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The Scope
Get PDFCollection of all 2016 articles from The Scope.
About The Scope
This magazine was produced by students in Science Journalism (MASC 491-005), which was taught during the Fall 2016 semester by Jeff South, an associate professor in the Robertson School of Media and Culture at Virginia Commonwealth University, and Sara Williams, head of academic outreach for VCU Libraries.
The course, VCU’s first focusing exclusively on science reporting, was supported by a grant that funds projects aligned with VCU’s strategic plan, called Quest for Distinction. VCU selected the Science Journalism course as a “disruptively innovative idea” and as a way for students to “make it real.” The Quest Innovation Grant funded the publication of this magazine as well as other aspects of the course.
The course brought together students from a range of disciplines. The goal was to help journalism and other mass communication majors think like scientists, and to help students in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering and math) write like journalists. We believe the stories demonstrate that the course was a success
RCM diagnosis of melanocytic neoplasms: Terminology, algorithms and their accuracy, and clinical integration
No full textRCM diagnosis of melanocytic neoplasms: Terminology, algorithms and their accuracy, and clinical integratio
ACT Family Violence Intervention Program review
Get PDFThis paper reports on a review of the Australian Capital Territory’s Family Violence Intervention Program, which provides an interagency response to family violence matters.
The scope of the review was to analyse the program’s activities and outcomes using 2007–08 data provided by participating agencies, supported by in-depth interviews with key stakeholders including victims whose matters had been finalised in court. After the completion of this report, additional data from 2008–09 and 2009–10 was made available by some Family Violence Intervention Program (FVIP) participating agencies. Although not within the scope of this evaluation, these data pointed to some preliminary improvements in the FVIP
Illusive wide scope of universal quantifiers
No full textIt is widely believed that existential quantifiers can bring about the semantic effects of a scope which is wider than their actual syntactic scope (See Fodor & Sag (1982), Cresti (1995), Kratzer (1995), Reinhart (1995) and Winter (1995), among many others.) On the other hand, it is assumed that the syntactic scope of universal quantifiers can be determined unequivocally by the semantics. This paper shows that this second assumption is wrong; universal quantifiers can also bring about scope illusions, though in a very specific environment. In particular, we argue that in the environment of generic tense, universal quantifiers can show the semantic effects of a scope which is wider than the one that is actually realized at LF. Our argument has four steps. First, we show that in generic contexts, universal quantifiers escape standard “scope-islands” (Section 1). Second, we show how the effects of wide scope in generic contexts can be achieved without syntactic wide scope (Section 2.1). Third, we show that this result is actually forced on us, once we take seriously certain independent issues concerning the interpretation of generic tense (Sections 2.2 - 2.4). Finally, the semantics of generic tense and, in particular, its interaction with focus, will yield some intricate new predictions, which, as we show, are borne out (Sections 3 - 5)
Evidence of Scope Economies in the Australian Wheat-Sheep Zone
Get PDFScope economies can be used in studies of farming systems to provide a measure of synergies between different farm enterprises and between activities within farm enterprises. In this paper, they are reported for farms in a benchmarking group in the Wheat-Sheep Zone in New South Wales, Australia, by estimating a stochastic input distance function and calculating an ‘economies of scope parameter’. Evidence is presented of scope economies between sheep and beef enterprises, sheep and crop enterprises, and beef and crop enterprises.Australia, crops, livestock, scope economies,
A Breath of Fresh Air? Firm Type, Scale, Scope, and Selection Effects in Drug Development
Get PDFThis paper compares the innovation performance of established pharmaceutical firms and biotech companies, controlling for differences in the scale and scope of research. We develop a structural model to analyze more than 3,000 drug research and development projects advanced to preclinical and clinical trials in the United States between 1980 and 1994. Key to our approach is careful attention to the issue of selection. Firms choose which compounds to advance into clinical trials. This choice depends not only on the technical promise of the compound, but also on commercial considerations such as the expected profitability of the market or concerns about product cannibalization. After controlling for selection, we find that (a) even after controlling for scale and scope in research, established pharmaceutical firms are more innovative than newly entered biotech firms; (b) older biotech firms display selection behaviors and innovation performances similar to established pharmaceutical firms; and (c) compounds licensed during preclinical trials are as likely to succeed as internal compounds of the licensor, which is inconsistent with the "lemons" hypothesis in technology markets.firm capabilities, drug development process, market for technology
MEASURING SCOPE AND SCALE EFFICIENCY GAINS DUE TO SPECIALIZATION
Get PDFUsing the non-parametric linear programming approach, this study examines overall efficiency gains due to diversification between crop and livestock enterprises for a sample of Kansas farms. Overall efficiency gains were decomposed into scope efficiency gains and scale efficiency gains. Farms with both crops and livestock were found to be less efficient than farms with just crops or just livestock. Operator age, profit margin, and farm size were significantly related to overall efficiency.Farm Management,
Evidence of Scope Economies in Australian Agriculture
Get PDFScope economies can be used in studies of farming systems to provide a measure of synergies between different farm enterprises and between activities within farm enterprises. In this paper, they are reported for farms in three benchmarking groups in Australia by estimating stochastic input distance functions and calculating an 'economies of scope parameter'. Evidence of significant scope economies between sheep and crop enterprises, and between beef and crop enterprises, is presented and discussed. Similar evidence is reported between wool and lamb activities and wool and mature sheep trading activities within the sheep enterprise.Australia, Crops, Livestock, Sheep, Scope Economics, Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Industrial Organization,
Economies of scope in Norwegian hospital production - A DEA analysis
Get PDFFrom 2002 the Norwegian hospital sector is to be transferred from county to state ownership, organised through regional semiautonomous companies. A major motivation for the reform is to allow for more specialised hospital production. If there are economies or diseconomies of scope, the production of hospital services in a region could become more efficient by exploiting any cost savings that may stem from an optimal division of service production between units. While the theory of economics of scope is well developed, applications have chiefly been concerned with testing for natural monopoly, and few studies of hospital production have been concerned with scope. This paper estimates a multiple output cost function from data on Norwegian hospitals using the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The cost function is specified with total running costs as the only input, but with seven different outputs to focus on the properties of the output transformation frontier. To overcome the methodological assumption of convexity inherent in DEA, the sample is split into relative specialised and differentiated hospitals, before comparing costs. This partitioning is achieved through grouping as specialised the first and fifth quintiles of the hospitals ranked by the share of the relevant output, since in fact no hospital is fully specialised by producing only one output, or nothing of an output. Exploring scope economies of the best practice cost frontier along three different dimensions, strong economies are found for surgical and medical services, intermediate for inpatient and outpatient production, while elective and emergency care cases have only week economies of scope, which may not be statistically significant. Results for the output mix of individual observations, reveal both economies and diseconomies in the last of these three dimensions. Contrary to these results, average efficiencies are found to be lower for differentiated than specialised hospitals, in all of the dimensions mentioned, although the differences are not very large. Since the DEA method measures hospitals with the largest production of each output as efficient by default, the results for average efficiency may be due to the methods employed.Hospital performance; DEA; Economies of Scope
Prosody and scope in German inverse linking constructions
No full textIn German, prosody interacts with quantifier scope. We investigate this interaction in inverse linking constructions. We present evidence from elicited production of linguistically naive speakers supporting the following two claims: 1) There are two kinds of inverse linking constructions of which only the prepositional type requires a marked intonation contour for inverse scope. 2) In the prepositional construction, a double focus contour is employed with inverse scope rather that a topic-focus (rise-fall) contour as previously assumed (Krifka 1998)
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