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The Effects of Pesticides on Dictyostelium Cholinesterase, from Basic to Applied Research
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Cholinesterase activity and effects of its inhibition by neurotoxic drugs in Dictyostelium discoideum
No full textn amoeboid cells, histochemical, biochemical, and electrophoresis analyses evidenced both a ChE activity able to hydrolyze the substrate PrTChI, and AChE (E.C. 3.1.1.7.) activity similar to Electrophorus electricus AChE. Conversely, butyrylcholinesterase activity was nearly absent, according to our previous results on P. primaurelia. Moreover, the possibility to utilize D. discoideum in a bioassay for the pre-chemical screening both of moist environments and fresh waters, in relation to the occurrence of the neurotoxic organophosphate drugs, such as "basudin", inhibiting ChE activity, was investigated
A Narrative Review on Oral and Periodontal Bacteria Microbiota Photobiomodulation, through Visible and Near-Infrared Light: From the Origins to Modern Therapies
No full textPhotobiomodulation (PBM) consists of a photon energy transfer to the cell, employing non-ionizing light sources belonging to the visible and infrared spectrum. PBM acts on some intrinsic properties of molecules, energizing them through specific light wavelengths. During the evolution of life, semiconducting minerals were energized by sun radiation. The molecules that followed became photoacceptors and were expressed into the first proto-cells and prokaryote membranes. Afterward, the components of the mitochondria electron transport chain influenced the eukaryotic cell physiology. Therefore, although many organisms have not utilized light as an energy source, many of the molecules involved in their physiology have retained their primordial photoacceptive properties. Thus, in this review, we discuss how PBM can affect the oral microbiota through photo-energization and the non-thermal effect of light on photoacceptors (i.e., cytochromes, flavins, and iron-proteins). Sometimes, the interaction of photons with pigments of an endogenous nature is followed by thermal or photodynamic-like effects. However, the preliminary data do not allow determining reliable therapies but stress the need for further knowledge on light-bacteria interactions and microbiota management in the health and illness of patients through PBM
The photobiomodulation effect of higher-fluence 808-nm laser therapy with a flat-top handpiece on the wound healing of the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta: a brief report
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808-nm laser therapy with a flat-top handpiece photobiomodulates mitochondria activities of Paramecium primaurelia (Protozoa)
No full textPhotobiomodulation is proposed as a non-linear process, and only low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is assumed to stimulate exposed cells, whereas high powered laser and fluences can cause negative effects, exhausting the cell’s energy reserve as a consequence of excessive photon-based stimulation. In our work, we investigated and compared the effects of 808-nm diode laser (CW) with a new flat-top handpiece. To this purpose, we tested the photobiomodulation effects of 1 and 3 J/cm2 fluence, both generated by 100 mW or 1 W of laser power and of 64 J/cm2 of fluence generated by 100 mW, 1 W, 1.5 W or 2 W, as expressed through oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis of Paramecium. Data collected indicates the incremental consumption of oxygen through irradiation with 3 J/cm2–100 mW or 64 J/cm2–1 W correlates with an increase in Paramecium ATP synthesis. The Paramecium respiration was inhibited by fluences 64 J/cm2–100 mW or 64 J/cm2–2 W and was followed by a decrease in the endogenous ATP concentration. The 1 J/cm2–100 mW or 1 W and 3 J/cm2–1 W did not affect mitochondrial activity. The results show that the fluence of 64 J/cm2–1 W more than the 3 J/cm2–100 mW causes greater efficiency in Paramecium mitochondria respiratory chain activity. Our results suggest that thanks to flat-top handpiece we used, high fluences by high-powered laser have to be reconsidered as an effective and non-invasive therapy. Possible associated benefits of deeper tissue penetration would increase treatment effectiveness and reduced irradiation time
GuttaCore Pink, Thermafil and Warm Vertically compacted gutta-percha retreatment: Time required and quantitative evaluation by using ProTaper files
No full textThe goal of non-surgical treatment is to obtain an access to the root canal system in order to remove the previous filling. We analized 45 human single-canal roots, mesial roots of mandibular molars and distal roots of maxillary molars without previous endodontic treatment, fractures, resorptive defects or open apices. We evaluated the time required to retreat root canals obturated by a new generation of GuttaCore, GuttaCore Pink®, compared to Thermafil® and Warm Vertically compacted gutta-percha, by using ProTaper® Retreatment and ProTaper® Universal. Moreover, a quantitative analysis of residual filling material in the canal after retreating and shaping was performed. The Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test were used to determine significant differences. Our data show that the GuttaCore Pink® can be removed from the root canal system in a lower amount of time compared to the Thermafil®. Concerning the amount of residual filling material, there are no significant differences between the three groups
G-Protein alpha subunits distribution in the cyprid of Balanus amphitrite (Amphibalanus amphitrite) (Cirripedia,Crustacea).
No full textThe acorn barnacle Balanus amphitrite is a marine crustacean with six nauplius and one cyprid larval stages and a sessile adult, that represent one of the main constituents of sea biofouling. The cyprid is the last larval stage, specialized for settlement, and the study of its biology is interesting also in the frame of antifouling strategies. In this study, a novel approach to the neurobiology of B. amphitrite cyprid has undertaken, studying immunohistochemically the distribution of some G-protein α subunits (Gαs, Gαo Gαi, and Gαq) on B. amphitrite cyprid. Gαs-like immunoreactivity was observed in the intestinal mucosa, oral cone, epithelial cells along the outer face of the mantle and thorax; Gαo into the fibers of the neuropile of the central nervous system; Gαi in oil cells, epithelial cells, and limbs and thorax muscles; Gαq was not detected. The results suggest the involvement of the G-protein α subunits in different tissues and functions that seem to be in agreement with the distribution of the ones from the same class of G-proteins in vertebrates
Fasting and re-feeding impact on leptin and aquaglyceroporin 9 in the liver of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
No full textThe aim of the present study was to investigate by histological methods the impact of fasting and re-feeding
induced compensatory growth, in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) liver. In addition, the presence
and distribution of leptin (LEP) and aquaglyceroporin 9 (AQP-9), two proteins involved in lipid storage and
mobilization, were investigated in the liver in relation to fish nutritional status with the aim to verify their
involvement in the compensatory growth. The histological results showed modifications in liver feature and
in hepatic glycogen storage during fasting. Indeed, liver morphology was altered by food deprivation and
was characterized by a large spectrum of vacuolization. During re-feeding, liver of the previously fasted fish
showed a similar feature to that observed in the control fish, suggesting a recovery at the histomorphological
level. The hepatic glycogen store was observed in the control, and in the re-fed fish, but not in the fasted group.
Immunostaining showed an up-regulation in both LEP and AQP-9 during fasting and a down-regulation
during re-feeding, whereas AQP-9 but not LEP immunoreactivity was higher than that of the controls.
The study of fasting and re-feeding induced histological alterations provides additional knowledge on the fish
cell and tissue condition, completing the information obtained with growth studies. We also demonstrated
that although LEP and AQP-9 were both influenced by nutritional status in sea bass, only AQP-9 was
involved in the compensatory growth of this species. Therefore, we suggest AQP-9 may play a role in the
process of energy accumulation to lipid storage in sea bass liver during the phase of the compensatory
growth
Presenza e distribuzione di subunità α di proteine G in cipris di Balanus amphitrite (=Amphibalanus amphitrite) (Cirripedia, Crustacea)
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