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Takwil Dalam Pandangan Mulla Sadra
No full textAbstract : This paper seeks to explain the notion of “ta’wīl” in the view of Mulla Sadra. There are several important issues that would be discussed. What is ta’wīl ? Is it distinguished from interpretations either contrast to the exoteric meaning? Why do we need ta’wīl ? Is the interpretation alone is enough ? How does the process ? It would also attempt to explain the three important issues of ta’wīl; first, the definition of ta’wīl according to Mulla Sadra. Second, to explain the foundation of ta’wīl. Third, to describe the two methods that might be used in ta’wīl. For Sadra, as internal meaning, ta’wīl does not eradicate or invalidate the outward meaning of the verse, rather it is the complement aspect. It becomes evident that sacred texts (al- Qur’an and hadīth) have different levels of meaning. Thus, in the process of ta’wīl , there are two important methods that might be used, i.e., the sufistic method and the method of the outward-inward meaning.Keywords : Ta’wīl, intepretation, outward, inward, sharī’a texts, levels, spirit of meaning Abstrak : Tulisan ini mencoba menjelaskan tentang takwil dalam pandangan Mulla Sadra. Beberapa persoalan akan dibahas, di antaranya: Apakah yang dimaksud dengan takwil? Apakah takwil berbeda dengan tafsir? Apakah menakwil berarti memahami teks bertentangan dengan makna lahiriyahnya? Mengapa kita membutuhkan takwil? Tidakkah cukup dengan tafsir saja? Bagaimana bentuk proses penakwilan yang mungkin dilakukan? Tulisan ini juga akan memaparkan tiga persoalan penting dalam takwil: Pertama, tentang definisi takwil dalam pandangan Sadra; kedua, mengenai fondasi takwil. Ketiga, mengenai dua metode yang mungkin digunakan dalam takwil. Dalam pandangan Sadra, takwil tidak bertentangan dengan lahir ayat, namun melengkapi dan penyempurnakan makna lahir tersebut. Takwil dibutuhkan karena teks-teks syariah (al-Qur’an dan hadis) memiliki tingkatan-tingkatan. Dalam proses takwil, ada dua metode penting yang mungkin digunakan, yaitu metode sufistik dan metode teknik pemaknaan lahir-batin.Kata kunci : Takwil, tafsir, lahir, batin, teks-teks syariah (al-Qur’an dan hadis), tingkatan-tingkatan, ruh makna</div
Mulla Sadra and the mind-body problem: A critical assessment of Sadra’s approach to the dichotomy of soul and spirit
No full textAbstract
The presence of some ambiguity about the two terms of soul and spirit, which up until now has not been considered, has been investigated in this research. This ambiguity has created problems in different fields of study such as philosophy, psychology and commentaries of religious texts. This is because the two words are usually used synonymously.
The main aim of this research is to investigate whether the human being has an independent spirit in addition to the body and the soul or not. In other words it is attempting to establish if man is a tripartite existence made of body, soul and spirit.
In order to attain this aim the ideas of various philosophers are discussed on different subjects regarding the soul with particular attention to the philosophical system introduced in the seventeenth century AD by the Muslim philosopher, Sadr al-din Shirazi. This consisted of two other philosophical systems in Islamic philosophy, peripatetic (mashā‟) and illuminative („ishrāq) combined with mystical and religious teachings. His idea about the soul was set as the basis for the arguments regarding the soul and the ideas of other philosophers were compared to it.
This research explores the principles that form Sadra‟s beliefs about the soul. One of Sadra‟s principles, the fundamentality of existence, is explained. This principle aims to prove the reality of the external world and the soul as one of these realities. The topics of motion and time and the views of philosophers about these are cited. In addition, another Sadra‟s important principles, trans-substantial motion, is mentioned and explained and it is suggested that the difference between Sadra‟s and other philosophers‟ ideas about the soul lies in accepting or rejecting motion in substance. According to Sadra, the soul which is material at the beginning of its creation moves towards immateriality by trans-substantial motion.
Then philosophers‟ ideas about the soul are mentioned as well as their disagreements regarding different issues such as immateriality, motion, origination of the soul etc. In addition, the problem that Sadra‟s philosophical system faces in regard to the soul is discussed in particular since it is the main aim of this research.
It is concluded that Sadra‟s idea is more complete than the other ideas regarding the soul. The existence of the soul found a better justification in this idea. The problem of dualism of the soul and body with which other philosophers were faced has been resolved. Meanwhile the problem of this philosophical idea which sees the soul to be the same as the spirit was investigated and it was stated that this problem has caused many diversities of opinion between philosophers in subjects related to the soul. The propounded solution for all the cases was to accept the dichotomy of the soul and spirit. Religious texts have been classified, analysed and used to support this idea and by using different evidences it was confirmed that the soul and the spirit are two independent substances and that the human being is a tripartite existence
Pemikiran Filosofis Sadra Dalam Tafsir Al-Qur’an Al-Karim : Surah Al-’A‘la
No full textAbstrak : Dalam tafsir atas Surah al-’A‘lā, Mulla Sadra, melalui karyanya Tafsīr al Qur’ān al-Karīm, mengajak jiwa kita berpetualang menuju lapisan makna terdalam untuk mengenali realitas ketauhidan (al- mabdā’), kenabian (shirāth atau nubuwwah) dan kebangkitan (ma‘ād) dan mengulasnya secara filosofis. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu upaya untuk menggali manfaat dari aspek-aspek penting dari sumber-sumber keagamaan yang tergali dari petunjuk al Qur’an yang berpadu dengan prinsip- prinsip rasional filosofis dan pengalaman mistik (intuitif ) Sadra. Setiap bab pada tafsir ini diberikan judul dengan tasbīḥ (pernyataan pemujian dan pensucian), dengan tetap memaparkan beragam pokok persoalan terkait metafisika al-Qur’an. Prinsip-prinsip filosofis yang digunakan dalam risalah tafsir ini bisa menjadi salah satu bukti ketidakberjarakan antara filsafat dengan teks-teks keagamaan. Sadra menggunakan metode tafsir yang tetap menerima sisi lahiriah al-Qur’an, dan selanjutnya mencari misteri-misteri, rahasia-rahasia, dan dengan bantuan intelek (akal), intuisi dan iluminasi Tuhan untuk memperoleh realitas-realitas dan makna- makna dibalik selaput ekternalnya (aspek literalnya)Kata kunci : Ḥikmah Muta’āliyah, irfan, al-mabdā’, kebangkitan setelah mati, nubuwwah, takwīl, gerak substansial (ḥarakah jawhariyyah), denotasi utama (al-maqshūd al-ashlī), penyempurnaan diri (takammul), tasbīḥ. Abstract : In his commentary on Surah al-’ A‘lā, Mulla Sadra, through his Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-Karīm invites our souls to ventureinto the deepest layers of meaning to recognize the reality of Divinity (al- mabdā’), prophethood (Ṣirāṭ or nubuwwah) and resurrection (ma‘ād) and discusses it in a more philosophical manner. This study is an attempt to explore the benefits of these important aspects of religious sources unearthed from Qur’anic injunctions combined with rational principles of philosophical and mystical experiences (intuitive) of Sadra. Each chapter in this commentary is assigned a title with tasbīḥ (glorification), while presenting various issues related to metaphysics of Qur’an.Thephilosophical principles used in the interpretation of this treatise could be a proof of harmony between philosophy and religious texts. This kind of interpretation accepts the literal meaning (ẓāhir) of lafaẓ al Qur’ān, and then with the aid of reason, intuition and revelation uncover the reality behind them; the search for the secrets behind the literal sense.Keywords : Ḥikmah Muta’āliyah, irfān, al-mabdā’, ma‘ād, nubuwwah, ta’wīl, substantial motion (ḥarakah jawhariyyah), original meaning (al-maqṣūd al-aṣlī), perfection (takammul), tasbīḥ.</div
An Analytical-Critical Approach to Historical Itinerary of Criticism of Skepticism from Ibn Sina to Mulla Sadra
No full textAbstrak : Mengamati pemikiran beberapa filsuf Muslim (dari Ibnu Sina hingga Mulla Sadra), artikel ini mencoba menunjukkan peran yang luar biasa dari filsafat Islam dalam konfrontasi intelektual dengan skeptisisme dan menguraikan betapa tradisi ini telah mampu memperkaya dan memperdalam kajian. Makalah ini juga akan menunjukkan pola argumentasi Ibn Sina dalam membuktikan kemungkinan pengetahuan dan menolak skeptisisme. Mulla Sadra yang dianggap dipengaruhi oleh Ibn Sina, al-Razi dan Suhrawardi dalam mengkritik skeptisisme, mengungkapkan argumentasinya dalam karyanya Hashīyāt Elāhiyyāt al-Shifā’ and al-Asfār al-Arbā‘a.Kata kunci : Keraguan, skeptisisme, pengetahuan, kemungkinan pengetahuan, prinsip ketidakmungkinan dari kontradiksi, Filsuf muslim Abstract : Surveying some Muslim philosophers’ thoughts (from Ibn Sina to Mulla Sadra), this article attempts to indicated remarkable role of Islamic philosophy in intellectual confrontation with skepticism and expounds how much this tradition has been capable of enriching and deepening that discussion. h is paper will also shows Ibn Sina’s pattern of proving possibility of knowledge and negating skepticism. Mulla Sadra who considered has been infl uenced by Ibn Sina, al-Razi, and Suhrawardi, in critizising of skepticism, he has dealt with this in his two works of Hashīyāt Elāhiyyāt al-Shifā’ and al-Asfār al-Arbā‘a.Keywords : Doubt, skepticism, knowledge, possibility of knowledge, the principle of impossibility of contradiction, Muslim philosophers.</div
TAKWIL DALAM PANDANGAN MULLA SADRA
No full textThis paper seeks to explain the notion of “ta'wīl” in the view of Mulla Sadra. There are several important issues that would be discussed. What is ta'wīl ? Is it distinguished from interpretations either contrast to the exoteric meaning? Why do we need ta'wīl? Is the interpretation alone is enough? How does the process?. It would also attempt to explain the three important issues of ta'wīl; first, the definition of ta'wīl according to Mulla Sadra. Second, to explain the foundation of ta'wīl. Third, to describe the two methods that might be used in ta'wīl. For Sadra, as internal meaning, ta'wīl does not eradicate or invalidate the outward meaning of the verse, rather it is the complement aspect. It becomes evident that sacred texts (al-Qur'an and hadīth) have different levels of meaning. Thus, in the process of ta'wīl, there are two important methods that might be used, i.e., the sufistic method and the method of the outward-inward meaning
Diskursus Akhlak dalam Filsafat Mulla Sadra
No full textAbstract : In Mulla Sadra’s system of thought, the discussion of philosophy of moral (ethics), morality, the nature of morality and matters related, that is the soul (nafs) and the spirit, is not a short discussion. All forms of action and the nature of malakah imprinted in the human psyche that will participate in the world hereafter. Therefore, some of the matters of the soul is a postulate of science of moral. Yet despite the differences in the ethics’s school of thoughts, it can be said that almost Muslim philosophers agree to the connection of moral with the perfection of soul. And the foundation of moral questions rests on the principle of perfection of the soul and the effects of the moral act. Without them, there will be no perfect rational and philosophical explanations of the good and bad character. However, in understanding how the process of perfection of the soul through moral acts, it is necessary to understand the perfection of the soul and make it a goal for human.Keywords : philosophy of moral, science of moral, theoretical reasoning, practical reasoning, intuition, meta-ethics. Abstrak : Dalam struktur pemikiran Mulla Sadra pembahasan filsafat akhlak, akhlak, sifat-sifat akhlak dan hal yang berkaitan dengannya, yaitu jiwa (nafs) dan ruh, bukan pembahasan yang ringkas. Segala bentuk tindakan dan sifat malakah yang terpatri dalam jiwa manusia akan menyertainya di alam akhirat kelak. Oleh karena itu sebagian dari persoalan-persoalan jiwa merupakan postulat ilmu akhlak. Namun meskipun terdapat perbedaan dalam aliran-aliran pemikiran filsafat akhlak, dapat dikatakan hampir semua filsuf Islam sepakat bahwa akhlak berkaitan dengan kesempurnaan jiwa. Dan fondasi persoalan-persoalan akhlak bersandar pada prinsip kesempurnaan jiwa dan pengaruh dari perbuatan akhlak. Tanpa hal itu, penjelasan rasional dan filosofis atas kebaikan dan keburukan akhlak tidak akan sempurna. Bagaimanapun juga, dalam memahami bagaimana proses kesempurnaan jiwa melalui perbuatan-perbuatan akhlak, perlu untuk memahami kesempurnaan jiwa dan menjadikannya sebagai tujuan bagi diri manusia.Kata-kata Kunci : filsafat akhlak, ilmu akhlak, akal teori, akal praktis, jiwa, intuisi, meta-etika.</div
Tasawuf Sunni Ala Sirhindi : “Kawin Paksa” Monisme dan Teologi Asy’Ariyah
No full textAbstract : The term monism or wahdah al-wujūd has a long story in Islamic Mysticism or Sufism. It is such that is considered to be the soul of Sufism, an sich. It means that without wahdah al-wujūd, there would be no further discussion on Islamic Mysticism. Besides, the theory of wahdah al-wujūd is rooted in Shi’ite Islam, yet never found in the theology of Ash’arian or any other Sunni tradition. It is very important to have an awareness of what the author has termed ‘failed cloning’ between monism in Shi’ite and dualism in Sunni traditions established by Sirhindi. This is an attempt to uncover the weakness and/or weaknesses of Sirhindi’s methodology, that criticized wahdah al-wujūd and his subsequent misunderstanding of it. Moreover, Sirhindi seemed somewhat confused over the disciplines of mysticism, philosophy, theology and jurisprudence in his arguments and accordingly his mystical construction. To criticize wahdah al-wujūd without having a basic understanding of Ibn ‘Arabi’s works is a fault. Moreover, the construction of mystical dimension of wahdah al-wujūd of Ibn ‘Arabi which had staunchly strengthened and defended by Shadruddin Shirazi (Mulla Sadra) is very difficult to break through by anyone who does not have basic knowledge of either. Thus, Sirhindi should have learned from him (Mulla Sadra) before he criticized Ibn ‘Arabi and his concept wahdah al-wujūd.Keywords : Tasawuf of Sunni, Sirhindi, Monism, Theology of Asy’AriyahAbstrak : Istilah monisme atau wahdah al-wujūd memiliki kisah yang panjang dalam Mistisisme Islam atau Sufisme. Ia dianggap menjadi jiwa sufisme, an sich, yang berarti bahwa tanpa wahdah al-wujūd, tak akan ada diskusi lebih lanjut mengenai Mistisisme Islam. Selain itu, teori yang berakar dalam tradisi syiah islam, belum pernah ditemukan dalam teologi Asy’ariyah atau dalam tradisi sunni lainnya. Penting untuk memiliki kesadaran terhadap apa yang penulis sebut sebagai “gagal kloning” antara monisme dalam syiah dan dualisme dalam tradisi sunni Sirhindi. Artikel ini berupaya untuk mengungkap kelemahan dan /atau kelemahan dari metodologi Sirhindi yang mengkritik wahdah al-wujūd dan kesalahpahamannya terhadap konsep ini. Terlebih, dalam konstruksi penjelasan mistisisnya, Sirhindi tampak bingung atas disiplin pengetahuan mistisisme, filsafat, teologi dan fiqh. Mengkritik wahdah al-wujūd tanpa memiliki pemahaman dasar terhadap karya Ibn ‘Arabi akan cacat. Terlebih lagi, konstruksi dimensi mistis yang diperkuat oleh Mulla Sadra ini akan sulit diterobos oleh siapapun yang tidak mempunyai pengetahuan dasar tentangnya. Jadi, Sirhindi seharusnya belajar dari Mulla Sadra sebelum mengkritik Ibn ‘Arabi dan konsep wahdah al-wujūd. Kata kunci : Tasawuf Sunni, Sirhindi, Monisme, Teologi Asy’Ariyah, Mistisisme, Sufisme</div
AN ANALYTICAL-CRITICAL APPROACH TO HISTORICAL ITINERARY OF CRITICISM OF SKEPTICISM FROM IBN SINA TO MULLA SADRA
No full textSurveying some Muslim philosophers’ thoughts (from Ibn Sina to Mulla Sadra), this article attempts to indicated remarkable role of Islamic philosophy in intellectual confrontation with skepticism and expounds how much this tradition has been capable of enriching and deepening that discussion. This paper will also shows Ibn Sina’s pattern of proving possibility of knowledge and negating skepticism. Mulla Sadra who considered has been influenced by Ibn Sina, al-Razi, and Suhrawardi, in critizising of skepticism, he has dealt with this in his two works of Hashīyāt Elāhiyyāt al-Shifā’ and al-Asfār al-Arbā‘a
PEMIKIRAN FILOSOFIS SADRA DALAM TAFSĪR AL-QUR’ĀN AL- KARĪM : : SURAH AL-’A‘LĀ
No full textIn his commentary on Surah al-’ A‘lā, Mulla Sadra, through his Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-Karīm invites our souls to ventureinto the deepest layers of meaning to recognize the reality of Divinity (almabdā’), prophethood (Ṣirāṭ or nubuwwah) and resurrection (ma‘ād) and discusses it in a more philosophical manner. This study is an attempt to explore the benefits of these important aspects of religious sources unearthed from Qur’anic injunctions combined with rational principles of philosophical and mystical experiences (intuitive) of Sadra. Each chapter in this commentary is assigned a title with tasbīḥ (glorification), while presenting various issues related to metaphysics of Qur’an.Thephilosophical principles used in the interpretation of this treatise could be a proof of harmony between philosophy and religious texts. This kind of interpretation accepts the literal meaning (ẓāhir) of lafaẓ al Qur’ān, and then with the aid of reason, intuition and revelation uncover the reality behind them; the search for the secrets behind the literal sense
PEMBACAAN FALSAFAH WUJUDIYAH DALAM RELASI PEMIKIRAN HAMZAH FANSURI DAN MULLA SADRA
No full textThis paper is a literature review of the thoughts of Mullā Ṣadrā and Hamzah Fansuri regarding the philosophical discourse of embodiment which is considered to have a relationship in the discourse of Islamic philosophy and the archipelago. This paper aims to read and explain the philosophical relation of the embodiment of Hamzah Fansuri and Mullā Ṣadrā as models of Nusantara and Islamic thought which are seen as having a relationship or similarity. By using a descriptive analysis approach, it is concluded that being in the view of Hamzah Fansuri and Mullā Ṣadrā is seen as a source of existence that is one in diversity. One source of existence is understood as existence that presents various entities outside of itself. Mullā Ṣadrā and Hamzah Fansuri understand that the universe consists of a series of causes and effects that imply the diversity of existence in reality. The diversity of existence comes from the main cause called Wājib al-Wūjūd which describes existence as the source of one being in diversity. The result of this paper is to read the urgency of Hamzah Fansuri's and Mullā Ṣadrā's philosophy of being who is seen as having a relationship or similarity in philosophical civilization, as well as tracing the interaction of the discourses of Nusantara and Islamic thought.This paper is a literature review of the thoughts of Mulla Sadra and Hamzah Fansuri regarding the philosophical discourse of embodiment which is considered to have a relationship in the discourse of Islamic philosophy and the archipelago. This paper aims to read and explain the philosophical relation of the embodiment of Hamzah Fansuri and Mulla Sadra as models of Nusantara and Islamic thought which are seen as having a relationship or similarity. By using a descriptive analysis approach, it is concluded that being in the view of Hamzah Fansuri and Mulla Sadra is seen as a source of existence that is one in diversity. One source of existence is understood as existence that presents various entities outside of itself. Mulla Sadra and Hamzah Fansuri understand that the universe consists of a series of causes and effects that imply the diversity of existence in reality. The diversity of existence comes from the main cause called wājib al-wūjūd which describes existence as the source of one being in diversity. The result of this paper is to read the urgency of Hamzah Fansuri's and Mulla Sadra's philosophy of being who is seen as having a relationship or similarity in philosophical civilization, as well as tracing the interaction of the discourses of Nusantara and Islamic thought
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