaller (Fig. 6B). The plates are covered with a very thin skin without any granules, thus giving a naked appearance. The surface of the plates is rough with numerous glassy bosses. Papulae are confined to the proximal portion of the abactinal radial area. They are isolated, and occur at the corners of abactinal plates. Madreporite is circular, domed, and about 1.0 mm in diameter; gyri radiate from the center. Anal aperture lies at the center of the disc, and is surrounded by five granular ossicles. Terminal plates are bell-shaped (Fig. 6C). They have a smooth surface and lack any appendages except two plates bearing a single cylindrical, blunt spine at either side of the tip, suggesting that each terminal plate should bear a pair of such spines. Marginal plates are block-like, and regularly decreasing in size from the interradius toward the arm tip. There are nine superomarginal plates on each side of arms. The distalmost four plates are in contact with their counterparts on the other side of the arm, though there are small rhomboidal abactinal plates inserted at the median of arms between sixth and seventh superomarginal plates (also between seventh and eighth on two arms). The inferomarginal plates correspond to the superomarginal plates in shape, size and number. Actinal plates are polygonal, mostly quadrangular or pentagonal, and arranged in a regular tessellate manner leaving no space in between. The surface of the plates is smooth with a skin lacking granules. A few low, faint glassy bosses occur on some of the plates. Adambulacral plates bear four to five furrow spines and two to five subambulacral tubercles (Fig. 6D). Furrow spines are cylindrical or conical with a blunt tip, and arranged on the curved adradial margin of adambulacral plates. The most distal spine on each plate is about two times wider at the base than the others, and tapering more rapidly toward the tip with the same width as the others. The subambulacral spines are hemispherical, irregular in size, and mostly arranged in a straight line at the abradial side of the plate. On the distal plates corresponding to the final two to three inferomarginal plates, the number of furrow spines decreases to 1–3 including the larger distal spine, and the subambulacral ossicles disappear. Tubefeet are biserial and with a terminal disc. No pedicellariae occur on adambulacral plates or other plates. Oral plates have a semicircular and domed abactinal surface. Each oral plate bears six oral spines at the margin and six to eight suboral tubercles on the abactinal surface. Oral spines are conical, slightly depressed with flanking spines. The most adradial one is the largest and about two times larger than the most abradial one which is almost identical with the neighboring furrow spines. Color in life is dull pink with red lines between plates on the abactinal surface and white on the actinal surface (Fig. 2D). DNA sequence. A partial sequence of COI (655 bp) was obtained from NSMT E-9312 and deposited in DDBJ (Acc. No. LC427075). Remarks. The specimen from the Ogasawara Islands is small but generally agrees with all the past descriptions. Pedicellariae are lacking on adambulacral plates in the present specimen unlike larger specimens with R around 30 mm (Döderlein 1935; Guille and Jangoux 1978). Additionally, the present specimen differs from the original description since none of its plates covered with granules. According to Döderlein (1935), who examined the type specimen, the original description by Müller and Troschel (1842) misinterpreted the crystal bodies (glassy bosses) as granules. In the present specimen, the surface of all the abactinal plates and some of the actinal plates shows numerous glassy bosses. Liao and A. M. Clark (1995) suggested that Stellaster septemtrionalis Oguro, 1991, which was described from 105 m deep in the East China Sea (Oguro 1991), may be a junior synonym of O. capella although they did not give a detailed description or comparison of the two species. The two species are indeed very similar in having 5–6 furrow spines, 2–3 short subambulacral spines, and in lacking tubercles or spines on abactinal and marginal plates. However, O. capella can be distinguished from S. septemtrionalis by the absence of coarse granules on abactinal, marginal, and actinal plates and conical tubercles on actinal plates. We consider that these differences are sufficient to separate the two species and S. septemtrionalis should be maintained as valid. Distribution. Southern coast of China, 60–129 m (Liao and A. M. Clark 1995). Kai Islands, Indonesia, 90 m; Timor Island, 112 m; Small Sunda Islands, depth unknown (Döderlein 1935). Seram Island, depth unknown (Guille and Jangoux 1978). Ogasawara Islands, Japan, 95–98 m (this study). Japanese name. Hadaka-akasuji-hitode means a bare red-lined sea star, referring to the body hardly covered with granular skin and conspicuous red lines bordering abactinal plates in life.Published as part of Arai, Mikihito & Fujita, Toshihiko, 2021, Sea Stars of Families Ophidiasteridae and Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Mesophotic Zone of the Ogasawara Islands, Including Two New Species, pp. 7-21 in Species Diversity 26 (1) on pages 13-17, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.26.7, http://zenodo.org/record/458529
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Chemistry of powder production /
No full text"This edition was edited from a draft translation from Professor Arai by R. J. Akers and C. R. G. Treasure."Includes bibliographical references and index
Rhodeus albomarginatus Li & Arai, 2014, new species
No full textRhodeus albomarginatus, new species (Figs. 1–8; Table 1) Holotype. SOU 1306001, male, 53.4 mm SL; Lvjiang River, Yangtze River system, Xuling Town, Qimen County, Anhui Province, China; 10 May 2013. Paratypes. SOU 1306002, male, 53.6mm SL; SOU 1306003 –1306005, 3 females, 43.3–47.2 mm SL; same data as holotype. SOU 1110001 –1110008, 8 males, 44.5–58.4 mm SL; SOU 1110011 –1110013, 3 females, 39.8 –45.0 mm SL; NSMT-P 114853, male, 43.2 mm SL; NSMT-P 114854, female, 42.6 mm SL; ZUMT 61948, male, 45.8 mm SL; ZUMT 61949, female, 38.8 mm SL; same locality as holotype; 5 Oct. 2011. Diagnosis. Rhodeus albomarginatus is unique amongst species of Rhodeus in having a white margin on the anal fin in adult males (vs. black margin). It is also distinguished from other congeneric species by the following combination of characters: branched dorsal fin rays 10; branched anal fin rays 10–11; pelvic fin rays i 6; vertebrae 33–34 (mode 33); in adult males, iris black, belly reddish-orange, central part of caudal fin red. Description. Morphometric and meristic data of holotype and paratypes are shown in Table 1. Body compressed. Mouth sub-inferior. Barbels absent. Pearl organs on snout and area between nostril and eye in adult males, absent in females. Dorsal fin with 3 simple and 10 branched rays. Anal fin with 3 simple and 10–11 branched rays. Pectoral fin with 1 simple and 10–11 branched rays. Pelvic fin with 1 simple and 6 branched rays. Principal caudal rays 19, including branched rays 17 (9 + 8); dorsal procurrent rays 7–9, ventral procurrent rays 6–7. First simple ray in dorsal and anal fins very small, hidden under skin. Longest simple ray of dorsal fin strong and stiff, distally segmented; width of basal portion much wider than that of first branched ray; longest simple dorsal-fin ray segmented from area corresponding to that between second and third branching points of first branched ray (Fig. 2). Longitudinal scale series 34–36 (32–34 on body and 1–2 on caudal fin). Lateral line incomplete. Pored scales 4–7. Transverse scale rows 11. Predorsal scale rows 13–15. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 14. Abdominal vertebrae 16; caudal vertebrae 17–18; total vertebrae 33–34. Inserted position of first pterygiophore in dorsal fin 9–10. Inserted position of first pterygiophore in anal fin 16 (Fig. 3). Pharyngeal teeth in one row, 0.0.5- 5.0.0, occlusal grooves relatively reduced (Fig. 4). Gill rakers on external side of first gill arch 11–12. FIGURE 9. Sampling locality of Rhodeus albomarginatus. (★ ) Unfertilized ripe eggs ellipsoid, ratio of major axis to minor axis, 1.9–2.1 (Fig. 5 A). Larvae with wing-like yolk sac projections (Fig. 5 B). Coloration in life. Ground colour of adult males grayish, lighter towards belly. A blue vertical blotch on 4 th– 5 th scales in lateral series and a longitudinal stripe running from below dorsal fin to the end of caudal peduncle on each side of body. Dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins with white margin, broader in anal and pelvic fins than in dorsal fin. Two whitish spots present on each of dorsal and anal fin rays. Iris black. Belly reddish-orange. Posterior caudal peduncle and central caudal fin bright red (Figs. 6 A, 7). Adult males usually keep the coloration all the year around, but are brighter during breeding season. Females lack a blue vertical blotch on flank and white margins of fins. The longitudinal stripe on flank extremely slender and indistinct (Fig. 6 B). In postlarvae and juveniles, a large black blotch on anterior part of dorsal fin. A broad white stripe present on outer side of the black blotch, and a slender white stripe present on the anterior margin of dorsal fin in postlarvae (Fig. 5 C), but absent in juveniles (Fig. 8). Colour in preservative. Ground colour of body yellowish. Longitudinal stripe on flank distinct in males, but less distinct in females. Margin of scales grayish, darker on dorsal portion of body than on ventral portion of body. Dorsal and anal fins grayish with two pale stripes, margins of males pale; females without pale fin margins. Distribution and ecology. Known only from Lvjiang River, a tributary flowing into Poyang Lake of the Yangtze River basin, in Qimen County, Anhui Province, China (Fig. 9). The type locality was a hill stream. The bottom consisted of mud mixed with stones. The water level was low, the depth mostly less than 100 cm (Fig. 10). Rhodeus albomarginatus was collected from the upper portion of the stream, while R. sinensis, R. fangi, and R. ocellatus were found in the lower portions. Spawning season is summer, from June to August. Rhodeus albomarginatus spawns several times during the spawning period and usually releases 10– 20 eggs at one time. Host mussel of Rhodeus albomarginatus is Ptychorhynchus murinum (Fig. 11). Etymology. The specific name, albomarginatus, is derived from the Latin albo (white) and marginatus (margin), an adjective, a reference to the diagnostic white margin on the anal fin in adult male. holotype paratypesPublished as part of Li, Fan & Arai, Ryoichi, 2014, Rhodeus albomarginatus, a new bitterling (Te le os te i: Cyprinidae: Acheilognathinae) from China, pp. 165-176 in Zootaxa 3790 (1) on pages 167-174, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3790.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/25092
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