612 research outputs found
Eddie T. Basye, 1866
No full textA letter from Eddie T. Bayse written to his cousin about coming home for Christmas and school
Correlations of physical properties of porous media
No full textThe physical properties of porous media are important to the petroleum engineer and geologist in making evaluations of subsurface formations. Determining these physical properties is a problem because many of the determinations must be made by indirect measurement. A heterogeneous and complex pore structure together with the presence of clay in most naturally occurring porous media add to the magnitude of the problem. Being able to predict the physical properties of subsurface formations from other physical properties of the rock which could be measured accurately would be advantageous. These relationships between the physical properties have net been predicted accurately by theory or laboratory models. The approach to this problem in this investigation was to measure the physical properties of a large number of subsurface core samples and then to relate the physical properties by use of regression analysis. The physical properties measured were porosity, permeability, electrical formation factor, capillary pressure, and sonic velocity. Measurements were made on 568 samples composed of 478 sandstones and 90 carbonates. Prediction equations were developed for porosity, permeability, and electrical formation factor. The average per cent deviations obtained in these prediction equations are low enough that the equations have application in log interpretation and formation evaluation
An investigation of the impact behavior of a rigid body
No full textModern freeways require adequate lighting facilities, and in order to meet lighting requirements, light posts sometimes have to be located near the edge of the traffic lane. Single post sign standards and stop light posts are also necessary. Each of these post installations is often located so as to constitute a safety hazard and collision with these posts can cause fatalities. The Texas Transportation Institute at Texas A & M University has been investigating the methods of developing supports that will limit impact forces to tolerable limits and a design showing considerable merit is the "break-away" post that disengages the post from its foundation upon impact. Normally posts are quite massive and after impact they could be knocked into the path of the vehicle, or onto the highway, causing an unsafe condition for other motorists. In this research, the work was directed toward developing a post system that, upon impact, would be knocked out of the vehicular path and caused not to land on the highway causing hazardous circumstances. The post model was assumed to be a rigid body under the action of constant and time dependent forces while the vehicle was taken as a spring-mass system with a single degree of freedom. ..
Oxidation of crude oil in porous media
No full textIn recent years, results of laboratory and field experiments have been reported in the literature describing the forward combustion process. But as yet, no qualitative or quantitative study of the kinetics of fuel combustion involved in this process has been reported. The main purpose of this work was to study the oxidation reaction kinetics in the forward combustion oil recovery process. A total of 48 runs were made wherein a stationary thin layer of coked unconsolidated sand was burned isothermally in a combustion cell. Individual runs were made at various temperature levels to permit determination of the effect of temperature upon the reaction. The method was reasonably fast and can be used to measure the oxidation and deposition of fuel for a given crude oil and porous media. An expression was obtained for the burning rate of carbon as a function of carbon concentration, combustion temperature, and oxygen partial pressure. The carbon burning rate for two types of crude oil indicated a first order reaction with respect to both carbon concentration and oxygen partial pressure. The results have shown that the effect of combustion temperature on the reaction rate constant matched the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy was not affected by the gravity of the few crude oils examined. The activation energy decreased for a porous media containing clays. The rate of oxidation of crude oil at reservoir temperature was found to be significant. A reaction rate expression for this low-temperature oxidation was also determined. The fuel deposited on sand decreased as coking temperature increased, and larger amounts of fuel were deposited on the system containing clays. The atomic hydrogen-carbon ratio for the fuel decreased with increase in temperature. A higher weight percentage of hydrogen than weight percentage of carbon was burned at the beginning of the combustion run. The reaction rate constants computed for two combustion tube runs compared reasonably well with values obtained from the isothermal combustion cell runs. An increase in the gas flux at the higher oxidation temperatures investigated resulted in a slight decrease in the reaction rate constant. At about 900??F, the gas flux was found to have a negligible effect on the reaction rate constant
The movement of individual hydrocarbons in a high pressure displacement process
No full textIn this investigation the effects of sand grain size, injection rate, and type of gas injected upon the recovery of the intermediate (C₂-C₆) hydrocarbons by high pressure gas injection were studied by making a series of displacement tests on a sand-pack 20ft. long and one inch in diameter. In each of the displacement experiments an attempt was made to maintain a constant flow rate at a constant injection pressure. All of the reported data were obtained from experiments made with one mixture of intermediate hydrocarbons. Three different sands were used. The finest had a permeability of 2.1 Darcys while the coarsest had a permeability of 13.7 Darcys. Injection rates of 1, 2, and 3 ml/min with the gases methane, nitrogen and flue gas were used. During each experiment, samples of the produced fluid were analyzed for each component. In spite of constant concentrations before the breakthrough time, separation of components was noticed after that time. The concentrations of the produced hydrocarbons after breakthrough formed profiles with peaks in the same order as the volatility of the hydrocarbons. ..
Identification of plant parameters by application of implicit synthesis
No full textA new technique is developed for the characterization of an unknown dynamic plant. The technique is applied to simultaneously identify the unknown parameters A and B of a plant which is described by: A[d��X(t) / d��t] + B[dX(t) / dt] + X(t) = CY(t) where Y(t) is plant input signal; X(t) is plant output signal; C is a known parameter; A, B are unknown parameters. The plant identification is based on an implicit synthesis technique in which an identifier circuit voltage is forced to a correct value by the circuit configuration. The identifier is composed of analog computing elements and operates on the input and output signals of the plant. Iterated derivatives are not required. The identification procedure yields four datum points which establish two straight lines whose intersection determines the value of A and B. the development of the technique is constrained by practical engineering criteria of equipment cost and size, in-service plant parameter identification, and a potential for automation of the identification technique. An accuracy requirement is established by considering the effect of error on the closed-loop plant control system performance. The identifier is tested on simulated dynamic plants to establish a parameter volume of identification and to investigate limitations imposed on the technique by input signal requirements. Successful simultaneous identification of parameters A and B is made for large variation in parameters A, B, and C. the technique characterizes the plant in a directly useful form. Extension of the technique to determining parameters of higher-order plants and to determining the unknown order of a plant is indicated by cursory investigation. The technique shows promise for development into automatic operation on random input signals
A correlation of the viscosity of hydrocarbon systems with pressure, temperature and composition
No full textThe work reported herein presents a new equation for the accurate prediction of the viscosity of several pure paraffin hydrocarbons and nitrogen. The equation applies reliably to both liquids and gases, and is cubic in viscosity. It involves temperature, pressure and six empirical constants of the material. The equation is similiar in form to van der Waals' equation of state. It differs from other equations for viscosity, in that it does not include the density of the pure material at the pressure and temperature of interest. It was applied to methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane and nitrogen, with an average absolute deviation of 1.9%, based on 1,006 data points described in the literature and reported by 14 authors. When this equation is extended to mixtures by assuming a simple relation between its constants and the properties of the components, a correlation is obtained with an average absolute deviation of 9.6%. This compares with 16.0% for the deviation on the same samples resulting from the application of the only other method relating viscosity to temperature, pressure and composition. A second equation for mixtures was developed using regression analysis applied to pressure, temperature, composition, mixture density as calculated by the Alani equation, characteristics of the heptanes-plus fraction, pure component viscosities and average moleculare weight of the oil. The equation has 20 terms and has an average absolute deviation of 7.70% based on 3,350 experimentally determined viscosities obtained on 829 complex liquid systems. Both equations are applicable to hydrocarbon systems containing impurities of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide and a heptanes-plus fraction. Viscosity measurements, using a specially designed rolling ball viscometer, were made on n-hexane from 600 to 10,000 psia and 70-280°F and correlated with the proposed equation for put materials with an average absolute deviation of 0.93%
Chlorine and deuteron relaxation time measurements in liquid HCl and DCl
No full textMeasurements of chlorine T?éé in liquid HCl and DCl have been made over the temperature range of -40??C to 60??C. Estimates of the reorientational correlation time made possible by the chlorine measurements were used to evaluate the proton intra-molecular dipole contribution which was subtracted from the total intra-molecular contribution to obtain the proton spin-rotational contribution. The magnitude of the spin-rotational contribution thus obtained compares with that estimated by Krynicki and Powles.?ü? Deuteron T?éü times in liquid DCl were measured over the temperature range of -75??C to 25??C and found to differ considerably both in magnitude and temperature dependence from deuteron T?éé times. Estimates of the quadrupole contribution to the deuteron (1/T?éü) and, thus, a value of 2.0 x 10???ü? volts/cm?? for the electric field gradient at the deuteron site in DCl were made by use of the reorientational correlation time from chlorine measurements. The difference between experimental deuteron (1/T?éü) and the deuteron quadrupole contribution to (1/T?éü) was considered to be due to a deuteron-chlorine scalar interaction. The scalar contribution to the deuteron (1/T?éü) and the experimental deuteron (1/T?éé) were used to estimate the scalar coupling constant and deuteron exchange time in DCl
Some physical properties of solid argon
No full textThe velocities of ultrasonic waves in solid argon were measured by means of a pulse technique for temperatures between 74°K and the triple point (84.80°K). One longitudinal, v�, and two transverse, v[subscript t]� and v[subscript t]₂ , velocities, assumed to be single crystal velocities in the 110-direction, were observed. The values at 77.5°K were: v� = 1334 m/s; v[subscript t]� = 700 m/s; and v[subscript t]₂ = 642 m/s. the elastic constants obtained at 77.5°K were c�� = 3.045x10¹� dynes/cm²; and c₄₄ = 0.682x10¹� dynes/cm². Values of the velocities and elastic constants indicated that the solid became increasingly soft near the melting point and thus gave no indication of hole formation. Volume expansion measurements for temperatures from 67.7°K to 78.6°K were in close agreement with previously reported values and also gave no indication of hole formation. The vapor pressure was measured for temperatures from 63.5°K to 77.5°K under various conditions designed to observe the existence of the hcp phase reported to be in the solid argon. It was estimated that less than 1% (if any) of the hcp phase was formed at 77.5°K. Experiments with crystal growth techniques suggested that growing large single crystals is a formidable task. In conclusion, the hypothesis of hole formation near the melting point was not substantiated. The concentration of the hcp phase in solid argon seemed to be small or nonexistent. Crystals of 1 cc were consistently grown, if etch patterns on the free surface of the solid indicated grain boundaries. However, velocity measurements on optically clear solids of about 2 cc indicate that they were essentially single crystals
Analysis of thin anisotropic shells of revolution by numerical methods
No full textA numerical analysis procedure is presented which is shown to be useful in the analysis of thin shells of revolution which are composed of layers of orthotropic material. The formulation of this class of shells consists of two simultaneous differential equations which are linear and have variable coefficients. The formulation is treated as a boundary value problem. The differentials are approximated with divided differences and the equations are cast into matric form and solved using proper boundary conditions. The shell's generating curve is given as a set of points. This curve and the elastic properties of the shell are used to calculate the elements of the matrix equation
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