1,821,509 research outputs found
The role of British North America in Anglo-American relations, 1848-1854
Get PDFThis study analyses the impact on mid-nineteenth-century Anglo-American relations of British North America. It argues that successive British governments worked to retain the strategically-important colonies, despite the often exaggerated influence of Little Englandism. It also stresses the overwhelming loyalty of the colonists, despite aberrations like Canada's 1849 Annexation Crisis. It points to two annexation crises - in 1848 and 1849. During the former, Anglo-American relations suffered as the colonists braced themselves for a popular American invasion. In the 1849 crisis, unknown to the British, the American government briefly considered annexing Canada. When this opportunity vanished, Washington willingly prolonged the crisis in order to weaken Britain during negotiations over Central America. The Fishery Dispute of 1852-1854 found Britain practising pressure politics. London used years of tension between American and colonial fishermen as a pretext for a show of naval strength off North America during negotiations with the United States over Cuba and Central America. The Fishery Dispute also succeeded in forcing the Americans to take Reciprocity seriously. This study rejects traditional interpretations which claim that Lord Elgin's success in 1854 stemmed from his own brilliance and his ability to tell America's feuding sections different stories about the likely effect of Reciprocity. Instead it argues that Elgin succeeded in 1854 because of the work over several years by other diplomats. He also succeeded in 1854 because of a mutual desire for transatlantic calm due to America s domestic problems and Britain's involvement in the Crimean War. Though Elgin's ability oiled the wheels of success, he was also fortunate to arrive just as the ruling party in Washington put down its guard and celebrated the Kansas-Nebraska Compromise. The ratification of Reciprocity in British North America confirms that, despite granting self-government to the three main colonies, Britain put wider imperial interests before purely colonial interests. The thesis concludes that British North America, though nominally powerless and dependent on Britain, had a significant role in Anglo-American relations. The colonies pressured London and Washington by various tactics, while Mother Country and territorially rapacious republic frequently used the colonies as a weapon in their dealings with each other. This produced a diplomatic North Atlantic Triangle with each polity cynically trying to use the other two for its own ends
Commissioner's tent, Ballarat, Victoria, 1854 [picture]/
No full textTitle devised by cataloguer from caption.; Part of the: Gold diggers series of the Victoria gold fields, 1854.; Rex Nan Kivell Collection NK11266/F.; Inscriptions: "Commissioner's tent, Ballaarat"--Printed below image.; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3078574
1854, Boston, MA State Convention
No full text1854 Massachusetts State Council of Colored Citizens held in BostonThe Colored Conventions Project, http://coloredconventions.org/http://coloredconventions.org/items/show/26
Map shewing Asst. Surveyor R. Austin's route into the interior of Western Australia, 1854 [cartographic material] /
No full textMap of the southern coast of Western Australia from Perth in the south to Shark Bay in the north. Robert Austin lead an exploration party in 1854 through the inlands of Western Australia the objective being to emerge at Shark Bay. The expedition explored the inland lake areas and its route is shown on the map by a time-dated red line starting at Northam in July 1854 moving to Cowcowing Lake [i.e. Geraldton] then north to Posion Rock where the party lost several horses to poisonous plants before heading north again through the interior where Mount Magnet was discovered and named. They were driven back from reaching Shark Bay by heat, fatigue and lack of water, finally reaching Geraldine Mine in November by following the Murchison River. It is this expedition that is credited with the discovery of the Murchison Goldfields. The expedition reported large areas of land that were potentially gold-bearing but little in the way of pastoral land. Relief is shown by hachures.; Prime meridian: Greenwich.; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm1188
Proceedings of the New York State Council of Colored People, January 2, 1854.
No full text1854 New York State Council of Colored People held in Alban
Japan: Photographs 1854-1905
No full textPhotograph of people in the exhibition "Japan: Photographs 1854-1905," March 19-April 27, 1980, held at the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts
Japan: Photographs 1854-1905
No full textPhotograph of people in the exhibition "Japan: Photographs 1854-1905," March 19-April 27, 1980, held at the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts
Japan: Photographs 1854-1905
No full textPhotograph of people in the exhibition "Japan: Photographs 1854-1905," March 19-April 27, 1980, held at the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts
Japan: Photographs 1854-1905
No full textPhotograph of people in the exhibition "Japan: Photographs 1854-1905," March 19-April 27, 1980, held at the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts
The welfare state evolves: German Knappschaften, 1854 - 1923
Get PDFThis paper reviews the German miners' model of mutual insurance from its introduction in 1854 to its basic reformation in 1923. Its core feature was the provision of cash benefits for compensation of income losses due to temporary sickness and permanent invalidity or death of the bread-winner. The carriers of the insurance scheme, the Knappschaften, date back to medieval times, and the Knappschaft is still present today as the second pillar of the German statutory old-age insurance. This paper aims to establish the Knappschaft insurance's main characteristics in the period under consideration. These include, for example, compulsory membership, shared financing between employed miners and entrepreneurs, selfmanagement, financing based on earnings-related social insurance contributions, a strong emphasis of the insurance principle, and application of the pay-as-you-go mechanism. The organisational analysis is complemented quantitatively, on the one hand, by evidence on increasing generosity and, on the other hand, evidence on increasing financial distress substantiating the shadow side of a maturing pay-as-you-go based scheme. In particular, Knappschaften experienced all trends we commonly associate with today's systems in the second half of the 20th century as early as in the 19th century, even before the Bismarckian insurance was installed from 1883 on: Increasing social security spending, rising pensioners-tocontributors ratios, concentration and pressure on finances forcing Knappschaften to adjust their fiscal policy according to the mechanics of pay-as-you-go. --Bismarck,mining,pay-as-you-go,social security,welfare state
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