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Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783-1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment
Get PDFThe 1783–1784 Laki flood lava eruption in Iceland emitted ∼122 megatons (Mt) SO2 into the atmosphere and maintained a sulfuric aerosol veil that hung over the Northern Hemisphere for >5 months. The eruption columns extended to 9–13 km and released ∼95 Mt SO2 into the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (i.e., the polar jet stream), enforcing a net eastward dispersion of the plumes which reacted with atmospheric moisture to produce ∼200 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols. Away from source, the Laki aerosols were delivered to the surface by subsiding air masses within anticyclones. We show that ∼175 Mt of H2SO4 aerosols were removed as acid precipitation and caused the extreme volcanic pollution (i.e., dry fog) that effected Europe and other regions in 1783. The remaining ∼25 Mt stayed aloft at tropopause level for >1 year. The summer of 1783 was characterized by extreme and unusual weather, including an unusually hot July in western Europe, most likely caused by perseverance of southerly air currents. The following winter was one of the most severe winters on record in Europe and North America. In these regions, the annual mean surface cooling that followed the Laki eruption was about −1.3°C and lasted for 2–3 years. We propose that the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere aerosols from Laki disrupted the thermal balance of the Arctic regions for two summers and were the main mechanism for the associated climate perturbations. Eruptions of Laki magnitude have occurred in the recent past in Iceland and will occur again. If such an eruption were to occur today, one of the most likely immediate consequences would be disruption to air traffic over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere
Sulphur Island, lat. 24* 48' N., long. 141* 12' E., var. 3* 30' E. [cartographic material] /
No full textMap of the volcanic Sulphur Island [i.e. Iwo Jima] with the sea track of James Cook's ships dated Nov. 15, 1779. On November 14, 1779, the Discovery and the Resolution, now under the comand of Gore and King, were sailing from Japan to the Bashee Islands when they sited an active, steaming volcanic island which Gore named Sulphur Island [i.e. Iwo Jima] situated between North Island [i.e. Kita Iwo Jima] and South Island [i.e. Minami Iwo Jima]. Decorative features includes at the top of the sheet a collage of nautical items arranged symmetrically behind a large shell resembling a shield surmounted with a crown like device while at the bottom of the sheet another illustration of the head of an old, bearded man wearing a crown and draped in seaweed. Relief shown by hachures.; This reproduction is attributed to W. Grainger due to the style of illustrations above and below the map, resembling those of the map entitled Sketch of Typa and Macao, where he is clearly identified as the engraver.; Map opposite p. 642 from: A new, authentic, and complete collection of voyages round the world : undertaken and performed by royal authority : containing a new, authentic, entertaining, instructive, full, and complete historical account of Captain Cook's first, second, third, and last voyages, undertaken by order of His present Majesty, for making new discoveries in geography, navigation, astronomy, &c. in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, &c., &c., &c. : to which will be added, complete and genuine narratives of other voyages of discovery round the world, &c. / ... under the direction of G.W. Anderson. London : Alexr. Hogg, [1784-86].; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm550-30. Inset coastal view: View of Sulphur Island bearing ENE : hill on the So. part.View of Sulphur Island bearing EN
Sketch of Typa and Macao [cartographic material] : Typa, lat. 22 9 N, lon. 113 48 E, varn. 0 19 W, 1780 : it was high water on the full and change of the moon at 5h 15m and at 5.50 in Macao Harbour, the greatest rise 6 feet /
No full textMap of Macao and the island of Typa [i.e. Taipa] in southeastern China. Typa as one of the offshore islands adjacent to the fortified city of Macau provided safe anchorage for repair of both the Resolution and the Discovery from December 1779 until they left for England in February 1780. While in Macao, the deceased Cook's lieutenants King and Gore sold for over $10,000 the ragged remnants of sea-otter pelts gathered from Alaskan natives in Nootka Sound. This was to precipitate in the next few years a lucrative international fur trade for the Americans and the English centred mainly along the northwest American coast. Originally engraved by W. H[arrison] based on a missing survey by Capt Bligh on the last leg of James Cook's third voyage of the Pacific. Decorative features include a drawing at the top of the sheet of a disordered pile of nautical junk including a British flag, spears, axe and oars, a barrel, a basket & a drum and second drawing at the bottom of the sheet of a man's head draped in seaweed. Relief is shown by hachures and depth by soundings.; Text providing navigational directions entitled: References; Map opposite p. 644 from: A new, authentic, and complete collection of voyages round the world : undertaken and performed by royal authority : containing a new, authentic, entertaining, instructive, full, and complete historical account of Captain Cook's first, second, third, and last voyages, undertaken by order of His present Majesty, for making new discoveries in geography, navigation, astronomy, &c. in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, &c., &c., &c. : to which will be added, complete and genuine narratives of other voyages of discovery round the world, &c. / ... under the direction of G.W. Anderson. London : Alexr. Hogg, [1784-86].; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm550-29
Modeling the distribution of the volcanic aerosol cloud from the 1783–1784 Laki eruption
Get PDFWe conducted simulations of the atmospheric transformation and transport of the emissions of the 1783–1784 Laki basaltic flood lava eruption (64.10°N, 17.15°W) using the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies modelE climate model coupled to a sulfur cycle chemistry model. The model simulations successfully reproduced the aerosol clouds of the 1912 Katmai and 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruptions, giving us confidence in the Laki simulations. Simulations of the Laki eruption produce peak zonal mean sulfate (SO4) concentrations of over 70 ppbv during August and into September 1783 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere at high latitudes. While the majority of the sulfate aerosol was removed during the fall and early winter, a significant aerosol perturbation remained into 1784. The peak SO2 gas loading was just over 37 megatons (Mt) in late June with the sulfate loading peaking in late August 1783 at 60 Mt over the average of 3 runs. This yielded a peak sulfate aerosol (75% H2SO4, 25% H2O) loading of over 80 Mt with the total aerosol produced during the entire eruption being about 165 Mt. The resulting sulfate deposition compares well with ice cores taken across Greenland. The top of atmosphere net radiative forcing peaks at −27 W/m2 over the high latitudes during late summer 1783 and produces a global mean forcing of −4 W/m2. The model results confirm that Northern Hemisphere high-latitude volcanic eruptions produce aerosols that remain mostly confined north of 30°N latitude
Views of Sandwich Islands [cartographic material]
No full textCoastal views of Hawaiian Islands in the North Pacific Ocean sighted by James Cook between November 1778 to January 1779 on his third and last voyage of the Pacific. These islands include Mowee [i.e. Maui], Owhyee [i.e. Hawaii], Atooi [i.e. Kauai], Woahoo [i.e. Oahu] and Oneehow [i.e. Niihau]. Relief is shown pictorially.; Imprint on map: London : Published by Alexr. Hogg at the Kings Arms, No. 16 Paternoster Row.; Map opposite p. 598 from: A new, authentic, and complete collection of voyages round the world : undertaken and performed by royal authority : containing a new, authentic, entertaining, instructive, full, and complete historical account of Captain Cook's first, second, third, and last voyages, undertaken by order of His present Majesty, for making new discoveries in geography, navigation, astronomy, &c. in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, &c., &c., &c. : to which will be added, complete and genuine narratives of other voyages of discovery round the world, &c. / ... under the direction of G.W. Anderson. London : Alexr. Hogg, [1784-86].; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm550-5. Views: View of the N.E. part of Mowee when the isthmus bears WSW 4 miles off shore -- View of the S.E. side of Owhyee when the East Point bears N b[y] W 4 leas. distant -- View from the [anchorage symbol] at Atooi -- View from the [anchorage symbol] at Woahoo -- View of island Atooi when the Peaked Hill bears N. 14 W. 13 leagues distant -- View of the west side of Oneehow as seen from the ship at [anchorage symbol]
A chart and views of Pitcairns Island, latitude 25.02. S, long. 133.30 W. [cartographic material]
No full textNautical chart of Pitcairn's Island. The island was discovered by Capt. Philip Carteret in 1767, and this chart is based on his journals. Later the Bounty mutineers landed on the island in 1789. Relief is shown by hachures and shading while sea-depth by soundings.; Imprint on map: London : Published by Alexr. Hogg at the Kings Arms, no. 16 Paternoster Row.; Map opposite p. 284 from: A new, authentic, and complete collection of voyages round the world : undertaken and performed by royal authority : containing a new, authentic, entertaining, instructive, full, and complete historical account of Captain Cook's first, second, third, and last voyages, undertaken by order of His present Majesty, for making new discoveries in geography, navigation, astronomy, &c. in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, &c., &c., &c. : to which will be added, complete and genuine narratives of other voyages of discovery round the world, &c. / ... under the direction of G.W. Anderson. London : Alexr. Hogg, [1784-86].; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm550-15. Inset coastal views: Bearing N W distance 15 leagues -- Bearing N N W distance 6 or 7 leagues -- Bearing N W by N distance 4 or 5 leagues -- Bearing N N W distance 3 leagues.Chart and views of Pitcairn's Islan
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Atmospheric impact of the 1783-1784 Laki Eruption: Part II - Climatic effect of sulphate aerosol
Get PDFThe long 1783-1784 eruption of Laki in southern Iceland, was one of the first eruptions to have been linked to an observed climate anomaly, having been held responsible for cold temperatures over much of the Northern Hemisphere in the period 1783-1785. Results from the first climate model simulation of the impact of a similar eruption to that of 1783-1784 are presented. Using sulphate aerosol fields produced in a companion chemical transport model simulation by Stevenson et al. (2003), the radiative forcing and climate response due to the aerosol are calculated here using the Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model (IGCM). The peak Northern Hemisphere mean direct radiative forcing is -5.5 Wm-2 in August 1783. The radiative forcing dies away quickly as the emissions from the volcano decrease; however, a small forcing remains over the Mediterranean until March 1784. There is little forcing in the Southern Hemisphere. There is shown to be an uncertainty of at least 50% in the direct radiative forcing due to assumptions concerning relative humidity and the sophistication of the radiative transfer code used. The indirect effects of the Laki aerosol are potentially large but essentially unquantifiable at the present time. In the IGCM at least, the aerosol from the eruption produces a climate response that is spatially very variable. The Northern Hemisphere mean temperature anomaly averaged over the whole of the calendar year containing most of the eruption is -0.21 K, statistically significant at the 95% level and in reasonable agreement with the available observations of the temperature during 1783
Map of Kerguelen's Land, called by C. Cook, Island of Desolation [cartographic material] : NB, the shaded coast is from the English, the unshaded from the French observations of Feby. 1772.
No full textNautical chart of Kerguelen's Land [i.e. Kerguelen Island] as well as an inset showing the nearby Prince Edward Islands. The map features the sea track of James Cook who sailed close along the island in December 1776 but could attempt no landing due to bad weather. Relief is shown by hachures.; Imprint on map: London : Published by Alexr. Hogg at the Kings Arms, no. 16 Paternoster Row.; Map opposite p. 420 from: A new, authentic, and complete collection of voyages round the world : undertaken and performed by royal authority : containing a new, authentic, entertaining, instructive, full, and complete historical account of Captain Cook's first, second, third, and last voyages, undertaken by order of His present Majesty, for making new discoveries in geography, navigation, astronomy, &c. in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, &c., &c., &c. : to which will be added, complete and genuine narratives of other voyages of discovery round the world, &c. / ... under the direction of G.W. Anderson. London : Alexr. Hogg, [1784-86].; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm550-23. Inset: Islands discovered by M. Marion du Fresne 1772; called by C. Cook in 1776 Prince Edward Isles. [Scale ca. 1:975,000].Island of Desolatio
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Get PDFEncuadernación en pergaminoBonaventura Serra Ferragut (1728-1784)Convent de Sant Francesc (Palma, Mallorca
[Reproduction of the obverse of the Royal Society's medal commemorating Captain Cook] [picture] /
No full textFrom t.p. of: Voyage to the Pacific Ocean / by James Cook and James King.; Inscriptions on medal: Iac. Cook oceani investigator acerrimus. Reg. Soc. Lond. Socio suo.; Beddie, 2799.; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an9186364; Rex Nan Kivell Collection NK2054.; S3554; S3574; U3090
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