134 research outputs found
Problems in translation of pronoun subjects in legal acts into Polish
No full textIn many languages principles in use of pronoun subjects are similar, however in legal texts
there are more specific restrictions. They can impact on the chosen translation strategy. To analyse this
problem three examples of translation of German constitution and Swiss constitution into Polish and
another two examples of translation of the Polish constitution into German were used. The author paid
special attention to the equivalence issues. At the end of the paper possibilities of adequate pronoun
subjects translation were pondered
An Order Of State Against The Constitutional Freedom Of Peaceful Assemblies. Is The Passive Resistance A Form Of Violence? A Case Study With German Assemblies Law In The Background
No full textNiniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie idei biernego oporu i odpowiedzenie na pytanie, czy stosowanie biernego oporu jako formy prowadzenia protestu przez demonstrantów jest prawnie dopuszczalne. W tym celu w pracy zostały przedstawione wybrane tezy z orzecznictwa sądów polskich, niemieckich i austriackich. Odwołano się także do głośnego w RFN kazusu Wolfganga Thiersego, wiceprzewodniczącego Bundestagu, który jako parlamentarzysta wziął udział w nielegalnej blokadzie marszu neonazistów. Autor podejmuje się także oceny tego, czy uczestnicy protestu przed gmachem Sejmu w grudniu 2016 r. popełnili przestępstwo stosując bierny opór.This paper’s aim is to show the idea of passive resistance and to answer the question, whether the practicing of passive resistance is a legal form of protest. In order to that chosen thesis from Polish, German and Austrian judicature were presented. The author refers also to the notorious Wolfgang Thierse’s case. Finally author attempts to evaluate, whether participants of the manifestation in front of the Sejm’s sit in December 2016 committed a crime practicing passive resistance
Methodological problems of using questions in foreign language teaching
No full textThe author discusses the status and role of questions in foreign language teaching. Although they are essential tools of managing the learning process, the topic does not enjoy much interest in the methodological literature. Therefore it seems advisable to discuss the methodological problems of foreign language teaching in a broader context including both the activation of learners and teachers with questions and application of questions while working with a foreign language textThe author discusses the status and role of questions in foreign language teaching. Although they are essential tools of managing the learning process, the topic does not enjoy much interest in the methodological literature. Therefore it seems advisable to discuss the methodological problems of foreign language teaching in a broader context including both the activation of learners and teachers with questions and application of questions while working with a foreign language textThe author discusses the status and role of questions in foreign language teaching. Although they are essential tools of managing the learning process, the topic does not enjoy much interest in the methodological literature. Therefore it seems advisable to discuss the methodological problems of foreign language teaching in a broader context including both the activation of learners and teachers with questions and application of questions while working with a foreign language tex
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WIND POWER STATIONS IN THE REPORT OF THE POLISH SUPREME AUDIT OFFICE AND IN COMPARISON WITH GERMAN STANDARDS
No full textThis paper elaborates on the problems of operation of wind power stations in Poland, their environmental impact and the evaluation of current wind power stations legal status concerning protection against emissions. In the final section of the paper the author formulates conclusions regarding the need to adjust the existing Polish regulations
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WIND POWER STATIONS IN THE REPORT OF THE POLISH SUPREME AUDIT OFFICE AND IN COMPARISON WITH GERMAN STANDARDS
No full textThis paper elaborates on the problems of operation of wind power stations in Poland, their environmental impact and the evaluation of current wind power stations legal status concerning protection against emissions. In the final section of the paper the author formulates conclusions regarding the need to adjust the existing Polish regulations
Control of motion of a passenger's body in the vehicle subjected to blast load
No full textW pierwszej części za pomocą prostych modeli przeanalizowane zostały skutki zastosowania w fotelu przeciwwybuchowym czterech typów układu kontroli ruchu ciała pasażera w pojeździe poddanym działaniu wybuchu. W drugim etapie wyznaczono optymalny przebieg siły działającej na pasażera ze względu na kryterium biomechaniczne DRIz. W celu pełniejszej analizy tego typu układu wykonany został pełny model numeryczny fotela przeciwwybuchowego z układem tłumiącym opartym na pianie aluminiowej, pięciopunktowymi pasami bezpieczeństwa oraz podatnym modelem pasażera. Symulacja numeryczna ruchu pozwoliła sformułować wnioski dotyczące konstrukcji foteli przeciwwybuchowych wykorzystane przy opracowaniu nowego typu fotela przeciwwybuchowego.In the first part, the effects of applying, in blast-attenuating seat, four types of control system of the motion of a passenger in the vehicle subjected to explosion were analysed. In the second stage, the profile of force acting on the passenger's was optimised due to the biomechanical criterion DRIz. In order to better analyse this type of structure, a full model of the blast attenuating seat with attenuating element based on the aluminium foam, five-point seat belts and passenger were prepared. Numerical simulation of the body motion allowed us to formulate proposals regarding the structure of the blast-attenuation seats used to develop a new type of such a device
Comparison of two conceptions of mine-resistant vehicles built on a base of commercial undercarriage
No full textW artykule przedstawiono porównanie dwóch koncepcji pojazdu minoodpornego opartego na podwoziu komercyjnym samochodu ciężarowego. Rozpatrywane były dwie koncepcje umieszczenia pancerza przeciwminowego w stosunku do ramy terenowego samochodu ciężarowego, który może być podstawą analizowanego terenowego pojazdu minoodpornego (M-ATV). W jednej z nich osłona denna jest umieszczona pod ramą nośną, w drugiej - nad ramą nośną pojazdu. Przedstawione zostały wady i zalety obu rozwiązań w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa dla różnych rodzajów zagrożeń. W celu weryfikacji kryteriów oceny analizowanych rozwiązań przeprowadzono serię symulacji numerycznych z wykorzystaniem programu ABAQUS/Explicit. Zbudowany został uproszczony model osłony, który następnie poddano udarowym obciążeniom odpowiadającym eksplozji ładunku o mocy 8 kg TNT centralnie pod osłoną. Parametry fali udarowej działającej na pojazd określone zostały eksperymentalnie dla warunków maksymalnie zbliżonych do rzeczywistych.The comparison of two different conceptions of a mine-resistant vehicle built on the base of commercially available undercarriage of an off-road truck was presented. In particular, the main goal was to evaluate the influence of protective structure location in respect to the frame of M-ATV (MRAP - All Terrain Vehicle) on various parameters related to the safety of occupants. Two locations were evaluated - above and below the frame of truck. Evaluation process was conducted with the use of the Finite Element Method in ABAQUS/Explicit. In order to determine the real impulse of the pressure acting on the protective structure during explosion of 8 kg TNT charge below vehicle, value of this impulse was experimentally measured and the verified impulse value was used in simulation of a whole vehicle. Various characteristics of vehicle movement were presented and discussed
Summarising in a foreign language: Types of summaries, summarising methods, a modified proficiency scale for processing text
No full textSummarising is not only an important academic skill. Research confirms, however, that the level of summarising in a foreign language is unsatisfactory. The reason for this is that people do not know the summarising strategy and the types of summaries. A careful analysis of the levels descriptions for this problem in the CEFR has shown that their description is inadequate. The main problem is that the descriptors characterise the input texts, not the output texts and summarisation strategies needed to edit them. Essential elements of the summarising strategy are content reduction, lexical and syntactic paraphrases, and metatextual activities. The degree of difficulty results from their linguistic complexity and simultaneous execution. The proposed correction of the reference levels in the CEFR is based on the description of the types of summaries and summarising methods in terms of their complexity. The article ends with a proposal of a new competence scale in the field of processing text.Summarising is not only an important academic skill. Research confirms, however, that the level of summarising in a foreign language is unsatisfactory. The reason for this is that people do not know the summarising strategy and the types of summaries. A careful analysis of the levels descriptions for this problem in the CEFR has shown that their description is inadequate. The main problem is that the descriptors characterise the input texts, not the output texts and summarisation strategies needed to edit them. Essential elements of the summarising strategy are content reduction, lexical and syntactic paraphrases, and metatextual activities. The degree of difficulty results from their linguistic complexity and simultaneous execution. The proposed correction of the reference levels in the CEFR is based on the description of the types of summaries and summarising methods in terms of their complexity. The article ends with a proposal of a new competence scale in the field of processing text
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WIND POWER STATIONS IN THE REPORT OF THE POLISH SUPREME AUDIT OFFICE AND IN COMPARISON WITH GERMAN STANDARDS
No full textThis paper elaborates on the problems of operation of wind power stations in Poland, their environmental impact and the evaluation of current wind power stations legal status concerning protection against emissions. In the final section of the paper the author formulates conclusions regarding the need to adjust the existing Polish regulations
Schwierigkeiten im Gebrauch der deutschen Unterrichtssprache
No full textA very important problem for the foreign language teacher and learner is: how to use the foreign language structures correctly not only as paradigms but also as please, thank, question, aunswer or in other speech acts. The author thinks that the teacher should have at hislher disposal a full repertoire of such classroom phrases and be able to use them in all situations. Further he gives the semantic and structural description of some most often used German sentences contrasted with their Polish and English equivalents to eliminate the interlingual interference
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