1,721,155 research outputs found
Replication Data for: "Robust Inequality of Opportunity Comparisons : Theory and Application to Early Childhood Policy Evaluation"
No full textAndreoli, Francesco, Havnes, Tarjei, and Lefranc, Arnaud, (2019) "Robust Inequality of Opportunity Comparisons : Theory and Application to Early Childhood Policy Evaluation." Review of Economics and Statistics 101:2, 355-369
Replication Data for: "Robust Inequality of Opportunity Comparisons : Theory and Application to Early Childhood Policy Evaluation"
No full textAndreoli, Francesco, Havnes, Tarjei, and Lefranc, Arnaud, (2019) "Robust Inequality of Opportunity Comparisons : Theory and Application to Early Childhood Policy Evaluation." Review of Economics and Statistics 101:2, 355-369
Robust Inference for Inverse Stochastic Dominance
Full text linkThe notion of inverse stochastic dominance is gaining increasing support in risk, inequality, and welfare analysis as a relevant criterion for ranking distributions, which is alternative to the standard stochastic dominance approach. Its implementation rests on comparisons of two distributions’ quantile functions, or of their multiple partial integrals, at fixed population proportions. This article develops a novel statistical inference model for inverse stochastic dominance that is based on the influence function approach. The proposed method allows model-free evaluations that are limitedly affected by contamination in the data. Asymptotic normality of the estimators allows to derive tests for the restrictions implied by various forms of inverse stochastic dominance. Monte Carlo experiments and an application promote the qualities of the influence function estimator when compared with alternative dominance criteria
On Dissimilarity and Opportunity Equalization (Sur la dissemblance et l'égalisation des chances)
No full textQuesta tesi si focalizza sui problemi di misura della dissomiglianza tra distribuzioni di variabili economiche rilevanti e sulle implicazioni in termini di disuguaglianza di opportunità. I criteri di uguaglianza di opportunità hanno ricevuto una crescente attenzione in letteratura cosi come tra i policymakers, poiché definiscono i principi etici su cui si fondano le politiche distributive e redistributive di una varietà di risultati economici tra i differenti gruppi sociali. Si dimostra in questa tesi che le metodologie di valutazione basate su dei criteri di uguaglianza di opportunità appoggiano sempre su dei confronti del grado di dissomiglianza tra distribuzioni condizionate. Si derivano quindi dei criteri empirici che implementano questi confronti. Nel primo capitolo si propone una caratterizzazione assiomatica dell’ordinamento parziale di dissomiglianza per distribuzioni discrete di gruppi sociali tra classi di risultati economici. Si dimostra che: quando le classi non sono ordinate i confronti di dissomiglianza sono rappresentati dall’ordinamento di maggiorizzazione di matrici, e sono implementati verificando l’inclusione degli zonotopi associati a queste matrici; quando le classi sono ordinate, il criterio di dissomiglianza richiede un numero finito di confronti di maggiorizzazione alla Lorenz tra le proporzioni dei diversi gruppi, calcolate a differenti livelli di aggregazione della popolazione totale distribuita tra le classi di realizzazioni. Nel secondo capitolo si dimostra la rilevanza degli ordinamenti di dissomiglianza nello studio della segregazione a livello individuale. In questo capitolo è caratterizzata una famiglia di indicatori di segregazione e si propone uno studio approfondito di uno di essi, l’indice di Gini Exposure, anche utilizzando dei dati italiani. L’ultimo capitolo presenta invece un criterio innovativo di valutazione del grado di uguaglianza di opportunità garantito da una società prima e dopo l’introduzione di una certa policy. Questo confronto dinamico si basa su un principio semplice: l’uguaglianza di opportunità è verificata quando, all’interno di una data classe di preferenze, non c’è accordo nello stabilire quale sia il gruppo più svantaggiato tra tutti i confronti a coppie. Le variazioni nel grado di (mancanza di) consenso sull’esistenza e sulla dimensione di un vantaggio economico dovute al cambio di regime di policy sono utilizzate per caratterizzare il criterio dinamico di uguaglianza di opportunità. Sono inoltre discusse le restrizioni più appropriate per questo modello, cosi come una serie di procedure di aggregazione delle valutazioni. Si dimostra inoltre che il criterio dinamico di uguaglianza di opportunità è identificato nella classe di preferenze dipendenti dai ranghi, ed è quindi testabile ricorrendo all’ordinamento di dominanza stocastica inversa. Sono inoltre discussi dei risultati innovativi riguardanti l’inferenza di quest’ultimo ordinamento. Due applicazioni con dati francesi dimostrano la maggior incidenza, in termini di uguaglianza di opportunità, di politiche di istruzione che influenzano la carriera scolastica degli studenti sin dal suo inizio.This thesis focuses on the measurement of dissimilarity in the distribution of relevant economic attributes and inequality of opportunity. Equality of opportunity has gained popularity for defining the relevant equalitarian objective for the distribution of a broad range of social and economic outcomes among social groups. I show that equality of opportunity concerns in policy evaluation always rely on dissimilarity comparisons between conditional distributions, and I provide empirically testable criteria to implement these comparisons. In the first chapter, I characterize axiomatically the dissimilarity partial order for discrete conditional distributions of groups across outcome classes. I prove that, when classes are permutable, dissimilarity is rationalized by matrix majorization and implemented by checking Zonotopes inclusion, while when classes are ordered the dissimilarity criterion resorts on a finite number of Lorenz majorization comparisons among groups' proportions, performed at different cumulation stages of the overall population. In the second chapter, I discuss the relevance of the dissimilarity partial order for the study of segregation at individual level. I fully characterize a well defined family of segregation indicators and I study one of them, the Gini exposure index, by using Italian data. The final chapter presents the equalization of opportunity criterion for outcome achievements. The guiding principle is that equality of opportunity is reached if there is no consensus, for a given class of preferences, in determining the disadvantaged group out of pairwise comparisons. I use the changes in (lack of) consensus on the existence and on the extent of this type of disadvantage to characterize the equalization of opportunity criterion. Meaningful restrictions and possible aggregation procedures are also discussed. I motivate that this criterion is identified within the rank dependent utility model, and I provide innovative inference results for inverse stochastic dominance to test it. Two applications on French data illustrate the equalizing impact of educational policies taking place early in students life
Application of the EU-SILC 2011 data module "intergenerational transmission of disadvantage" to robust analysis of inequality of opportunity
Full text linkThis data article describes the original data, the sample selection process and the variables used in Andreoli and Fusco (Andreoli and Fusco, 2019) to estimate gap curves for a sample of European countries. Raw data are from 2011 roaster of EU-SILC, cross-sectional sample of module "intergenerational transmission of disadvantage". This article reports descriptive statistics of the using sample. It also discusses the algorithm adopted to estimate the main effects and details the content of additional Stata files stored on the online repository. These additional files contain raw estimates from bootstrapped samples, which form the basis for estimating gap curves and their variance-covariance matrices. The data article also reports representations of gap curves for all 16 selected countries. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc
On the Measurement of Dissimilarity and Related Orders, WP ECINEQ 2012 – 274, October 2012
No full textWe consider populations partitioned into groups, whose members are distributed across a finite number of classes such as, for instance, types of occupation, residential locations, social status of fathers, levels of education, health or income. Our aim is to assess the dissimilarity between the patterns of distributions of the different groups. These evaluations are relevant for the analysis of multi-group segregation, socioeconomic mobility, equalization of opportunity and discrimination. We conceptualize the notion of dissimilarity making use of reasonable transformations of the groups' distributions, based on sequences of transfers and exchanges of population masses across classes and/or groups. Our analysis clarifies the substantial differences underlying the concept of dissimilarity when applied to ordered or to permutable classes. In both settings, we illustrate the logical connections of dissimilarity evaluations with matrix majorization preorders, and provide equivalent implementable criteria to test unambiguous reductions in dissimilarity. Furthermore, we show that inequality evaluations can be interpreted as special cases of dissimilarity assessments and discuss relations with concepts of segregation and discrimination
From unidimensional to multidimensional inequality: a review
No full textWe review results concerning the representation of partial orders of univariate distributions via stochastic orders and investigate their applications to some classes of stochastic dominance conditions applied in inequality and welfare measurement. The results obtained in an unidimensional framework are extended to multidimensional analysis. We discuss difficulties arising from aggregation of multidimensional distributions into synthetic indicators that value both inequality in the distribution of each attribute and the association between the attributes. We explore the potential for multidimensional evaluations that are based on the partial orders induced by different criteria ofmajorization and organize related and equivalent inequality and welfare representations
Robust cross-country analysis of inequality of opportunity
Full text linkInternational rankings of countries based on inequality of opportunity indices may not be robust vis-vis the specific metric adopted to measure opportunities. Indices often aggregate relevant information and neglect to control for normatively irrelevant distributional factors. This paper shows that gap curves can be estimated from cross-sectional data and adopted to test hypotheses about robust cross-country comparisons of (in)equality of opportunity. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V
Department of Economics Discussion Paper
Full text linkThis paper provides evidence that attitudes towards redistribution are associated with the extent of generosity of the redistributive context experienced by the individual, as measured by the likelihood of receiving positive benefit transfers net of fiscal contribution. We estimate reduced form tax-benefit equations with the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), and match the implied parameters to the respondents of the European Social Survey (ESS) on the basis of their characteristics. The period of analysis is 2008–2016. For identification, we exploit exogenous cross-country and time variation in tax rules and market income to disentangle implications of exposure to tax-benefit rules on preferences for redistribution from the effects of changes in income inequality. We find that exposure to positive net benefits increases support for redistribution by 1.4%–3% on baseline models, the effect being robust across a variety of specifications.sponsorship: This paper benefitted from comments by Koen Decancq, Philippe Van Kerm and participants to the IT14 Winter School "Health Opportunity and Redistribution" (Canazei, Italy, 2019) and the "International workshop on what drives inequality" (Luxembourg, 2018). This work was supported by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche [Ordineq grant ANR-16-CE41-0005-01] and the Luxembourg Fonds National de la Recherche [IMCHILD grant INTER/NORFACE/16/11333934 and PREFERME CORE grant C17/SC/11715898]. The usual disclaimer applies. Replication code and data, alongside additional results, are made available as a web appendix on the authors webpages. (French Agence Nationale de la Recherche|ANR-16-CE41-0005-01, Luxembourg Fonds National de la Recherche [IMCHILD grant]|INTER/NORFACE/16/11333934, Luxembourg Fonds National de la Recherche [PREFERME CORE grant]|C17/SC/11715898)status: Publishe
- …
