1,745,111 research outputs found
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract [EGb 761®] in improving age-related and ß-amyloid induced neuronal dysfunctions
No full textThe utilization of Ginkgo biloba in medicinal practice dates back to 1505 A.D. Ironically, the mechanisms of action of Ginkgo are not fully clarified till now. Nowadays, Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts are mainly indicated for mild to moderate cerebrovascular insufficiency and different forms of dementia. The fact that it is an herbal extract composed of several different components indeed adds to the intricacy of finding its mechanisms of actions. Indisputably, many scientists tried to elucidate the mechanisms of actions of Ginkgo. The first step to achieve this goal was to standardize the leaf extract. The standardized Ginkgo leaf extract contains 22-27 % flavonol glycosides, 2.8-3.4 % of ginkgolide A, B and C, as well as approximately 2.6-3.2 % bilobalide and below 5 ppm ginkgolic acids. A widespread standardized Ginkgo extract is the EGb 761, which was utilized in the current work. One of the earliest proposed mechanisms is the ability of the Ginkgo extract to act as an anti-oxidant, which could be explained by its high flavonoid contents. However, without doubt EGb 761 encompasses other characteristics which distinguish it from other herbal extracts that are also rich in flavonoids. Since free radicals and reactive oxygen species are highly associated with the mitochondrial functions, examination of the effect of EGb 761 on mitochondrial functions was lately addressed. Moreover, this was encouraged as the link between Alzheimer’s disease [AD] and the mitochondria started to emerge. Previously, our group observed mitochondrial protective actions of EGb 761 on cell culture in vitro. Furthermore, anti-apoptotic effects were previously described for EGb 761. However, only very few studies addressed the single constituents and their effect on mitochondrial functions. Flavonoids were studied in several other plant extracts and their radical scavenging activity is unquestionable, but EGb 761 has anti-apoptotic actions which may be attributed to its terpenoid fraction. Exclusively found in the Ginkgo plant, are the ginkgolides and therefore their actions are not yet fully elucidated. Moreover, those who attempted to address these constituents concentrated on one or two candidates, for example bilobalide or ginkgolide B and ignored the rest. Unfortunately, this led to incomplete results, and one couldn’t compare the relative activities of all EGb 761 components in order to state whether all the components are effective or not. ...Die frühesten Aufzeichnungen über die medizinische Verwendung von Ginkgo biloba gehen auf das Jahr 1505 n.Chr. zurück. Trotzdem sind die Wirkmechanismen des Ginkgos bis heute noch nicht vollständig geklärt. Heutzutage werden Extrakte aus Ginkgo-biloba-Blättern hauptsächlich zur Behandlung von leichten bis moderaten Hirnleistungsstörungen und verschiedenen Formen der Demenz eingesetzt. Die Tatsache, dass es sich hierbei um einen pflanzlichen Extrakt, bestehend aus vielen verschiedenen Komponenten, handelt, erschwert die Aufklärung der Wirkmechanismen erheblich. Zweifelsohne wurden zahlreiche Versuche unternommen, diese Mechanismen wissenschaftlich zu ergründen. Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung hierfür war die Standardisierung des Extrakts aus den getrockneten Blättern. Der in dieser Arbeit verwendete, weit verbreitete standardisierte Ginkgoextrakt EGb 761 enthält 22-27 % Flavonolglykoside, 2.8-3.4 % Ginkgolide A, B und C, sowie 2.6-3.2 % Bilobalid und weniger als 5 ppm Ginkgolsäuren. Einer der ersten Ansätze zur Aufklärung des Mechanismus des Ginkgoextrakts beschreibt seine anti-oxidativen Eigenschaften, was hauptsächlich dem hohen Flavonoidgehalt zugeschrieben werden kann. Allerdings weist EGb 761 zweifellos darüber hinaus weitere Eigenschaften auf, welche ihn von anderen pflanzlichen Extrakten mit ebenfalls hohem Flavonoidgehalt unterscheiden. Mitochondriale Funktionen stehen in engem Zusammenhang mit der Bildung von freien Radikalen und reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies. In diesem Zusammenhang deuten erste Erkenntnisse auf eine Schlüsselfunktion der Mitochondrien in der Pathogenese der Alzheimer-Demenz. Vor diesem Hintergrund rückte in letzter Zeit die Wirkung des EGb 761 auf die mitochondrialen Funktionen zunehmend in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Eine mitochondrien-protektive Wirkung von EGb 761 konnte von unserer Arbeitsgruppe bereits in in vitro Zellversuchen gezeigt werden. Ebenso wurden anti-apoptotische Effekte für EGb 761 beschrieben. ..
plgs https://ijler.umsida.ac.id/index.php/ijler/article/view/761/823?download=pdf
Full text linkhttps://ijler.umsida.ac.id/index.php/ijler/article/view/761/823?download=pd
Treatment with a Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, inhibits excitotoxicity in an animal model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 17
No full textDing-Siang Huang,1,* Hsuan-Yuan Lin,1,2,* Guey-Jen Lee-Chen,1 Hsiu-Mei Hsieh-Li,1 Chung-Hsin Wu,1 Jung-Yaw Lin1,21Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 2Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workAbstract: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA 17) is a polyglutamine disease caused by the expansion of CAG/CAA repeats in the TATA box-binding protein (TBP) gene. The Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, contains flavonoids and terpenoids with a potential use for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. The neuroprotective effects of EGb 761 are obvious, but whether the EGb 761 has therapeutic effects in SCA 17 is still unclear. To manage our issues, we have generated TBP/79Q-expressing SH-SY5Y cells and SCA 17 transgenic mice with the mutant hTBP gene. In in vitro experiment, we observed that the EGb 761 treatment decreased the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble proteins in the TBP/79Q-expressing SH-SY5Y cells. We further found that the EGb 761 treatment could inhibit excitotoxicity and calcium influx and reduce the expression of apoptotic markers in glutamate-treated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. In in vivo experiment, we observed that the EGb 761 treatment (100 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection per day) could relieve the motor deficiencies of the SCA 17 transgenic mice. Our findings provide evidence that the EGb 761 treatment can be a remedy for SCA 17 via suppressing excitotoxicity and apoptosis in SCA 17 cell and animal models. Therefore, we suggest that EGb 761 may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating SCA 17.Keywords: spinocerebellar ataxia type 17, excitotoxicity, EGb 761, polyQ diseases, apoptosis 
Global positioning systems: a guide for land managers and consultants
No full textBulletin no. 761 Moscow, Idaho :University of Idaho, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension System, 1994-05-01. Author(s): Lass, L. W.; Callihan, R. H
Ginkgo biloba extract-761 protects myocardium by regulating Akt/Nrf2 signal pathway
No full textXiao-jie Chen,1 Shu-min Ren,2 Jian-zeng Dong,1 Chun-guang Qiu,1 Ying-wei Chen,1 Hai-long Tao1 1Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; 2Department of Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of Ginkgo biloba extract-761 (EGb 761) in the rat with myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury (MIRI).Materials and methods: Forty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into following four groups: sham group, I/R group and EGb 761 groups (20 and 40 mg/kg). MIRI model was established after 14 days of administration. The myocardial infarct size and myocardial histology were measured and compared. Meanwhile, the levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), troponin T (TnT), TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were evaluated. Western blot was used to detect the expression of Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, HO-1, Nrf2, Akt, p-Akt and nuclear protein Nrf2.Results: The levels of infarct size, CK-MB, LDH, TnT, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the EGb 761 groups were significantly lower than those in the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group. The content of MDA was lower in the myocardium, whereas the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were higher than those in the I/R group. The expressions of Caspase-3 and Bax in the EGb 761 groups were significantly lower than those in the I/R group, whereas the expressions of Bcl-2, p-Akt and HO-1 and nuclear protein Nrf2 in the EGb 761 groups were higher than those in the I/R group.Conclusion: EGb 761 might inhibit the apoptosis of myocardial cells and protect the myocardium by activating the Akt/Nrf2 pathway, increasing the expression of HO-1, decreasing oxidative stress and repressing inflammatory reaction. Keywords: Ginkgo biloba extract, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase  
La afectacion del derecho de libre disposicion del legatario por el artículo 761 del Codigo civil en el Estado peruano
Full text linkLa presente investigación tiene como objetivo general analizar la manera en la que se
afecta el derecho de libre disposición del legatario con lo dispuesto en el artículo 761 del Código
Civil en el Estado Peruano, de allí que, nuestra pregunta general de investigación sea: ¿De qué
manera lo dispuesto por el artículo 761 del Código Civil afecta el derecho de libre disposición del
legatario en el Estado peruano?, y nuestra hipótesis general: “Lo dispuesto en el artículo 761 del
Código Civil afecta negativamente el derecho de libre disposición del legatario en el Estado
peruano.”; asimismo se ha utilizado el método general hermenéutico, un tipo de investigación
básico o fundamental, un nivel correlacional y un diseño observacional, cuyo instrumento de
recolección de datos fue a través de fichas textuales, resumen y bibliográficas, cuyo procesamiento
ha sido a través de la argumentación jurídica, la cual obtuvo los siguientes resultados: la
naturaleza jurídica del legado, consiste en la no obligación del legatario de pagar las deudas del
testador por su propia diferenciación con el heredero. En otras palabras, el legado debe ser
entregado libre de pasivos (cargas y gravámenes); finalmente la conclusión más importante de la
investigación fue: La restricción establecida al derecho del propietario por medio del artículo 761
del Código Civil carece de sustento pues no está basada en el interés social o en la naturaleza del
bien en función a su fin económico
Commento all'art. 761 c.p.c.
No full textIl breve contributo verte sull'accesso ai luoghi sigillati, ai sensi dell'art. 761 c.p.c
761. Kurōdo
No full textIwao Seiichi, Iyanaga Teizō, Ishii Susumu, Yoshida Shōichirō, Fujimura Jun'ichirō, Fujimura Michio, Yoshikawa Itsuji, Akiyama Terukazu, Iyanaga Shōkichi, Matsubara Hideichi. 761. Kurōdo. In: Dictionnaire historique du Japon, volume 13, 1987. Lettre K (3) pp. 140-141
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