1,727,197 research outputs found
Union Pacific (UP) 2137
A photograph print showing Union Pacific (UP) 2137, 2-8-2, taking on water, Ogden, UT
Can reforming global institutions help developing countries share more in the benefits from globalization?
Globalization could significantly expand trade, international investment, and technological advances, but the gains from global integration have been unevenly distributed across and within nations. Greater global interdependence has also brought greater macroeconomic volatility, resulting in several serious financial crises in the second half of the 1990s. The global matrix of Bretton Woods and United Nations institutions that developed starting in the 1940s, formed under a different balance of power, in a world of fixed exchange rates and limited capital mobility. Since the 1960s regional financial institutions have emerged because of the greater autonomy of different regions and the greater financial needs of development. The author reviews different proposals for reform of the international financial institutions and changes in the roles of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. He highlights the implications for developing countries of (1) Policy conditionality. (2) The countercyclical role of multilaterals'lending. (3) Greater lending to middle-income than to low-income developing countries. (3) Access to liquidity at times of crisis. (4) Mechanisms for giving low-income countries a greater voice in IMF and World Bank decisionmaking. The author streses the overlapping responsibilities of the Bretton Woods and regional financial institutions and the need to reassess the allocation of responsibilities and to develop better coordination mechanisms between these institutions. Those designing institutional reform must consider the corporate capabilities of each type of institution. The corporate cultures of global and regional institutions differ. So does the kind of knowledge they generate and disseminate, and so do patterns of interactions with, and mechanisms for representation of, client countries.Finally, the author calls attention to the need to harmonize national and global growth-oriented policies in a way that reduces volatility and promotes social equity.Environmental Economics&Policies,Governance Indicators,Financial Intermediation,Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform
Block Card 2137 Dundee Avenue
This image was produced by the Auditor's Office in Lucas County, Ohio for tax assessment purposes. Associated dates are approximate. Descriptive terms related to this photograph include: Cape Cod Style | 2137 Dundee Avenue (Toledo, Ohio) | Dwelling | Federman's Subdivision (Toledo, Ohio
Block Card 2137 Upton Avenue
This image was produced by the Auditor's Office in Lucas County, Ohio for tax assessment purposes. Associated dates are approximate. Descriptive terms related to this photograph include: Dwelling | 2137 Upton Avenue (Toledo, Ohio) | Westmoreland Addition (Toledo, Ohio) | Westmoreland Historic District (Toledo, Ohio) | Modern Colonial Styl
Block Card 2137 Dorr Street
This image was produced by the Auditor's Office in Lucas County, Ohio for tax assessment purposes. Associated dates are approximate. Descriptive terms related to this photograph include: Gable front houses | Folk House Style | Dwelling | Extension of Norwood Addition (Toledo, Ohio) | Scott Park Area (Toledo, Ohio) | 2137 Dorr Street (Toledo, Ohio
Block Card 2137 South Avenue
This image was produced by the Auditor's Office in Lucas County, Ohio for tax assessment purposes. Associated dates are approximate. Descriptive terms related to this photograph include: 2137 South Avenue (Toledo, Ohio) | Federman's Subdivision of Lots in Highland Park (Toledo, Ohio) | South Toledo Area (Toledo, Ohio) | Folk House Style | Gable front houses | Dwellin
Block Card 2137 Miles Avenue
This image was produced by the Auditor's Office in Lucas County, Ohio for tax assessment purposes. Associated dates are approximate. Descriptive terms related to this photograph include: Curved bay | 2137 Miles Avenue (Toledo, Ohio) | Dwelling | Lincolns Subdivision | Auburndale Area (Toledo, Ohio) | Folk House Styl
2129 - 2137 Scottwood Avenue, Toledo, Ohio, 1978
A 1978 view of three historic homes at 2129, 2135 and 2137 Scottwood Avenue in the Old West End Historic District in Toledo. Terms associated with the photograph are: Old West End Area (Toledo, Ohio) | Dwellings | Scottwood Avenue (Toledo, Ohio
Man O\u27War (SC 2137)
Finding aid for Mansucripts Small Collection 2137 and image attached as an additional file. Commemorative envelope in Kings of Sport series portraying Man O\u27War, postmarked Lexington, Kentucky, March 29, 1975. Includes horse racing postage stamp and information sheet on Man O\u27War
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