18 research outputs found
When the word substitution is embarrassing - on the phenomenon of paronymy in contemporary German language
No full textNázev této bakalářské práce je Wenn die Wortverwechslung peinlich ist - zum Phänomen der Paronymie in der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Práce je rozdělena do dvou hlavních částí - teoretické a praktické.
Teoretická část začíná úvodem do lexikologie. Obsahuje stručný popis lexikologických disciplín a vztahů mezi slovy, jako je polysémie, synonymie, antonymie atd. Je podpořena definicemi a příklady. Tyto kapitoly následuje podrobná kapitola o paronymii, která obsahuje srovnání různých definic a uvádí možnosti klasifikace paronym podle L?z?rescu (1995). Zahrnuje pojem tzv. falešných přátel s podrobným popisem vybraných dvojic slov mezi jazyky (mezi němčinou a angličtinou; němčinou a češtinou; češtinou a angličtinou).
Praktická část je provedena dotazníkem, který zkoumá míru záměny vybraných falešných přátel z teoretické části. Na dotazník odpovědělo 141 respondentů, mezi nimiž převažovali studenti gymnázií a vysokých škol. V praktické části jsou uvedeny komentáře k získaným výsledkům, které zahrnují stanovené hypotézy, jejich vyhodnocení, popis výsledků a krátké shrnutí.
V závěru bakalářské práce je popsána struktura a výsledné shrnutí práce.ObhájenoThe title of this bachelor thesis is When the word substitution is embarrassing - on the phenomenon of paronymy in contemporary German language. The thesis is divided into two main parts - theoretical and practical.
The theoretical part begins with an introduction to lexicology. It contains a brief description of lexicological disciplines and relationships between words such as polysemy, synonymy, antonymy etc. It is supported by definitions and examples. This is followed by a comprehensive chapter on paronymy. It contains a comparison of the different definitions and considers the possibilities of the classification of paronyms according to L?z?rescu (1995). It covers the term of so-called false friends with the detailed description of selected word pairs between languages (between German and English; German and Czech; Czech and English).
The practical part is carried out by a questionnaire that examines the degree of substitution of the selected false friends from the theoretical part. The questionnaire was answered by 141 respondents, which included mainly grammar school and university students. In the practical part, comments on the obtained results are presented, that include the stated hypotheses, their confirmation or disproof, a description of the results and a short summary.
At the end of the bachelor's thesis is the conclusion, where the structure and the resulting summary are described
Prices and sensitivities of Asian options: A survey
No full textAsian options are hard to price both analytically and numerically. Even though they have been the focus of much attention in recent years, there is no single technique which is widely accepted to price Asian options for all choices of market parameters. For hedging purposes, the estimation of the price sensitivities is often as important as the evaluation of the prices themselves. This paper provides a survey of current methods for pricing Asian options and computing their sensitivities to the key input parameters. The methods discussed include: Monte Carlo simulation, the finite difference approach and various quasi analytical approaches and approximations. We discuss practical numerical issues that arise in implementing these methods. The paper compares the accuracy and efficiency of the different approaches and offers some general conclusions.
Normal subgroups of SL 1,D and the classification of finite simple groups
No full textthis paper, and it is the other spot in the proof of Theorem 1.1 which depends on (CSG) (note that here the dependence on (CSG) is stronger than in the proof of the Push-up Theorem, viz. to handle the sporadic groups, we use the detailed information about centralizers of elements from [Atlas]). We hope to apply the technique of this paper also to other division algebras. Apparently, this can be done via a more thorough analysis of "additive" properties of multiplicative normal subgroups in
Social Cost of Substance Abuse in Russia
No full textAbstractObjectiveTo summarize results of studies that estimate the social costs of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug abuse in Russia. The purpose of these studies was to inform policymakers about the real economic burden of risky behaviors and to provide conditions for evidence-based and well-informed decision making in this area.MethodsThe cost-of-illness method was applied to estimate the social cost of substance abuse. The intangible cost was not included in estimation. A prevalence-based approach was applied to estimate the tangible cost. For the estimation of direct costs, a top-down method was used. Indirect costs were estimated using two methods: the human capital and the friction cost.ResultsIn 2008, the social cost of substance abuse in Russia comprised 677.2 billion rubles if the friction cost method is applied and 1965.9 billion rubles if the human capital method is used. The social cost of substance abuse is defined to the greatest extent by alcohol consumption, comprising about 45% of the economic burden. Illicit drug use comprises about 30% of the economic burden and tobacco consumption 25%.ConclusionsThe results of economic studies demonstrated that psychoactive substances impose a considerable economic burden on society. Analysis of the substance abuse social cost pattern shows that the main losses that society bears because of these behavioral risk factors fall outside the health care system and lay in other sectors of the economy such as social care, law enforcement, and productivity losses
Low-Dimensional Linear Representations of Aut F n , . . .
No full text. We classify all complex representations of Aut Fn ; the automorphism group of the free group Fn (n 3); of dimension 2n \Gamma 2: Among those representations is a new representation of dimension n+1 which doesn't vanish on the group of inner automorphisms. Introduction This paper continues the study of low-dimensional linear representations of \Gamma n = Aut F n (n 3), the automorphism group of the free group, begun in [R1] (low-dimensional representations of Aut F 2 were analyzed in [DP]). It was shown in [R1] (cf. also Theorem 1.2 below) that any n-dimensional representation of Aut F n factors through the the canonical homomorphism f : \Gamma n ! GL n (Z): In this paper we will show that in dimension higher than n; the group \Gamma n acquires new representations. Namely, we will establish the existence of a homomorphism g : \Gamma n ! GL n (Z) n Z n which "lifts" f and gives rise to an (n + 1)-dimensional representation. The main result of the paper (Theorem 3.1) claims t..
Reassessing the Standard of Living in the Soviet Union: An Analysis Using Archival and Anthropometric Data
No full textBoth Western and Soviet estimates of GNP growth in the USSR indicate that GNP per capita grew in every decade – sometimes rapidly – from 1928 to 1985. While this measure suggests that the standard of living improved in the USSR throughout this period, it is unclear whether this economic growth translated into improved well-being for the population as a whole. This paper uses previously unpublished archival data on infant mortality and anthropometric studies of children conducted across the Soviet Union to reassess the standard of living in the USSR using these alternative measures of well-being. In the prewar period these data indicate a population extremely small in stature and sensitive to the political and economic upheavals visited upon the country by Soviet leaders and outside forces. Remarkably large and rapid improvements in infant mortality, birth weight, child height and adult stature were recorded from approximately 1940 to the late 1960s. While this period of physical growth was followed by stagnation in heights and an increase in adult male mortality, it appears that the Soviet Union avoided the sustained declines in stature that occurred in the United States and United Kingdom during industrialization in those countries.Soviet Union; Russia; height; health; standard of living
PATIENT CHOICE IN THE POST-SEMASHKO HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
No full textThe opportunity for patient choice in the health care system in CIS countries was created by the partial destruction of the referral system and the development of paid medical services. The data of two population surveys conducted in Russia in 2009 and 2011 show that patient choice of medical facility and physician is taking place in the post-Semashko health care system, and it is not restricted to the area of paid medical services. However for the majority of population the choice of medical facility and physician is not a necessity. Part of reason for patient choice is caused by the failure of the patient referral system to ensure the necessary treatment. For some Russian citizens, the choice of health care provider is a means to obtain better quality care, and in this respect the enhancement of patient choice is leading to the improved efficiency of the emerging health care system.Была создана возможность для выбора пациента в системе здравоохранения в странах СНГ путем частичного разрушения системы направлений и развития платных медицинских услуг. Данные двух исследований, проведенных в области народонаселения в России в 2009 и 2011 показывают, что выбор медицинского учреждения и врача пациентом происходит в после-семашковской системе здравоохранения, и не ограничивается областью платных медицинских услуг. Однако для большинства населения выбор медицинского учреждения и врача не является необходимостью. Часть причины для выбора пациента вызвано неспособностью пациента реферальной системы в обеспечить необходимое лечение. Для некоторых российских граждан, выбор медицинских услуг является средством для получения лучшего качества медицинской помощи, и в этом отношении поощрение выбора пациента ведет к повышению эффективности создаваемой системы здравоохранения
Evolving Health Expenditure Landscape of the BRICS Nations and Projections to 2025
No full textCopyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Global health spending share of low/middle income countries continues its long-term growth. BRICS nations remain to be major drivers of such change since 1990s. Governmental, private and out-of-pocket health expenditures were analyzed based on WHO sources. Medium-term projections of national health spending to 2025 were provided based on macroeconomic budgetary excess growth model. In terms of per capita spending Russia was highest in 2013. India's health expenditure did not match overall economic growth and fell to slightly less than 4% of GDP. Up to 2025 China will achieve highest excess growth rate of 2% and increase its GDP% spent on health care from 5.4% in 2012 to 6.6% in 2025. Russia's spending will remain highest among BRICS in absolute per capita terms reaching net gain from 2214 PPP in 2025. In spite of BRICS' diversity, all countries were able to significantly increase their investments in health care. The major setback was bold rise in out-of-pocket spending. Most of BRICS' growing share of global medical spending was heavily attributable to the overachievement of People's Republic of China. Such trend is highly likely to continue beyond 2025. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Барьерные свойства пленкообразующих систем «эпоксидная смола – аминный отвердитель»
No full textThe article examines the physicomechanical and barrier properties of non-pigmented epoxy coatings formed from various film-forming systems based on epoxy resins and amine hardeners. The barrier properties of the coatings were evaluated by the nature of the frequency dependencies of the capacitance and resistance of the painted metal plates in contact with a 3 % aqueous solution of sodium chloride, and also by the magnitude of the displacement of the open circuit potential of the painted electrode compared to unpainted. It was experimentally established that a higher content of gel fraction is observed for coatings formed from low-viscosity film-forming compositions. It is shown that the physicomechanical and protective properties of epoxy coatings depend on the content of the functional groups in the epoxy resin and the nature of the amine hardener. It was found that to obtain coatings with better properties, it is preferable to use amine hardeners characterized by a low content of amine groups and a reduced proportion of secondary amino groups. A relationship was found between the protective properties of coatings and their water absorption. It is proposed to use the characteristics of water absorption of coatings as a simple method for assessing their barrier properties. The technological aspects of the use of the studied film-forming systems in the production of anticorrosive paints are considered. The advantages of using low viscosity epoxy film-forming systems without inert solvents are shown. Изучены физико-механические и барьерные свойства непигментированных эпоксидных покрытий, предназначенных для антикоррозионной защиты металлов и сформированных из различных пленкообразующих систем на основе эпоксидных смол и аминных отвердителей. Барьерные свойства покрытий оценивали по характеру частотных зависимостей емкости и сопротивления окрашенных металлических пластин при контакте с 3%-ным водным раствором хлорида натрия, а также по величине смещения потенциала разомкнутой цепи с окрашенным электродом в сравнении с неокрашенным. Экспериментально установлено, что большее содержание гель-фракции характерно для покрытий, сформированных из низковязких пленкообразующих составов. Показано, что физико-механические и защитные свойства эпоксидных покрытий зависят от содержания функциональных групп в эпоксидной смоле и природы аминного отвердителя. Обнаружено, что для получения покрытий с лучшими свойствами предпочтительнее использовать аминные отвердители, которые характеризуются невысоким содержанием аминных групп и сниженной долей вторичных аминогрупп. Выявлена взаимосвязь между защитными свойствами покрытий и величинами водопоглощения. Предложено использовать изучение особенностей водопоглощения покрытий как простой экспресс-метод оценки их барьерных свойств. Рассмотрены технологические аспекты применения исследуемых составов при производстве антикоррозионных лакокрасочных материалов и показаны преимущества применения низковязких эпоксидных пленкообразующих систем, не содержащих инертных растворителей
The impact of centralization on structural changes in healthcare: when it works
No full textPurposeAfter a decade of post-Soviet decentralization of the healthcare in Russia the opposite trend has been dominating. This paper explores the impact of centralization of healthcare governance on the structure of the healthcare system in Russia, including shift in service delivery structure, the institutional organization of healthcare providers, and their interactions.MethodologyWe employ quantitative and qualitative analysis to study how centralization has contributed to restructuring service delivery with instruments of utilization planning, vertical health programs, and centrally determined pathways of patients flows in a multi-level health care system.FindingsCentralization of healthcare governance has contributed to restructuring the Russian healthcare system, providing positive changes in structure of inpatient/outpatient care utilization, the organizational structure of service providers, and the structure of their activities. Inpatient care is increasingly replaced by outpatient care and day wards. Centralization contributed to creation of new types of medical organizations (perinatal centers, vascular centers, etc.), development of prevention, and strengthening of providers activity integration in a multi-level system of medical care. However, centralization has not been accompanied by the effective interaction of different levels of governance in developing structural reforms and their implementation in the regions. Uniform activities for the entire country do not take into account specific regional and local conditions. Some unified solutions are implemented in regions with negative consequences for the accessibility of care locally. The excessively centralized model of preventive measures does not provide an effective balance between detection of diseases and follow-up treatment. A so-called “new primary healthcare model”, initiated from the top, limits the development of alternative models that are needed in many regions of the country. The analysis concludes with a set of conditions that should be followed in designing and implementing a centralized model of healthcare governance
