Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering
Not a member yet
123 research outputs found
Sort by
Synthesis and Application of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Fe3O4 Composite for Zn2+ Metal Ion Adsorption from Wastewater
Get PDFIndustrial wastewater containing heavy metals such as Zn²⁺ ions is one of the hazardous pollutants that can pose serious risks to the environment and human health. The presence of Zn²⁺ in aquatic systems at high concentrations can lead to acute toxicity, thus requiring effective and sustainable treatment methods. Adsorption has become one of the most widely developed treatment approaches due to its advantages, including high efficiency, low operational cost, and environmental friendliness. This study aims to synthesize and characterize Fe₃O₄/activated carbon composites as adsorbents for the removal of Zn²⁺ ions from wastewater. Fe₃O₄ was synthesized through a coprecipitation method using FeCl₃·6H₂O and FeSO₄·7H₂O precursors, and subsequently combined with thermally activated coconut-shell carbon to enhance surface area and adsorption capacity. The composite was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Adsorption tests were conducted using various composite masses 0.04 g, 0.05 g, 0.06 g, 0.07 g, and 0.08 g to examine the effect of adsorbent dosage. The best performance was obtained at an adsorbent mass of 0.08 g with an optimum contact time of 75 minutes. Under these conditions, an initial Zn²⁺ concentration of 30 ppm decreased significantly, achieving a maximum removal efficiency of 91% and 84.63% under other test conditions. These findings indicate that the Fe₃O₄/activated carbon composite exhibits high effectiveness and selectivity in adsorbing Zn²⁺ ions and holds strong potential for development as a wastewater treatment material based on renewable and environmentally friendly local resources
Manufacture of Industrial Scale Bagasse Biochar: Effect of Temperature And Residence Time And Biochar Characterization
Get PDFAbstract. Bagasse is a waste that can still be utilized, one of which is processed into biochar. In this study, bagasse waste came from a sugar factory in Majalengka, Cirebon, West Java. The bagasse pyrolysis process was carried out at PT XXX biochar factory located in the area. Industrial scale biochar production is done by Rotary Carbonization Furnace. The research objective was to characterize biochar with variable residence time and pyrolysis temperature. Biochar was characterized based on physicochemical properties and surface composition analysis for use as a soil improver and adsorbent. The test results show that residence time and pyrolysis temperature affect biochar products. Physical characterization showed that the pyrolysis residence time of 24.73 minutes with a temperature of 400 oC gave biochar results with pH (8.92), c-organic (24.15%), total N (0.2%), P2O5 (0.17%) and high C/N ratio (1,208.00). This biochar has good quality for application as a soil improver, especially in increasing carbon storage capacity and improving soil pH. The high C/N ratio and low nitrogen content require alloying with other sources to increase nitrogen and phosphorus and lower the C/N ratio. Chemical characterization by BET test showed that pyrolysis residence time of 24.73 min at 400 oC gave the best results in terms of increasing surface area (0.554 m²/g) and pore volume (0.00364 cc/g), making it the optimal temperature to produce biochar with high adsorption capacity. Surface characterization by SEM-EDX mapping analysis showed that the pyrolysis residence time of 24.73 min at 400 oC gave results with relatively high composition of carbon (82.17%), oxygen (14.89%), silica (1.97%), potassium (0.42%), and made it more effective for soil conditioner applications.Keywords: Bagasse, Biochar, Pyrolysis
Effect of Caffeine Adsorption by Activated Charcoal in Green Coffee Extract on Blood Glucose Reduction in Rats
Get PDFGreen coffee beans (Coffea canephora) contain chlorogenic acid, an active compound known to aid in lowering blood glucose levels. However, the caffeine content in green coffee beans can reduce insulin sensitivity, thereby diminishing glucose tolerance. This study aims to improve the hypoglycemic potential of green coffee by removing caffeine through adsorption using activated carbon. Green coffee beans were extracted in water at 60–70 °C, and caffeine adsorption was carried out with activated carbon. FTIR analysis was performed on the activated carbon to confirm caffeine adsorption, while HPLC analysis was conducted on the green coffee extract before and after adsorption to determine caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents. Hypoglycemic activity was evaluated in alloxan-induced albino Wistar rats (150–250 g). Statistical analysis using the t-test was employed to assess the effectiveness of caffeine adsorption in lowering blood glucose levels. Activated carbon reduced caffeine content by 23.71%, as confirmed by FTIR spectra showing hydrogen bonding interactions between the –OH groups of activated carbon and the C=O or N atoms of caffeine. Rats receiving caffeine-reduced green coffee extract reached normal blood glucose levels faster than untreated diabetic rats. The effectiveness of caffeine adsorption was supported by t-test results, showing no significant difference in mean blood glucose levels between the treated diabetic group and the normal group (P = 0.021), a significant difference from the untreated diabetic group (P = 0.002), and similarity to baseline levels (P = 0.004)
Characteristic of the CaO-MgO Material Derived from Dolomite via Precipitation-Dehydration Method
Get PDFAbstract. This research utilized dolomite rock (CaMg(CO2)2) to produce CaO-MgO material using precipitation-dehydration. The precipitation-dehydration method was carried out by dissolving dolomite in 10% hydrochloric acid (HCl) solvent and precipitating in 2 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at a temperature of 80 oC. The resulting products were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The acidity level of the solution was analyzed by using a pH meter. The analysis results using SEM-EDX show that the material has a characteristic chemical composition with a Ca/Mg ratio less than 1. The results of BET show that the average surface area, average pore volume, average pore size and average particle diameter are 71.1213 m2/g, 0.1081 cc/g, 20.5165 nm, and 36 nm, respectively. The solution's acidity (pH level) in precipitation-dehydration is 8-8.5. It is identified that precipitation-dehydration can be used for CaO-MgO recovery and further application in catalyst materials.Keywords:Dolomite rock, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide, Precipitation-dehydratio
Polymers as Versatile Excipients Drug Delivery in Pharmaceutical Formulations: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Get PDFPolymers have become essential excipients in pharmaceutical formulations, significantly enhancing drug delivery systems due to their versatility, biocompatibility, and specialized properties. This review discusses the role of natural polymers, such as alginate and chitosan, which are favored for their biodegradability and ability to improve drug stability and controlled release. The paper highlights innovations in polymer-based drug delivery, including the development of stimuli-responsive polymers that release drugs in response to specific environmental triggers, and the integration of natural and synthetic polymers to create hybrid systems. Despite the advantages, challenges such as variability in natural polymer sources, potential toxicity of synthetic polymers, and regulatory hurdles remain. Future prospects include advancements in green and sustainable polymers, personalized medicine, and the use of nanotechnology to enhance drug delivery efficacy. This comprehensive examination underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research in overcoming existing barriers and advancing polymer-based drug delivery systems to improve patient outcomes
Bead Gel Preparation from Cassava Baggase Grafted Acrylamide and Carrageenan
Get PDFAbstract. This research intends to prepare bed gels for medium of plant growth. Bead gels were prepared by grafting cassava bagasse by acrylamide with ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator using microwave energy. This research aims to examine the effect of the ratio of acrylamide to APS initiator on the swelling capacity. Briefly, cassava bagasse powder 1 g in 80 ml distilled water was mixed with acrylamide and APS to form grafted polimer by applying microwave. The resulted grafted polymer powder then was mixed with carrageenan to create bead gels. The formed bead gel was soaked in distilled water to test the swelling capacity. The highest swelling capacity in this research is 1183.333% at a ratio of 0.1 g APS : 15 g acrylamide and 1213.33% at a ratio of 10 g acrylamide : 0.1 g APS. Therefore, the swelling capacity increases with an increase in the ratio of acrylamide and APS. From the results of swelling capacity and FTIR, it can be concluded that the grafting process of cassava bagasse and acrylamide has been successfully conducted. Keywords:Ammonium persulfate, Bead gel, Grafting microwave, Swelling capacity, Cassava bagass
Study of The Effect of Temperature On The Desorption Efficiency of Precious Metals In The Elution Process Using Anglo American Research Laboratories (AARL) Method
Get PDFThe elution process, known as the desorption of gold from carbon into solution, uses high temperature and pressure. Activated carbon is used as an adsorbent in the precious metal adsorption process. PT Indo Muro Kencana uses the Anglo American Research Laboratories (AARL) method to desorb valuable metals from the activated carbon of the Carbon In Pulp (CIP) process. The elution process of this research involves 9 stages: Pre-heat, Pre-soak 1, Pre-soak Circulation, Lean 1, Presoak 2, Lean 2, Water Elution 1, Water Elution 2, and Cooling. This study found that copper (Cu) metal desorbed from carbon first, followed by silver (Ag) metal, with the desorption of gold (Au) metal occurring last due to the influence of the stability value of metal cyanide complexes. High cyanide concentrations (~ 10% CN-) were given in Pre-soak 1, Pre-soak Circulation, and Pre-soak 2. The elution process is significantly affected by high process temperatures, particularly 123°C in the Lean 2 stage, which effectively desorbs gold (Au) at its optimal point. The solution product that only contains copper from the initial 60 minutes of the Pre-heat and Pre-soak 1 processes was transferred to the tailings tank to improve the efficiency of the refining process. The total recoveries for gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) were 93.1%, 95%, and 94.7%, respectively
Sustainable Supercapacitor Electrode: The Role of Performance-Activated Carbon from Nypa Fruticans Shells
Get PDFAbstract. Supercapacitors are energy storage devices widely used in electronics, representing a significant breakthrough in energy storage technology. Known as electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC), supercapacitors are electrochemical energy storage systems with higher power density than batteries. The material used to produce supercapacitor electrodes is waste from Nypa shells. The Nypa shells contain 36.5% cellulose, 21.8% hemicellulose, and 27.3% lignin. The production process uses the pyrolysis method to produce activated carbon, which is then used as supercapacitor electrode material. The SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) test shows that all samples have different pore cavity structures in activated carbon. The EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) test shows that all activated carbon samples contain C, O, Mg, Si, and Ca elements. Based on FTIR (Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis showed that all samples had the same wave pattern and the presence of functional groups in the form of O-H, C=C, C-H, and C ≡ C was detected. The BET test (Brunauer – Emmett – Teller) shows that activated carbon with C-NPS-Ox has a specific surface area, micropore surface area, total pore volume, and average pore diameter values of 989.3 m2/g, 537.1 m2/g, 56.5 cm3/g, and 11.4 nm. The CV (Cyclic Voltammetry) test shows that the C-NPS-Ox sample with a scan rate of 10 mV/s has the highest specific capacitance value, 142.44 F/g. Keywords:Nypa Palm Shell, Activated Carbon, Electrode, Supercapacitor.
Making Natural Dye Powder from Miana Leaves (Coleus scutellarioides (L) Benth) Using the Foam Mat Drying Method
No full textAbstract. Food color is one of the things that consumers consider when choosing and sorting food. So the use of coloring in food seems to be a necessity for every food producer. The health impact of using synthetic dyes is a reason for us to go back to nature by using natural dyes. Natural dyes can be an alternative dye that is non-toxic, renewable and environmentally friendly. Miana (Coleous scutellarioides (L) Benth) is a tropical plant that grows wild in Indonesia. This plant contains anthocyanins which have potential as natural dyes. This research aims to determine the effect of maceration time on total anthocyanin coloring powder from miana leaves as a source of natural coloring substances using the foam mat drying method. The research began with preparing the ingredients, then macerating 25 grams of miana leaves using 250 mL of distilled water with varying times of 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 hours. The maceration results are then filtered and centrifuged. In the foam mat drying method, maltodextrin filler is added with a concentration of 8% and egg white foaming agent with a concentration of 5%. Based on the research results, the best conditions were obtained at a maceration time of 36 hours. The analysis results showed that the dye powder yield was 57.643%, the water content was 2.237%, the solubility was 97.711% and the total anthocyanin concentration was 217.09 mg/L. Keywords:Coleous scutellarioides (L) Benth, Natural Dyes, Foam Mat Drying, Maltodextrin, Egg Whit
Machine Learning vs. Real-World Data: Assessing ANN Performance in COD Removal in Animal Feed Processing Wastewater
Get PDFThis research established an artificial neural network (ANN) aimed at optimizing ozonation for chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction in animal feed plant wastewater. Experimental data (200-1000 mg/L COD, 100-180 min treatment) were used to train a 10-8 neuron artificial neural network, resulting in a predicted removal rate of 97.4% at 180 minutes for 1000 mg/L COD (MSE=15.9, R²=0.34). Experiments indicated a marginally higher efficiency of 97.83% at 160 minutes; however, the ANN's conservative recommendation of 180 minutes is more appropriate for industrial scalability. The model successfully identified non-linear degradation patterns of recalcitrant organics, illustrating the potential of artificial neural networks for optimizing wastewater treatment. This study connects laboratory research with industrial application via machine learning, establishing a framework that balances efficiency and operational practicality. Future improvements may integrate real-time process data to increase accuracy