505 research outputs found
Faunal Diversity during the Harappan Period in Haryana: A Review
No full textSeveral scholars have paid attention to the study of animals in Harappan culture since the first idea of animals at Mohenjo daro was given by Sewell and Guha in 1931. Also, a few reviews are available:Sahu (1988), Possehl (1999), Thomas and Joglekar (1994), Thomas (2002), Chattopadhyaya (2002), Meadow and Patel (2002), Joglekar (2006), and Joglekar and Goyal (in press). All these reviews have aptly recognised the importance of archaeo faunal studies in reconstructing human animal interactions on environment in the past. For a long period of time the archaeofaunal record from Harappan sites located in the plain of Haryana was scanty. However, in recent years several sites such as Farmana, Girawad, Mitathal, Bhirrana, Karsola, Masudpur, Burj, Bahola, Rakhigarhi, Rupnagar(Ropar) and Lohat were excavated. Moreover, some of the faunal material from all of these sites has been made available for faunal study. These studies have shown the nature of human animal interactions during the Harappan cultural context. This paper reviews faunal studies from all these sites and presents a summary of findings, particularly those related to faunal diversity.The Harappan people of Haryana Plain utilized domestic and wild mammals, as well as non mammalian resources such as the birds, reptiles, fish and molluscs. This paper focuses on examining overall faunal diversity noticed at the Harappan sites in Haryana
Understanding the Post Depositional Bone Modification Processes: an Actualistic Approach
No full textAnimal bones comprise a significant segment of the archaeological record. However, they undergo major biostratinomic and diagenetic alterations caused by physical, biological and cultural agents over a period of thousands of years from the time of the organism’s death to its recovery in a skeletal form in an excavation. Among various biological factors, large and small carnivores, both domestic and wild, impact bones of their food source with diagnostic patterns of damage by the action of their teeth, nails, claws and trampling by feet. These signatures of carnivore bone modifications can sometimes be discerned in the archaeofaunal remains. In order to enlarge upon the existing knowledge/database of carnivore feeding behaviour and to formulate a more precise identification criteria to distinguish them from other parallel taphonomic signatures, greater number of actualistic investigations are required. The present paper deals with the objectives, methodology, observations and results of a controlled experiment in two chosen zoological parks in India where the chewing/gnawing behaviour of select large cats and hyenas was conducted. The leftover bones were collected from the cages, buried for further decomposition and recovered after six months. A detailed examination of teeth marks (such as pitting, puncturing, scouring, scooping and gouging) on them yielded a regular and anticipated alteration pattern. They also conformed to the results obtained in other similar actualistic studies conducted by other scholars
Report on the faunal remains from Madina, Rohtak District, Haryana.
No full textThe hamlet of Madina lies 15 km east of the town of Meham as well as from the Rohtak district headquarters in Haryana, India. Out of the seven archaeological sites discovered in this revenue jurisdiction, Madina-3 was excavated during February-March 2008 jointly by the Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak and the Deccan College, Pune for sole season. This paper aims to discuss comprehensively, the findings gained from the standardised and systematic analyses of faunal remains recovered from sixteen trenches, having 8 habitational phases and yielding evidences of Painted Grey Ware Culture. A total of 2540 skeletal elements were studied on the site itself to obtain a preliminary picture of the animal-based subsistence patterns. The observed faunal diversity of nearly 31 different species can be validated by the presence of several mammals and non-mammals. The former include domestic animals (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, dog, cat, ass and horse) and wild animals (nilgai, chital, sambar, four-horned antelope, blackbuck, gazelle, wild pig, hare, fox, leopard, rhinoceros, and palm cat). Birds (cattle egret and peafowl), reptiles (turtle, gharial, and monitor lizard), molluscs and fishes comprise the latter category
Faunal Remains from Girawad (2006-2007), District Rohtak, Haryana
No full textThe Harappan site of Girawad was excavated for a single season in 2006‐07 by excavators from Deccan College, Pune; MD University, Rohtak and Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan to salvage fast‐vanishing archaeological record. This single culture site, circular in plan and 8 ha in area, lies 3 km to the east of the present village of Girawad. Altogether 41 trenches revealed 13 pitdwelling complexes with ceramics similar to Hakra Ware which portrays a regional variation that can roughly be dated to middle of Fourth Millennium BC. The faunal material (n=4671) from this site was analyzed at the Archaeozoology Laboratory at Deccan College, Pune following internationally standardized procedures. This paper throws light on the diverse faunal spectra and the role and contribution of different mammalian and non‐ mammalian species to the human subsistence at Girawad. Methods used include NISP, skeletal representation and a minute study of pre and post depositional bone modifications generated by anthropogenic and other causal agents in the background of their contexts
Stenaelurillus vyaghri Sanap, Joglekar, & Caleb 2022, sp. nov.
No full textStenaelurillus vyaghri Sanap, Joglekar & Caleb, sp. nov. Figs. 94–115. Type material. INDIA: Maharashtra: Sinnar, 19.871°N 74.020°E, elev. 703 m asl, 2 July 2019, coll. R. Sanap & A. Joglekar. Holotype: ♂, (NRC-AA-2061). Paratypes: 2 ♂♂ (NRC-AA-2062 & NRC-AA-2063) & 3 ♀♀ (NRC-AA-2064–NRC-AA-2066). Etymology. The name is derived from the Sanskrit root word vyaghra. We call this species vyaghri, meaning “like a tiger”, as the male spider’s orange and black body colouration resembles that of a tiger. Diagnosis. Stenaelurillus vyaghri sp. nov. males have an orange abdomen, like S. metallicus, but lacks the latter’s pair of black spots and the bright orange-red laterally and medially. S. vyaghri sp. nov. further differs from S. metallicus and S. tamravarni sp. nov. in the short, thick embolus with a broad base having a retrolateral cusp, and in the inconspicuous TP. The females can be distinguished by the globular spermathecae (bean-shaped in S. sarojinae; globular and double-chambered in S. metallicus) and a well-developed, narrow, and deep epigynal pocket. Description. Male (based on holotype, specimen NRC-AA-2061). Measurements: Carapace 2.00 long, 1.50 wide. Abdomen length 2.01, width 1.35. Leg measurements: I—2.93 (1.01, 0.55, 0.64, 0.40, 0.33); II—2.83 (0.98. 0.53, 0.59, 0.41, 0.32); III—4.67 (1.53, 0.72, 0.93, 1.02, 0.47); IV—4.10 (1.22, 0.54, 0.86, 1.00, 0.48). Leg formula III-IV-I-II. Carapace narrow, as wide as abdomen. Anteriorly black covered with black and white scales and black hairs. Remaining black with some rusty brown to orange medially. Two longitudinal yellowish white stripes running down behind PLEs. Two yellowish-white bands on lateral margins. AMEs surrounded by white scales. Clypeus brownish, covered with white hairs. Chelicerae vertical, narrow, dark brown short brown hairs. Palp (Figs. 94, 95, 98, 99): Cymbium yellowish with brown. Embolus short, hook shaped. Femur with a distally located ventral process. RTA long with pointy tip. Legs robust, yellow with orange tint, covered with black and white scales. Tarsus, metatarsus I black. Tibia, patella I black ventrally. Femur I–II black prolaterally. Abdomen with orange and black scales. Anteriorly covered with white scales and mix of black and white hairs. Two yellowish white spots middorsally. Two iridescent black spots posteriorly, just anterior to edge of abdomen. Lateral margins fringed with long white hairs. Spinnerets long, yellow with black tips. Female (based on paratype, specimen NRC-AA-2064). Measurements: Carapace 2.24 long, 1.72 wide.Abdomen length 2.78, width 2.20. Leg measurements: I—2.97 (1.10, 0.60, 0.61, 0.40, 0.26); II—3.06 (1.04, 0.59, 0.61, 0.43, 0.39); III—5.24 (1.73, 0.89, 1.09, 1.13, 0.40); IV—4.91 (1.54, 0.65, 1.02, 1.21, 0.49). Leg formula III-IV-II-I. Carapace narrower than abdomen. Anteriorly black, covered with black scales and hairs. Two longitudinal yellow stripes running down behind PLEs. AMEs surrounded by yellowish-orange scales. Clypeus brownish with two narrow transverse bands of white hairs. Chelicerae vertical, narrow, yellowish-brown, sparsely covered with white to brown hairs. Legs robust, yellow with some black, covered with white and black scales. I–II with dark brown annulations near joints. Abdomen brownish black, with two large yellow spots posteriorly. Anterior edge covered with white and black hairs. Sides yellow. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Epigyne (Figs. 96, 97, 100, 101): Posterior edge deeply incised with a notch, in front of which is a narrow and deep ECP. Copulatory openings are round. Natural history: Stenaelurillus vyaghri sp. nov. was mostly found inhabiting rocky patches in a scrub forest (Fig. 119). Both males and females were observed perching on or resting underneath rocks. Although the spiders were observed largely throughout the year, the maximum number of adult individuals was found in May and June (~30– 40 males and ~10– 12 females from 9:00 to 11:00 AM). The spiders were observed feeding on termites.Published as part of Marathe, Kiran, Sanap, Rajesh, Joglekar, Anuradha, Caleb, John T. D. & Maddison, Wayne P., 2022, Three new and notes on two other jumping spider species of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillina) from the Deccan Plateau, India, pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 5125 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/642041
Industry Concentration and Allocation of Resources to Basic Research
No full textWhile the mainstream of Western economic thought believes in competitive markets, the Schumpeterian school considers concentrated industry to be the ideal vehicle for the advancement of industrial technology. Empirical evidence on the Schumpeterian hypothesis that a concentrated industry allocates relatively more resources to its research and development (R&D) activities has been inconclusive. We believe the reason is that the Schumpeterian hypothesis is too general and vague. The fact is that there are several dimensions of industrial concentration, for example, total number of firms in an industry, interfirm differences on a variety of characteristics such as sales, assets, resources, and so forth. Similarly, R&D activities are of several types such as long-term or short-term research, and basic research or applied research and development. Unfortunately, modeling efforts focusing on resource allocation by specific types of concentrated industries to specific types of R&D activities are almost nonexistent, with the exception of Joglekar and Hamburg (Joglekar, P., M. Hamburg. 1986. A homogeneous industry model of resource allocation to basic research and its policy implications. Management Sci. (February) 225--236; Joglekar, P., M. Hamburg. 1987. Industry resource allocation to basic research under normally distributed benefits. Decision Sci. (Winter) 1--24.) who showed that industries consisting of smaller numbers of firms allocate relatively greater amounts of resources to their basic research than industries consisting of larger numbers of firms. Extending Joglekar and Hamburg's models here we find that when two industries consist of the same number of firms, in most cases, a heterogeneous industry falls as short of its Pareto optimal investment in basic research as its comparable homogeneous counterpart. Numerical examples suggest that in some cases, concentrated (heterogeneous) industries may do worse. Policy implications of the results as well as directions for further research are discussed.industry concentration, resource allocation, inappropriable research, heterogeneous industry, individually rational equilibrium, Pareto optimal allocation
Humane visual AI:Telling the stories behind a medical condition
No full textA biological understanding is key for managing medical conditions, yet psychological and social aspects matter too. The main problem is that these two aspects are hard to quantify and inherently difficult to communicate. To quantify psychological aspects, this work mined around half a million Reddit posts in the sub-communities specialised in 14 medical conditions, and it did so with a new deep-learning framework. In so doing, it was able to associate mentions of medical conditions with those of emotions. To then quantify social aspects, this work designed a probabilistic approach that mines open prescription data from the National Health Service in England to compute the prevalence of drug prescriptions, and to relate such a prevalence to census data. To finally visually communicate each medical condition's biological, psychological, and social aspects through storytelling, we designed a narrative-style layered Martini Glass visualization. In a user study involving 52 participants, after interacting with our visualization, a considerable number of them changed their mind on previously held opinions: 10% gave more importance to the psychological aspects of medical conditions, and 27% were more favourable to the use of social media data in healthcare, suggesting the importance of persuasive elements in interactive visualizations.</p
FIGURES 19–27. Stenaelurillus marusiki, habitus photographs. 19–24 in Three new and notes on two other jumping spider species of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillina) from the Deccan Plateau, India
No full textFIGURES 19–27. Stenaelurillus marusiki, habitus photographs. 19–24 male; 25–27 female.Published as part of Marathe, Kiran, Sanap, Rajesh, Joglekar, Anuradha, Caleb, John T. D. & Maddison, Wayne P., 2022, Three new and notes on two other jumping spider species of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillina) from the Deccan Plateau, India, pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 5125 (1) on page 5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/642041
Stenaelurillus tamravarni Marathe & Sanap & Joglekar & Caleb & Maddison 2022, sp. nov.
No full textStenaelurillus tamravarni Marathe & Maddison, sp. nov. Figs. 73–93, 115. Type material. INDIA: Andhra Pradesh: NW of Kuppam: Agastya Foundation campus. 12.825 to 12.826 °N 78.252 to 78.253 °E, elev. 800 m asl, 6 July 2019, coll. W. Maddison & K. Marathe, WPM#19-108. Holotype: ♂, IBC-BP300 / AS 19.6878. Paratypes: 9 ♂♂ IBC-BP302 / AS 19.6907; IBC-BP304 AS 19.6921; IBC-BP305 / DDKM21.003; IBC-BP306 – IBC-BP311 & 2 ♀♀ IBC-BP301 / AS 19.6947; IBC-BP303 / AS 19.6937. Etymology. The name is derived from Sanskrit, tamra meaning copper, varni meaning coloured, referring to the cupreous sheen on some of the body’s scales. Diagnosis. Of the fringed-abdomen species, Stenaelurillus tamravarni sp. nov. is unique for the muted colour of the male’s abdomen and the prolaterally-leaning embolus. The male abdomen appears as a brindled greyish brown in the anterior half, composed of a mix of cream and copper scales, much less colourful than the orange of S. metallicus and S. vyaghri sp. nov., and with longer fringes. The embolus differs from S. metallicus in being thicker, especially basally, and from S. vyaghri sp. nov. in leaning prolaterally and lacking a basal retrolateral cusp. The RTA of S. tamravarni sp. nov. is longer than that of S. metallicus, more pointed than that of S. vyaghri sp. nov.. The female of S. tamravarni sp. nov. has markings with less contrast than those of S. metallicus and S. vyaghri sp. nov. with abdominal spots quite indistinct. Description. Male (based on holotype, specimen IBC-BP300/ AS 19.6878). Measurements: Carapace 1.52 long, 1.06 wide. Abdomen length 1.8, width 0.92. Leg lengths: I—2.9 (1.1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.4); II—3.2 (1.2, 0.5, 0.5, 0.6, 0.4); III—5.8 (1.8, 0.9, 1.2, 1.3, 0.5); IV—4.8 (1.5, 0.7, 0.8, 1.3, 0.6). Leg formula: III-IV-II-I. Carapace narrow, about as wide as the abdomen. Anteriorly somewhat black, covered with black and white scales. Orange scales on the sides, more densely around AMEs and ALEs. Medially brown and rust coloured. Posteriorly black. Two longitudinal creamy stripes running down behind PLEs. Two broad yellowish-white bands along the lateral margins. Clypeus brownish, sparsely covered with white hairs. Chelicerae vertical, narrow, yellowish brown, sparsely covered with white hairs. Palp (Figs. 73, 74, 77, 78): Cymbium yellowish with brown. Embolus short, slightly prolaterally leaning with bent tip. Femur with a distally located ventral process (see figs. 67–68, 78– 79 in Caleb et al. 2015). RTA curved apically. Legs robust, yellowish with some black. First leg darkest, with black from femur to tarsus. Femur I–II conspicuously black prolaterally. Legs covered with a mix of white, cream, and black scales. Abdomen with mosaic of reflective cream and copper-coloured scales in anterior half with long black hairs near anterior edge, darkening posteriorly to a patch of black scales that reflects green in alcohol. Lateral edge fringed with lustrous black and white hairs. Spinnerets somewhat long, black and yellow. Female (based on paratype, specimen IBC-BP301/ AS 19.6947). Measurements: Carapace 1.58 long, 1.15 wide. Abdomen length 1.92, width 1.15. Leg lengths: I—3.4 (1.3, 0.6, 0.7, 0.5, 0.4); II—3.6 (1.3, 0.7, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4); III—6.7 (2.1, 0.9, 1.4, 1.6, 0.7); IV—6.1 (1.9, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 0.7). Leg formula: III-IV-II-I. Carapace narrower than abdomen. Anteriorly black, covered with black scales and hairs. Medially reddish-brown. Black on sides. Two longitudinal brownish stripes running down behind PLEs. Two cream-coloured bands on lateral margins. Clypeus brownish, three narrow transverse bands of white hairs including anterior to ALEs. Chelicerae vertical, narrow, black with some brown. Legs robust, yellowish orange with black, covered with black, orange, and few white scales. Femur I black prolaterally. Black near III–IV joints. Abdomen melange of rust colour and black with two faint creamish-white spots posteriorly.Anterior edge with white and black hairs. Epigyne (Figs. 75, 76, 79, 80): ECP broad and shallow. Copulatory openings are slit shaped. Natural history. Within dry scrubland habitat, they were found on open sunny rocky or grassy patches (Figs. 116–118). We often observed them perching on small rocks (Fig. 112) or grass blades. They appear to be locally common.Published as part of Marathe, Kiran, Sanap, Rajesh, Joglekar, Anuradha, Caleb, John T. D. & Maddison, Wayne P., 2022, Three new and notes on two other jumping spider species of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillina) from the Deccan Plateau, India, pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 5125 (1) on pages 11-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/642041
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