496 research outputs found
Islamophobia and threat perceptions: explaining anti Muslim sentiment in the West
No full textThis paper investigates the determinants of anti Muslim sentiment in the West. Starting from the premise that Islamophobic attitudes are more nuanced than a simple dislike of Muslims, I focus on specific forms of attitudes which link Muslims to violence and terrorism. Data from the Pew Global Attitudes Surveys is used to test three theories: perceived threat, social identity, and cognitive capabilities. A series of logit estimations are used for the empirical analysis of individual level data in the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany and Spain. The results show that perceived realistic and symbolic threat is the most significant source of Islamophobic attitudes in the West. While individuals cognitively differentiate between general feelings toward Muslims and their specific characteristics, higher levels of education significantly reduces negative sentiments. A good number of Westerners think of Muslims as violent individuals while some believe that they support al Qaeda. Citizens in the West are more likely to associate Muslims with terrorism if they feel threatened by their physical and cultural existence
Secular-Islamist cleavage, values, and support for democracy and shari’a in the Arab world
No full textPublic opinion polls demonstrate that Arab citizens support both democracy and shari’a. I argue that individual values related to the secular-Islamist cleavage are instrumental in explaining this joint support. The analysis of the Arab Barometer survey shows that individuals holding Islamic values are more favorable of shari'a whereas those with secularist values tend to support democracy. However, the bivariate probit estimations also confirm that Arab opinion about these governing principles is more complementary and less divergent. The results imply that constitutional models combining Islam and democracy, rather than strictly secular institutions, may be more acceptable to Arab citizens
Criterion for polynomial solutions to a class of linear differential equations of second order
No full textPT: JSource type: Electronic(1
Solutions for certain classes of the Riccati differential equation
No full textWe derive some analytic closed-form solutions for a class of Riccati equations y'(x) - lambda(0)(x) y(x) +/- y(2)(x) = +/- s(0)(x) where lambda(0)( x), s(0)( x) are C-infinity- functions. We show that if delta(n) = lambda(n)s(n-1) - lambda(n-1)s(n) = 0, where lambda(n) = lambda(')(n-1) + s(n-1) + lambda(0)lambda(n-1) and s(n) = s(n-1)(')+ s(0)lambda(k-1) , n = 1, 2, ... , then the Riccati equation has a solution given by y( x) = -/+ s(n-1)(x)/ lambda(n-1)(x). Extension to the generalized Riccati equation y'(x) + P(x) y(x) + Q(x) y(2)(x) = R(x) is also investigated
The role of soft-line governmental policy interventions towards terrorist organizations during democratization period: a comparative case study between the PKK and ETA
No full textIn Today’s world, we have been witnessed several terrorist events originating from ethnic conflicts. Millions of people have been killed and displaced because of violent ethnic conflicts. In order to deal with ethnic violence, countries employ various policy interventions from hard-line to soft-line. Turkey and Spain have both suffered at hands of ethnically motivated terrorist organizations, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) since 1984 and the Basque Homeland and Independence (ETA) respectively. Terrorist attacks undoubtedly occupied a significant proportion of both countries domestic and foreign political agenda. Thus, Turkey and Spain have implemented diversified policies, including hard-line, soft-line and mixed methods against the PKK and ETA. The main purpose of this dissertation was to examine the relationship between soft-line governmental policy interventions and the responses of the terrorist organizations by specifically focusing on the PKK (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan) in Turkey and ETA (Euskadi Ta Alkatasuna) in Spain during the democratization period of each country. The democratic transition periods for each state (between 1975 and 1990 for Spain, and 1995 and 2010 for Turkey) were analyzed in the study. Therefore, I attempted to seek the answer to the question `what is the impact of soft-line Spanish and Turkish governmental policies on the level of PKK and ETA-initiated violence?`. In order to measure the effectiveness of these policies, time series analysis was used in this study. This study also aimed to investigate the short-run and long-run impact of governmental policy interventions on the terrorist tactics and activities. To accomplish this purpose and address the problem, descriptive statistic, Negative binomial and VAR (Vector Auto Regression) analyses were deployed in this study. Based on these analyses, I found that Spanish and Turkish soft-line policies had statistically significant and positive impacts on the level of PKK and ETA-inflicted violence during the democratization period of each country, rather than decreasing or neutral impacts. Moreover, I also found that democratization process of Spain and Turkey increased the level of violence in the short run, however, in the long run, the level of violence considerably reduced. Secondly, I examined the attack strategies of the PKK and ETA during the time period observed in this study. I found that both the PKK and ETA mainly targeted civilians rather than the military and government officials, and both terrorist organization aimed more deadly attacks against the governments by using bombing method in a small number of incidents. Three analyses employed in this dissertation revealed that when the country continued to implement its soft-line policies targeting the ethnic grievances, and reached the status of a well-established democracy, the level of violence considerably decreased in the long run since public support for the terrorist organizations was eliminated thanks to those governmental policies.Ph. D.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Irfan Ciftc
A discrete and q asymptotic iteration method
No full textWe introduce a finite difference and q-difference analogues of the Asymptotic Iteration Method of Ciftci, Hall, and Saad. We give necessary, and sufficient condition for the existence of a polynomial solution to a general linear second-order difference or q-difference equation subject to a ‘terminating condition’, which is precisely defined. When a difference or q-difference equation has a polynomial solution, we show how to find the second solution.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canad
General structure of democratic mass matrix of lepton sector in E-6 model
No full text33rd International Physics Conference of Turkish-Physical-Society (TPS) -- SEP 06-10, 2017 -- Konacik, TURKEYAn extension of the Standard Model (SM) fermion sector, which is inspired by the E-6 grand unified theory model, may be a good candidate to explain a number of unanswered questions in SM. Existence of the E-6 leptons may explain great mass difference of charged and neutral leptons. Also, democracy on mass matrix elements is a natural approach in SM. In this study, we have given general structure of democratic mass matrix of lepton sector in E-6 model.Turkish Phys So
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