270 research outputs found
Hoplitomeryx apulicus Mazza & Rustioni 2011, SP. NOV.
No full textHOPLITOMERYX APULICUS SP. NOV. (TABLE 1, FIGS 2, 3, 5) Holotype: Right hemimandible SCT 88.Published as part of Mazza, Paul P. A. & Rustioni, Marco, 2011, Five new species of Hoplitomeryx from the Neogene of Abruzzo and Apulia (central and southern Italy) with revision of the genus and of Hoplitomeryx matthei Leinders, 1983, pp. 1304-1333 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4) on page 1318, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00737.x, http://zenodo.org/record/544218
Corticospinal neurons with branching axons to the dorsal column nuclei in the monkey
No full textPrevious work in cats has shown that cells of origin of the corticospinal tract give rise to collateral branches to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN). The present experiments were performed in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in which 2% fast blue and 2% diamidino yellow were delivered to infiltrate the dorsolateral funiculus at levels between C2 and C6 and the cuneate nucleus on the same side. Retrograde labelling in the cortex allows simultaneous visualization of three classes of neurons: corticospinal tract (CST) neurons, corticocuneate tract (CCT) neurons, and double-labelled neurons. The morphological features and distribution of CST and CCT neurons are similar to those previously reported from investigations based mainly upon the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). CST neurons occur in layer V in the pre- and postcentral gyri, except for the lateral part (face representation), in the supplementary motor and sensory cortex, and in SII. CCT neurons are present in layer V largely in the pos tcentral gyrus and in SII. Double-labelled neurons are present wherever CST and CCT neurons are found. Reconstruction and quantitative data from the pericentral cortex show that up to 60% of CCT neurons are double-labelled and are found predominantly in areas 1 and 2, and that their perikarya are in the size range of the larger CCT neurons. Comparison of these results with those obtained previously in cats by using HRP and tritiated, enzymatically inactive HRP (3H-apo-HRP, Rustioni and Hayes: Exp. Brain Res. 43:237-245, 1981) suggests that CST neurons with branching axons to the DCN are considerably more numerous in monkeys than in cats. To determine whether this difference is caused by the different tracers used in the two species. 2% fast blue and 2% diamidino yellow were delivered in cats to infiltrate the dorsolateral funiculus at C2-C3 and the cuneate nucleus on the same side. The results in these cats are remarkably similar to those obtained in the previous study, which used HRP and 3H-apo-HRP: double-la belled neurons occur predominantly in area 3a and constitute 14-16% of the CCT neurons in the pericruciate area. The results bear upon mechanisms of descending control and tuning of performances that characterize the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system, e.g., discrimination of discrete spatiotemporal cues. The species differences may be related to the higher degree of tactile resolution and synchronous control of sensory inflow at the DCN and spinal cord in monkeys relative to cats
Scontromeryx minutus Mazza et Rustioni 2011
No full textScontromeryx minutus (Mazza et Rustioni, 2011) Taxon A—Mazza & Rustioni 1999 (partim): p. 306, fig. 1, 2 [SCT 60, SCT 73, SCT 77, SCT 155]. Hoplitomeryx minutus Mazza & Rustioni, 2011 — Mazza & Rustioni 2011 (partim): p. 1304, 1306, 1330, fig. 1, 5, tables 1, 2 [SCT 60, SCT 73, SCT 77, SCT 78, SCT 155]. Holotype. Right hemimandible SCT 77 (figure 1, A, B, C, in Mazza & Rustioni, 2011). Paratypes. Mandible fragments SCT 60, SCT 73, SCT 78, SCT 155. Original diagnosis. See Mazza & Rustioni (2011) Revised diagnosis. Small species with brachyodont dentition. Mandible with a slender and sinuous horizontal ramus and uniformly convex ventral profile; cheek teeth formula 3 – 3; lower premolars very small with rudimentary paraconid, robust and high metaconid and strong entoconid; lower molars with widely spaced, triangular labial conids, flattened mesial enamel walls, isolated hypoconid, even in heavily worn teeth, strong metastylids, postentocristids, and ectostylids; distal margin of hypoconulid separated from entoconulid towards the occlusal edge of the crown and fused with it towards the collar; lingual enamel wall smooth, labial enamel wall moderately rugose; molars with cingulum on the mesiolabial base of protoconids. Derivation of name. The name refers to the small dimensions of the species (Mazza & Rustioni 2011). Preservation and deposition. Soprintendenza Archeologica dell’Abruzzo (Chieti, central Italy). Type locality and horizon. Tortonian Scontrone Member of the Lithothamnium Limestone (Patacca et al. 2008; 41 ° 45 ' 15.54 ''N, 14 °02' 13.14 ''E), outskirts of Scontrone, southern border of the National Park of Abruzzi, L’Aquila, central Italy. Description. See Mazza & Rustioni (2011). Additional characters shown by paratypes revised after Mazza & Rustioni (2011). The paratypes consist of fragmentary mandibles, preserving various elements or their alveoles: SCT 73 (p 4, m 1 fragment, alveoles p 2 -p 3), SCT 60 (p 3 –m 3), SCT 78 (unknown) and SCT 155 (p 2 –m 3). Horizontal ramus tapers gradually rostrally. Lower premolar to molar ratio p 2 –p 4 /m 1 –m 3 = 0.48. Very thin film of cementum-like veneer occasionally present in labial valleys of lower molars. p 3 –p 4. Parastylid well developed, paraconid rudimentary and present only in barely worn teeth, otherwise totally absent; metaconid robust, very salient, exceeding in height the cupsids of all lower premolars, and in contact with protoconid. Entoconid well developed and protruding lingually. Entostylid also well developed. Lingual enamel wall smooth. m 1 Tightly in contact with fourth premolar. External rib of metaconid and entoconid strong, metastylid and postentocristid also quite robust. Robust ectostylid. Mesiolabial cingulum variously developed and at times supporting tiny cuspule. m 2. Labial cuspids widely separated from one another with low, blunt ectostylid in between. m 3. Low, pillar-like enamel structure sometimes present where distal margins of hypo- and entoconulid meet. Measurements. See Table 2.Published as part of Van Der Geer, Alexandra A. E., 2014, Systematic revision of the family Hoplitomerycidae Leinders, 1984 (Artiodactyla: Cervoidea), with the description of a new genus and four new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 3847 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28681
Scontromeryx apulicus Mazza et Rustioni 2011
No full textScontromeryx apulicus (Mazza et Rustioni, 2011) Taxon A (partim)— Mazza & Rustioni 1999 (partim): p. 306, fig. 1 [SCT 76, SCT 88]. Hoplitomeryx apulicus Mazza & Rustioni, 2011 — Mazza & Rustioni 2011 (partim): p. 1304, 1318, 1330, figs 2, 3, 5, tables 1, 2 [SCT 76, SCT 88]. Holotype. Right hemimandible SCT 88 (Figure 2, D, E, F, in Mazza & Rustioni 2011). Paratypes. Hemimandibles SCT 76, SCT 88, (SCT 88 is indicated by Mazza & Rustioni (2011) as well as holotype as paratype). Revised diagnosis. Small species with brachyodont dentition. Mandible with slender and slightly sinuous ramus, with clearly convex ventral profile. In p 3 protoconid larger than metaconid, opposite in p 4; parastylid, hypoconid and entoconid well developed in lower premolars, paraconid present in unworn premolars; lower molars with swollen lingual enamel walls and with cuspids that remain isolated even in worn teeth; cheek teeth with occlusal surfaces markedly inclined outwards because of strong differential wear between inner and outer cuspids; labial conids markedly triangular and closely spaced, with flattened mesial walls; ectostylid very small in m 1, absent in m 2 and m 3; metastylids and postentocristids well developed but not protruding lingually; distal margin of hypoconulid fused, or not, to the entoconulid; enamel smooth; cingulum absent. Differential diagnosis. Larger than Scontromeryx falcidens according to Mazza & Rustioni (2011), but with Gargano specimens removed it is the smallest species. Differs from S. falcidens by a more elongated lower p 4 (L/ W ratio 1.7 vs 1.5) and having metastylids that are not lingually protruding. Differs from S. falcidens and S. minutus by having closely spaced labial conids of the lower molars and the very small ectostylid in m 1 and absence of an ectostylid in m 2 and m 3 and of a cingulum in lower molars. Differs from S. minutus by having a smooth labial enamel wall on its lower molars. Derivation of name. Not given by Mazza & Rustioni (2011). Likely after the Latin name for the present-day province of Puglia (southern Italy). Preservation and deposition. Soprintendenza Archeologica dell’Abruzzo (Chieti, central Italy). Type locality and horizon. Tortonian Scontrone Member of the Lithothamnium Limestone (Patacca et al. 2008; 41 ° 45 ' 15.54 'N, 14 °02' 13.14 ''E), outskirts of Scontrone, southern border of the National Park of Abruzzi, L’Aquila, central Italy. Description. See Mazza & Rustioni (2011). Additional characters shown by paratype revised after Mazza & Rustioni (2011). SCT 76 is a fragmentary right hemimandible with three molars (Mazza & Rustioni 1999, not mentioned in Mazza & Rustioni 2011). m 1 –m 2. occlusal surfaces considerably inclined outwards; inner cuspids maintain sharp and pointed for long, outer cuspids affected by relatively higher degrees of wear. m 3. distal margins of both hypoconulid and entoconulid either separated or fused towards the collar of the tooth. Measurements. See Table 2. Remark. An additional differential character was the long diastema in S. apulicus, but this diastema cannot be confirmed for the Scontrone specimens.Published as part of Van Der Geer, Alexandra A. E., 2014, Systematic revision of the family Hoplitomerycidae Leinders, 1984 (Artiodactyla: Cervoidea), with the description of a new genus and four new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 3847 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28681
Oxidized Polymeric Phenolics : Could They Be Considered Photoprotectors?
No full textPhotooxidative sunburn is the consequence of photosystem overexcitations. It results in tissue color changes as a result of chlorophyll degradation and accumulation of oxidized polymeric phenolics (OPPs), resulting from scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). From a productive point of view, OPPs should be considered as damages, decreasing the economical and esthetical values of plants and crops. However, from a physiological perspective, OPPs could be also play a screening role against excessive photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), because they follow the criteria proposed for the identification of photoprotectors, as follows: (i) As a result of the complex conjugated double bond systems, OPPs absorb and, thus, screen the visible PAR. (ii) The accumulation of brown OPPs is well-known to be stimulated by light exposure, resulting in sunburn symptoms. (iii) OPPs induce PAR resistance; for example, the sunburned brown skin allows the fruit ripening to proceed without further interferences. (iv) The screen provided by the accumulated OPPs in death cells protect underlying tissues, demonstrating an increased resistance to radiation when other physiological processes are not functioning
Scontromeryx falcidens Mazza et Rustioni 2011
No full textScontromeryx falcidens (Mazza et Rustioni, 2011) Taxon A—Mazza & Rustioni 1999 (partim): p. 306 [SCT 70, SCT 103, 177]. Hoplitomeryx falcidens Mazza & Rustioni, 2011 — Mazza & Rustioni 2011 (partim): p. 1304, 1312, 1330, fig. 1, 2, 5, tables 1, 2 [SCT 70, SCT 82, SCT 103, SCT 177]. Holotype. Left hemimandible SCT 177 (Figure 1, D, E, F, in Mazza & Rustioni 2011). Paratypes. Maxillary SCT 70, mandible fragments SCT 103, SCT 82. Revised diagnosis. Small-sized, mesodont species. Lingual cusps tightly spaced in M 2 and M 3; metacone sometimes with small pillars on labial wall of upper molars; entostyle absent; mandible slender, with moderately sinuous horizontal ramus and convex ventral profile under cheek teeth corpus; paraconid absent or present only in unworn lower premolars; in p 2 protoconid and metaconid of same height; p 4 compressed mesiodistally, with enlarged and fairly complicated mesial trigonid and relatively small talonid; in lower molars labial cuspids triangular, widely spaced and somewhat backward-verging; metastylids and postentocristids well developed and protruding lingually in m 1; postentocristid hardly developed in m 3; ectostylid low and robust in m 1, low and blunt in m 3; hypoconulid and entoconulid with distal margins separated to halfway along the crown height; enamel smooth; weak cingulum at the base of the protoconid in m 1. Differential diagnosis. Differs from Scontromeryx minutus by having a mediodistally compressed lower p 4 (L/W ratio 1.3 vs 1.5), lacking a paraconid in lower premolars, and having smooth enamel on labial side of cheek teeth. Derivation of name. According to Mazza & Rustioni (2011), the species is characterized by sabre-like upper canines (falx, gen. falcis, Latin, sickle, scythe; dens, Latin, masculine, tooth). However, maxillary SCT 177 lacks canines and the presence of a canine was based on material from the Gargano. Preservation and deposition. Soprintendenza Archeologica dell’Abruzzo (Chieti, central Italy). Type locality and horizon. Tortonian Scontrone Member of the Lithothamnium Limestone (Patacca et al. 2008; 41 ° 45 ' 15.54 ''N, 14 °02' 13.14 ''E), outskirts of Scontrone, southern border of the National Park of Abruzzi, L’Aquila, central Italy. Description. See Mazza & Rustioni (2011). Additional characters shown by paratypes revised after Mazza & Rustioni (2011). SCT 70 (M 2-3) is a maxillary fragment, SCT 82 (m 3) and SCT 103 (p 2 –m 1) are mandible fragments. m 3. The two mesial cuspids are not preserved (shown by SCT 82). Hypoconid markedly triangular and very inclined backwards. Entoconid fairly swollen at base of crown but postentocristid barely developed. Low, blunt ectostylid. Hypoconulid and entoconulid both tear-shaped and about the same size. Distal margins of these two conulids keep separated until about halfway the height of the crown. M 2–3. Small enamel pillars at the base of the metacone. Styles and ribs very strong. Metaconule with well-develop spur. Lingual cusps in tight contact with one another. No entostyle. M 3 with large metaconule. Measurements. See Table 2.Published as part of Van Der Geer, Alexandra A. E., 2014, Systematic revision of the family Hoplitomerycidae Leinders, 1984 (Artiodactyla: Cervoidea), with the description of a new genus and four new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 3847 (1) on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28681
NOTA A POSTHOMERICA V 80-85
No full textThis contribution suggests an amendment to QS v 83, where it is considered necessary
to correct a[llo~ to a[lla~. This correction, supported by comparison with other storm
scenes in the epics, helps to clarify the meaning of the passage
Scontromeryx apruthiensis Mazza et Rustioni 2011
No full textScontromeryx apruthiensis (Mazza et Rustioni, 2011) Hoplitomeryx Leinders, 1984 — Mazza & Rustioni 1996: p. 95 [SCT 16, SCT 29, SCT 50]. Hoplitomeryx sp. Leinders, 1984 — Mazza & Rustioni 1999: p. 305, fig. 1 [SCT 16, SCT 29, SCT 50, SCT 58, SCT 59, SCT 71, SCT 81, SCT 89, SCT 102, SCT 125, SCT 195]. Taxon B—Mazza & Rustioni 1999: p. 307, fig. 2 [SCT 51, SCT 67, SCT 79]. Hoplitomeryx apruthiensis Mazza & Rustioni, 2011 — Mazza & Rustioni 2011 (partim): p. 1304, 1322, 1330, fig. 4, 5, tables 1, 2 [SCT 16, SCT 29, SCT 50, SCT 51, SCT 58 + SCT 67, SCT 59, SCT 71, SCT 79, SCT 81, SCT 89, SCT 102, SCT 125, SCT 195]. Holotype. Right hemimandible SCT 29 (Figure 4, D, E, F in Mazza & Rustioni 2011). Paratypes. Maxillaries SCT 59, SCT 125; mandible fragments SCT 16, SCT 50, SCT 51, SCT 58 + SCT 67, SCT 79, SCT 71, SCT 81, SCT 89, SCT 102, SCT 195. Original diagnosis. See Mazza & Rustioni (2011). Revised diagnosis. Parastyle and mesostyle very robust and paracone supported by prominent median rib. Weak external rib of metacone and weak metastyle. Upper molars very similar to one another, with trapezoidal, closely packed lingual crescents. Protocone somewhat smaller than metacone. Tiny entostyle on second molars. Lingual walls somewhat more corrugated than labial walls in upper check teeth, opposite in lower ones. Mandible with slightly sinuous horizontal ramus; marked mandibular scissure; premolars compressed mesiodistally and enlarged labiolingually; molars elongated mesiodistally and somewhat compressed labiolingually; paraconid absent or rudimentary; lingually open mesial fossette; metastylid and postentocristid strong; small ectostylid on each lower molar; third lower molars with wide, mesiolingually open mesial fossette; distal margin of hypoconulid separated from entoconulid occlusalward, and fused to it towards the collar; cementum occasionally present; cingula absent in lower cheek teeth; rugose enamel on lower molars. Differential diagnosis. Differs from S. minutus, S. falcidens and S. apulicus by its larger size and the presence of rugose lingual enamel on lower molars. Differs from S. falcidens and S. apulicus by rugose labial enamel on lower molars. Differs from S. minutus, S. apulicus and S. mazzai by having mesodont molars. Differs from S. minutus and S. falcidens by absence of a cingulum on lower molars. Differs from S. falcidens by the presence of a tiny entostyle on M 2. Differs from S. mazzai by non-pachyostotic mandible, the presence of an ectostylid on lower molars and strong metastylids. Derivation of name. From the Latin name of the region Abruzzo (central Italy). Preservation and deposition of type specimens. Soprintendenza Archeologica dell’Abruzzo (Chieti, central Italy). Type locality and horizon. Tortonian Scontrone Member of the Lithothamnium Limestone (Patacca et al. 2008; 41 ° 45 ' 15.54 ''N, 14 °02' 13.14 ''E), outskirts of Scontrone, southern border of the National Park of Abruzzi, L’Aquila, central Italy. Description. For original description of the holotype, see Mazza & Rustioni (2011)). Morphological description of upper molars are erroneous, because the holotype is a mandible. Revised description: Mandible tapers abruptly rostrally. Fairly long diastema in front of p 2. Ventral profile markedly convex under the lateral dentition. Marked mandibular scissure. p 3 and p 4 short, somewhat compressed mesiodistally and enlarged labiolingually. Parastylid well developed, paraconid absent; weak, backward verging metaconid. Entoconid well developed and backward verging like metaconid. Entostylid very small. Vertical groove on the posterolingual region of p 4. Labial enamel wall rugose, lingual wall smooth. m 1 –m 2 elongated mesiodistally and somewhat compressed labiolingually. Labial conids markedly triangular. m 1 tightly in contact with p 4, mesial wall flattened, preprotocristid bent abruptly in lingual direction with marked angle. Premetacristid very sharp and prominent lingually. Metastylid and postentocristid also very sharp and prominent. Preprotocristid fused to premetaconid crista, and postprotocristid to pre-entocristid. Hypoconid isolated. Small ectostylids. Enamel rugose. Residual cementum. m 3 with tetraconid similar to that of m 2. Premetacristid bent lingually, and preprotocristid separated from it, mesial fossette thus wide and opened mesiolingually. Distal margins of hypoconulid and entoconulid separated occlusalwards and rapidly fused towards collar. Additional characters shown by paratypes, revised after Mazza & Rustioni (2011). SCT 59 and SCT 125 are both fragmentary right maxillaries preserving only M 2 -M 3. All other paratypes are mandible fragments preserving various elements or their alveoles: SCT 16 (p 4 –m 3), SCT 50 (p 4 -m 3), SCT 51 (p 4, part of m 1), SCT 58 + SCT 67 (m 2), SCT 81 (m 1 –m 3), SCT 89 (m 1, m 2), SCT 102 (m 1 –m 3, alveoles of p 4 and (partial) p 3) and SCT 79, SCT 71, SCT 195 with unknown preservation (not described, not figured; likely small fragments). Wear stage not given in Mazza & Rustioni (2011). Occlusal surfaces of lower cheek teeth quite inclined outwards; inner cuspids sharp and pointed, whereas outer cuspids are affected by relatively higher degrees of wear; mesodont. M 2 –M 3. Molars very similar to one another. Both bear robust parastyles, even stronger mesostyles, as well as considerably developed labial rib of the paracone. Much weaker external rib of metacone and metastyles. Lingual crescents trapezoidal, and postprotocristae and postmetaconule cristae robust. M 3 with large metaconule. Cingula and cementum not present. Lingual crescents very closely spaced. Tiny entostyle in M 2. p 3 –p 4. Paraconid rudimentary in poorly worn specimens, obliterating as wear progresses (see, however, remark on wear stage above). m 1 –m 2. In unworn or moderately worn first lower molars, preprotocristid extended to contact premetaconid crista, and postprotocristid to contact preentocristid. As wear progresses, these structures normally fuse together, so that protoconid connects mesially with premetaconid crista, as well as distally with pre-entocristid. Hypoconid isolated from the other conids at most levels of wear; only in considerably worn specimens posthypocristid fused to postentocristid. Prehypocristid fused mesially to postprotocristid only in heavily worn teeth. Residual cementum on some specimens. Measurements. See Table 2.Published as part of Van Der Geer, Alexandra A. E., 2014, Systematic revision of the family Hoplitomerycidae Leinders, 1984 (Artiodactyla: Cervoidea), with the description of a new genus and four new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 3847 (1) on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28681
Hoplitomeryx apruthiensis Mazza & Rustioni 2011, SP. NOV.
No full textHOPLITOMERYX APRUTHIENSIS SP. NOV. (TABLE 1, FIGS 4, 5) <p> <i>Holotype:</i> Right hemimandible SCT 29.</p> <p> <i>Paratypes:</i> Maxillaries SCT 59, SCT 125; mandibles SCT 16, SCT 50, SCT 51, SCT 58 + SCT 67, SCT 79, SCT 71, SCT 81, SCT 89, SCT 102, SCT 195, RGM 261.134, RGM 425.473, RGM 178.547.</p> <p> <i>Type locality and horizon:</i> Holotype and paratypes tagged SCT from the Tortonian Scontrone Member of the Lithothamnium Limestone (Patacca <i>et al</i>., 2008; 41°45′15.54″N, 14°2′13.14″E), outskirts of Scontrone, southern border of the National Park of Abruzzi, L’Aquila, central Italy. Paratype RGM 261.134 comes from the Messinian karstic fissure filling called Nazario 4 in the limestone quarry Nazario; RGM 178.547 comes from the Messinian karstic fissure filling called Pizzicoli 1 in the limestone quarry Pizzicoli; RGM 425.473 comes from the Messinian karstic fissure filling called Fina N in the limestone quarry Fina. The three quarries are located between Apricena and Poggio Imperiale, Foggia, Gargano promontory, south-eastern Italy (41°48′12″N, 15°23′04″E).</p> <p> <i>Preservation and deposition of</i> <i>type specimens:</i> Scontrone specimens: Soprintendenza Archeologica dell’Abruzzo (Chieti, central Italy); Gargano specimens: Museum Naturalis, Leiden (the Netherlands).</p> <p> <i>Etymology:</i> From the Latin name of the region Abruzzo (central Italy).</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis:</i> Apomorphies of species: mesodont cheek teeth (HI = 1.02). Parastyle and mesostyle very robust and paracone supported by prominent median rib. Weak external rib of metacone and weak metastyle. Upper molars very similar to one another, with trapezoidal, closely packed lingual crescents. Protocone somewhat smaller than metacone. Tiny entostyle on second molars. Lingual walls somewhat more corrugated than labial walls in upper check teeth, opposite in lower ones. Mandible with slightly sinuous horizontal ramus; marked mandibular scissure; lower cheek dental formula: 2–3; premolars compressed mesiodistally and enlarged labiolingually; molars elongated mesiodistally and somewhat compressed labiolingually; paraconid absent or rudimentary; lingually open mesial fossette; metastylid and postentocristid strong; small ectostylid on each lower molar; third lower molars with wide, mesiolingually open mesial fossette; distal margin of hypoconulid separated from entoconulid occlusalward, and fused to it towards the collar; cementum occasionally present; cingula absent in lower cheek teeth.</p> <p> <i>Differential diagnosis:</i> See Table 1.</p> <p> <i>Description of holotype:</i> Lingual crescents of upper molars closely packed. Mandible tapers abruptly rostrally. Fairly long diastema in front of p2. Ventral profile markedly convex under the lateral dentition. Marked mandibular scissure. p3 and p4 short, somewhat compressed mesiodistally and enlarged labiolingually. Parastylid well developed, paraconid absent; weak, backward verging metaconid. Entoconid well developed and backward verging like metaconid. Entostylid very small. Vertical groove on the posterolingual region of p4. Labial enamel wall corrugated, lingual wall smooth. m1–m2 elongated mesiodistally and somewhat compressed labiolingually. Labial conids markedly triangular. m1 tightly in contact with p4, mesial wall flattened, preprotocristid bent abruptly in lingual direction with marked angle. Premetacristid very sharp and prominent lingually. Metastylid and postentocristid also very sharp and prominent. Preprotocristid fused to premetaconid crista, and postprotocristid to pre-entocristid. Hypoconid isolated. Small ectostylids. Labial enamel wall corrugated, lingual wall quite smoother. Residual cementum. m3 with tetraconid similar to that of m2. Premetacristid bent lingually, and preprotocristid separated from it, mesial fossette thus wide and opened mesiolingually. Distal margins of hypoconulid and entoconulid separated occlusalwards and rapidly fused towards collar.</p> <p> <i>Additional characters shown by paratypes: Hoplitomeryx apruthiensis</i> is the most mesodont of the species described here. Lower premolar to molar ratio (p3-p4/m1-m3) in lower cheek toothrows of Scontrone specimens: 0.33–0.34; not assessable in the available Gargano specimens. Occlusal surfaces of lower cheek teeth quite inclined outwards; inner cuspids sharp and pointed for long, whereas outer cuspids affected by relatively higher degrees of wear.</p> <p>M1–M2–M3. Molars very similar to one another. All bear robust parastyles, even stronger mesostyles, as well as considerably developed labial rib of the paracone. Much weaker external rib of metacone and metastyles. Lingual crescents trapezoidal, and postprotocristae and postmetaconule cristae robust. M3 with large metaconule. Cingula and cementum not present. Lingual crescents very closely spaced. Tiny entostyle in M2.</p> <p>p3–p4. Paraconid absent, or rudimentary in poorly worn specimens, obliterating as wear progresses.</p> <p>m1–m2. In unworn or moderately worn first lower molars, preprotocristid extended to contact premetaconid crista, and postprotocristid to contact preentocristid. As wear progresses, these structures normally fuse together, so that protoconid connects mesially with premetaconid crista, as well as distally with pre-entocristid. Hypoconid isolated from the other conids at most levels of wear; only in considerably worn specimens posthypocristid fused to postentocristid. Prehypocristid fused mesially to postprotoscristid only in heavily worn teeth. Small ectostylid. Labial enamel wall corrugated, lingual wall quite smoother. Residual cementum on some specimens.</p> <p> <i>Measurements:</i> See Table 2.</p>Published as part of <i>Mazza, Paul P. A. & Rustioni, Marco, 2011, Five new species of Hoplitomeryx from the Neogene of Abruzzo and Apulia (central and southern Italy) with revision of the genus and of Hoplitomeryx matthei Leinders, 1983, pp. 1304-1333 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4)</i> on pages 1322-1324, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00737.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5442183">http://zenodo.org/record/5442183</a>
Scontromeryx magnus Mazza et Rustioni 2011
No full text<i>Scontromeryx magnus</i> (Mazza et Rustioni, 2011) <p> cf. <i>Amphimoschus</i> Gray, 1852 — Mazza & Rustioni 1996: p. 96, fig. 6 [SCT20].</p> <p> large-sized artiodactyl (present-day fallow deer sized)— Mazza & Rustioni 1996: p. 94, fig. 1 [SCT18]. <i>Hoplitomeryx magnus</i> Mazza & Rustioni, 2011 — Mazza & Rustioni 2011 (partim): p. 1304, 1324, 1325, 1328, 1330, figs 4, 5, tables 1, 2 [SCT18, SCT20, SCT86].</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> Left hemimandible SCT20 (Figure 4, J, K, L, in Mazza & Rustioni 2011).</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> Maxillaries SCT18 (juvenile), SCT86.</p> <p> <b>Original diagnosis.</b> See Mazza & Rustioni (2011).</p> <p> <b>Revised diagnosis.</b> Large species with brachyodont cheek teeth. M1 with very reduced entostyle; paracone supported by robust and prominent median rib; external rib of metacone absent; well-developed and lingually protruding parastyle and mesostyle; metastyle very weak; cementum absent and smooth enamel in upper cheek teeth. Mandible with horizontal ramus massive lateromedially, ventral profile moderately convex under cheek teeth corpus. Lower molars with widely spaced, triangular, backwardverging labial cuspids and with flattened mesial enamel walls; protoconid and hypoconid isolated in unworn molars; in worn molars protoconid connected mesially with metaconid and distally with entoconid, and hypoconid connected with postprotocristid and postentocristid; lower molars with lingual cuspids relatively less worn than labial cuspids; metastylid and postentocristid prominent, but blunt; ectostylids blunt and robust; third lower molars with tear-shaped hypoconulid and entoconulid not fused distally; labial enamel wall rugose, lingual wall smooth in lower cheek teeth; protoconids with faint traces of cingulum at their base.</p> <p> <b>Differential diagnosis.</b> Larger than all other <i>Scontromeryx</i> species. Differs from <i>S. minutus</i>, <i>S. falcidens</i>, <i>S. apulicus</i> and <i>S. apruthiensis</i> by pachyostosis of the mandible. Differs from <i>S. mazzai, S. apulicus</i> and <i>S. apruthiensis</i> by the presence of robust ectostylids in lower molars. Differs from <i>S. falcidens</i> and <i>S. apulicus</i> by rugose labial enamel in lower molars. Differs from <i>S. mazzai</i> and <i>S. apruthiensis</i> by smooth lingual enamel in lower molars.</p> <p> <b>Derivation of name.</b> Refers to the particularly large dimensions of the individuals of the species.</p> <p> <b>Preservation and deposition.</b> Soprintendenza Archeologica dell’Abruzzo (Chieti, central Italy).</p> <p> <b>Type locality and horizon.</b> Tortonian Scontrone Member of the Lithothamnium Limestone (Patacca <i>et al.</i> 2008; 41°45'15.54''N, 14°02'13.14''E), outskirts of Scontrone, southern border of the National Park of Abruzzi, L’Aquila, central Italy.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> See Mazza & Rustioni (2011). Additional characters shown by paratypes revised after Mazza & Rustioni (2001). This is the largest of the species represented in the sample from Scontrone. SCT18 is a very fragmental maxillary of a young specimen with DP 4 in substitution, P3 and P4 (both erupting), M1 and M2. SCT86 is a left fragmentary maxillary with P4-M1. DP4 is molariform, with very robust paracone labial rib; no metacone rib; well-developed parastyle and metastyle; very strong mesostyle. Protocone larger than metacone. Postprotocrista bent forward. As wear progresses, postparacrista and postprotocrista fuse to premetaconule crista. Small entostyle. P3. Strong styles and external rib of paracone. Protocone fairly small, centrally situated, lingually directed and fused to robust metaconule. Metacone relatively small. Two strong spurs issue from lateral enamel walls of lingual cusp, one from preprotocrista, the other from postmetaconule crista. Lingual enamel wall rougher than labial one. No entostyles. M1–M2. Robust parastyle and even stronger mesostyle. Strong external rib of paracone, metacone with no labial rib. Postprotocrista and postmetaconule crista fairly robust, and lingual crescents closely spaced. Lingual enamel wall more rugose than labial one. No entostyle.</p> <p> <b>Measurements.</b> See Table 2.</p>Published as part of <i>Van Der Geer, Alexandra A. E., 2014, Systematic revision of the family Hoplitomerycidae Leinders, 1984 (Artiodactyla: Cervoidea), with the description of a new genus and four new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 3847 (1)</i> on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/286815">http://zenodo.org/record/286815</a>
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