13 research outputs found
Elicitation of Software Requirements: The Role of Natural Language Processing.
Get PDFThe engineering of a software system depends crucially upon the requirements specification of the system. The specification of requirements is a complex and interactive process involving an analyst and a client in a requirements definition activity. The principal medium for this activity is natural language, and we observe that special terms or jargon are used to abbreviate the communication between an analyst and the client. The information available to an analyst during this communication is inherently ambiguous and incomplete and often defined by the client without context. We emphasise the all-pervasive use of natural language during the requirements definition activity. Natural language is used from the very start of a project and used throughout requirements acquisition, expression and analysis for software specification. Furthermore, a substantial amount of relevant information about the client's system is also available in natural language. An analyst performs various tasks to elicit and understand software requirements. We identify a number of techniques to expedite these tasks for an analyst. These techniques have their origins in three different fields: knowledge engineering (for system knowledge acquisition); information science (searching for key concepts underlying the user's domain directly from its text); and natural language studies (schema for formalizing the user's domain knowledge). The main advantage of our framework is that it does not constrain (in the form of arbitrary method constructs) the thinking processes of an analyst. Instead, our framework emphasises the functional behaviour of natural language in a specific domain and allows the analyst to elicit and understand the requirements themselves in natural language
Elicitation of Software Requirements: The Role of Natural Language Processing.
No full textThe engineering of a software system depends crucially upon the requirements specification of the system. The specification of requirements is a complex and interactive process involving an analyst and a client in a requirements definition activity. The principal medium for this activity is natural language, and we observe that special terms or jargon are used to abbreviate the communication between an analyst and the client. The information available to an analyst during this communication is inherently ambiguous and incomplete and often defined by the client without context. We emphasise the all-pervasive use of natural language during the requirements definition activity. Natural language is used from the very start of a project and used throughout requirements acquisition, expression and analysis for software specification. Furthermore, a substantial amount of relevant information about the client's system is also available in natural language. An analyst performs various tasks to elicit and understand software requirements. We identify a number of techniques to expedite these tasks for an analyst. These techniques have their origins in three different fields: knowledge engineering (for system knowledge acquisition); information science (searching for key concepts underlying the user's domain directly from its text); and natural language studies (schema for formalizing the user's domain knowledge). The main advantage of our framework is that it does not constrain (in the form of arbitrary method constructs) the thinking processes of an analyst. Instead, our framework emphasises the functional behaviour of natural language in a specific domain and allows the analyst to elicit and understand the requirements themselves in natural language
Use of Technology Acceptance Model for Turnitin®
Get PDFA useful Information System is difficult to conceive and develop. Research on technology has revealed that end-user likes or dislikes may matter towards the success or failure of information system (IS). A highly complicated system in which developers have put lots of development efforts may fail if the end-user dislikes it after its initial installation. In software engineering literature it is claimed that system rejection is mostly caused by not meeting the non-functional requirements. In this paper, a study is being done on ‘turnitin®’ as technology and its acceptance to a group of students in order to find out confirmation of result as claimed by TAM while it is a post implementation research activity for technology acceptance
Software Development for Information System - Achieving Optimum Quality with Security
No full textInformation Systems acquisition, implementation, and development have been taking place in business organization to gain the competitive advantage. Rapid advancement of Technology is also popping up unethical issues involving violations of End users' data protection and privacy. This article discusses standard quality practices adhere to which a good quality software product is guaranteed while supporting the organizational strategic needs. It presents a framework that bridges Quality software development process improvement with strategic needs of an organization. Standard practices under consideration includes Capability Maturity Model for Development (CMMI-DEV) while using multi-model Process Improvement approach where an organization could use Balance Score Card technique while setting its strategic goals and monitoring their performance related to Information System development, and also link it with Information System management framework “Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology” (COBIT) - 5 released by Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA), so that users could easily switch between the two standards. In last benefits are reported for using quality practices to realize attainment of competitive advantage.</jats:p
Tuning COCOMO-II for Software Process Improvement: A Tool Based Approach
No full textIn order to compete in the international software development market the software organizations have
to adopt internationally accepted software practices i.e. standard like ISO (International Standard
Organization) or CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) in spite of having scarce resources
and tools. The aim of this study is to develop a tool which could be used to present an actual picture of
Software Process Improvement benefits in front of the software development companies. However,
there are few tools available to assist in making predictions, they are too expensive and could not cover
dataset that reflect the cultural behavior of organizations for software development in developing
countries. In extension to our previously done research reported elsewhere for Pakistani software
development organizations which has quantified benefits of SDPI (Software Development Process
Improvement), this research has used sixty-two datasets from three different software development
organizations against the set of metrics used in COCOMO-II (Constructive Cost Model 2000). It
derived a verifiable equation for calculating ISF (Ideal Scale Factor) and tuned the COCOMO-II model
to bring prediction capability for SDPI (benefit measurement classes) such as ESCP (Effort, Schedule,
Cost, and Productivity). This research has contributed towards software industry by giving a reliable and low-cost mechanism for generating prediction models with high prediction accuracy. Hopefully,
this study will help software organizations to use this tool not only to predict ESCP but also to predict an exact impact of SDPI
Early childhood cognitive development is affected by interactions among illness, diet, enteropathogens and the home environment : Findings from the MAL-ED birth cohort study
Get PDFFunding Information: Funding The Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Project (MAL-ED) is carried out as a collaborative project supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (#OPP47075), the Foundation for the NIH and the National Institutes of Health/Fogarty International Center. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation did not play any role in the writing of the manuscript nor did the funders of the study have any role in the study design, data collection, data analysis or interpretation of study results. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. Publisher Copyright: © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2018. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Peer reviewe
Early Life Child Micronutrient Status, Maternal Reasoning, and a Nurturing Household Environment have Persistent Influences on Child Cognitive Development at Age 5 years : Results from MAL-ED
Get PDFFunding Information: The Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Project (MAL-ED) is carried out as a collaborative project supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Foundation for the NIH, and the National Institutes of Health/Fogarty International Center. This work was also supported by the Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health (D43-TW009359 to ETR). Author disclosures: BJJM, SAR, LEC, LLP, JCS, BK, RR, RS, ES, LB, ZR, AM, RS, BN, SH, MR, RO, ETR, and LEM-K, no conflicts of interest. Supplemental Tables 1–5 and Supplemental Figures 1–3 are available from the “Supplementary data” link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in the online table of contents at https://academic.oup.com/jn/. Address correspondence to LEM-K (e-mail: [email protected]). Abbreviations used: HOME, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment inventory; MAL-ED, The Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Project; TfR, transferrin receptor; WPPSI, Wechsler Preschool Primary Scales of Intelligence.Peer reviewe
Relationship between growth and illness, enteropathogens and dietary intakes in the first 2 years of life: Findings from the MAL-ED birth cohort study
Get PDF© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. Background Dietary and illness factors affect risk of growth faltering; the role of enteropathogens is less clear. As part of the Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) study, we quantify the effects of enteropathogen infection, diarrhoea and diet on child growth. Methods Newborns were enrolled and followed until 24 months. Length and weight were assessed monthly. Illnesses and breastfeeding practices were documented biweekly; from 9 to 24 months, non-breast milk intakes were quantified monthly. Routinely collected non-diarrhoeal stools were analysed for a broad array of enteropathogens. A linear piecewise spline model was used to quantify associations of each factor with growth velocity in seven of eight MAL-ED sites; cumulative effects on attained size at 24 months were estimated for mean, low (10th percentile) and high (90th percentile) exposure levels. Additionally, the six most prevalent enteropathogens were evaluated for their effects on growth. results Diarrhoea did not have a statistically significant effect on growth. Children with high enteropathogen exposure were estimated to be 1.21±0.33 cm (p<0.001; 0.39 length for age (LAZ)) shorter and 0.08±0.15 kg (p=0.60; 0.08 weight-for-age (WAZ)) lighter at 24 months, on average, than children with low exposure. Campylobacter and enteroaggregativeEscherichia coli detections were associated with deficits of 0.83±0.33 and 0.85±0.31 cm in length (p=0.011 and 0.001) and 0.22±0.15 and 0.09±0.14 kg in weight (p=0.14 and 0.52), respectively. Children with low energy intakes and protein density were estimated to be 1.39±0.33 cm (p<0.001; 0.42 LAZ) shorter and 0.81±0.15 kg (p<0.001; 0.65 WAZ) lighter at 24 months than those with high intakes. conclusions Reducing enteropathogen burden and improving energy and protein density of complementary foods could reduce stunting
Norovirus infection and acquired immunity in 8 countries: Results from the MAL-ED study
Get PDF© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Background. Norovirus is an important cause of childhood diarrhea. We present data from a longitudinal, multicountry study describing norovirus epidemiology during the first 2 years of life. Methods. A birth cohort of 1457 children across 8 countries contributed 7077 diarrheal stools for norovirus testing. A subset of 199 children contributed additional asymptomatic samples (2307) and diarrheal stools (770), which were used to derive incidence rates and evaluate evidence for acquired immunity. Results. Across sites, 89% of children experienced at least 1 norovirus infection before 24 months, and 22.7% of all diarrheal stools were norovirus positive. Severity of norovirus-positive diarrhea was comparable to other enteropathogens, with the exception of rotavirus. Incidence of genogroup II (GII) infection was higher than genogroup I and peaked at 6-11 months across sites. Undernutrition was a risk factor for symptomatic norovirus infection, with an increase in 1 standard deviation of length-for-age z score associated with a 17% reduction (odds ratio, 0.83 [95% confidence interval,. 72-.97]; P =. 011) in the odds of experiencing diarrhea when norovirus was present, after accounting for genogroup, rotavirus vaccine, and age. Evidence of acquired immunity was observed among GII infections only: Children with prior GII infection were found to have a 27% reduction in the hazard of subsequent infection (hazard ratio, 0.727; P =. 010). Conclusions. The high prevalence of norovirus across 8 sites in highly variable epidemiologic settings and demonstration of protective immunity for GII infections provide support for investment in vaccine development
