Chimica et Natura Acta
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Maggot as a Bioconversion Agent of Cow Blood Waste and Date Pulp into Feed Raw Materials: A Chemical Profile Study
No full textCow blood waste and date residue become environmental problems if not appropriately managed. So far, there has yet to be any special management to handle the waste. On the other hand, cow blood waste and date pulp can be efficiently decomposed by maggots. This research was carried out to utilize organic waste as maggot cultivation by producing animal feed materials high in protein and fat, and to determine the best composition in the feed medium. Maggot feed treatment consisted of household organic waste as P0, mixed feed as P1, the ratio of cow blood waste to date pulp P2 (1:1), P3 (1:2), and P4 (2:1). The maggot flour obtained was analyzed for its proximate, amino acid, and fatty acid content. The results showed the lowest moisture at P3 (2.26%), the highest ash content and fat content at P0 (8.27 and 36.62%), respectively, and the highest protein content at P3 (51.66%). Chemical profile analysis showed the highest amino acids, namely glutamic acid (6.05%) and lauric acid C13:0 as the highest fatty acid. The maggot content, which is rich in protein, can be used as a raw material for livestock feed
Antibacterial Effect of Ethanol Extracts of Murraya paniculata Leaves, Smallanthus sonchifolius Leaves, Apis trigona Honey, and their Combination Against Staphylococcus epidermidis
No full textSeveral studies have reported that combining plant extracts may enhance their efficacy against specific bacterial infections. This study aimed to analyze the antibacterial interaction of ethanol extracts of Murraya paniculata leaves, Smallanthus sonchifolius leaves, Apis trigona honey, and their combinations against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, as each component has shown individual antibacterial activity against this bacterium. The antibacterial interactions of the test materials, both individually and in combination, were evaluated using the agar diffusion method with clindamycin phosphate as the standard antibiotic. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the most potent extract was determined through the microdilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was assessed via subculture on solid media. Among all tested substances, the S. sonchifolius leaf extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, with similar MIC and MBC values ranging from 15.625 to 31.25 mg/mL. Interaction tests revealed a significant difference, showing that the combination of all three agents had an antagonistic effect, whereas the combination of both leaf extracts produced a synergistic antibacterial effect. However, the inhibitory effect of the combination was not greater than that of the yacon extract alone. In conclusion, S. sonchifolius leaf extract demonstrates strong potential as a single antibacterial agent against S. epidermidis.Several studies have reported that combining plant extracts may enhance their efficacy against specific bacterial infections. This study aimed to analyze the antibacterial interaction of ethanol extracts of Murraya paniculata leaves, Smallanthus sonchifolius leaves, Apis trigona honey, and their combinations against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, as each component has shown individual antibacterial activity against this bacterium. The antibacterial interactions of the test materials, both individually and in combination, were evaluated using the agar diffusion method with clindamycin phosphate as the standard antibiotic. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the most potent extract was determined through the microdilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was assessed via subculture on solid media. Among all tested substances, the S. sonchifolius leaf extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, with similar MIC and MBC values ranging from 15.625 to 31.25 mg/mL. Interaction tests revealed a significant difference, showing that the combination of all three agents had an antagonistic effect, whereas the combination of both leaf extracts produced a synergistic antibacterial effect. However, the inhibitory effect of the combination was not greater than that of the yacon extract alone. In conclusion, S. sonchifolius leaf extract demonstrates strong potential as a single antibacterial agent against S. epidermidis
Statistical Validation of The Microplate Reader for Antioxidant Activity Measurement using The DPPH Assay
No full textAntioxidants research has been garnering increased interest among researchers, particularly in the fields of medicine and health, focusing on both natural and synthetic antioxidants. The DPPH method is the most used approach for antioxidant analysis due to its efficiency, simplicity, and accuracy. This study aims to validate the sensitivity of the microplate reader compared to UV-Vis spectrophotometer, both used for measuring absorbance in the DPPH antioxidant test. The samples used in this study include ascorbic acid, gallic acid, and quercetin standards. Statistical validation in the DPPH antioxidant test includes precision testing, T-test, and % recovery test. Based on the statistically analyzed results, the T-test values for ascorbic acid, gallic acid, and quercetin standards were 0.86, 1.52 and 0.20, respectively, all of which are less than the t-table value of 1.72. The T-test values being less than the t-table value indicates that there is no significant difference between the two methods, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and microplate reader. Meanwhile, the precision test (Horrat)r values for the two methods were 0.52, 0.33, and 0.34, respectively. These precision values (Horrat)r fall within the 0.3-1.5 range, indicating acceptable precision. Additionally, the % recovery test for gallic acid showed values in the 90-100% range, indicating that both methods possess good sensitivity. As a result, a microplate reader is equally reliable yet more practical (faster, high-throughput, smaller volumes), especially valuable for labs with limited resources
Biosynthesis, Characterization of Curcumin-Capped Zno-Cuo and Chitosan-Curcumin-Capped Zno-Cuo based Nanomaterial as Antibacterial Agent of Escherichia coli
No full textThe biofabrication of the chitosan-curcumin-capped ZnO-CuO and curcumin-capped ZnO-CuO nanoparticles, as well as their ability to combat Escherichia coli bacteria, were the focus of this study. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the chitosan-curcumin-capped ZnO-CuO and curcumin-capped ZnO-CuO nanoparticles, respectively. Both were evaluated using the agar diffusion method as antibacterials against Escherichia coli. Results of analysis with FTIR, between 500 and 700 cm⁻¹, the functional group of Cu-O or Zn-O was seen at its highest point. The functional group of Cu-O and Zn-O in curcumin-capped ZnO-CuO was detected at wavenumber of 621 cm⁻¹ and 507 cm⁻¹, respectively. In chitosan-curcumin-capped ZnO-CuO, the wave numbers of the Cu-O and Zn-O groups were observed at 619 and 653 cm-1 respectively. According to XRD analysis results, the chitosan-curcumin-capped ZnO-CuO and curcumin-capped ZnO-CuO nanoparticles' crystalline shapes are demonstrated by their respective crystallite sizes of 12.58 and 1.88 nm. Based on the results of analysis with SEM, curcumin-capped ZnO-CuO and chitosan-curcumin-capped ZnO-CuO nanoparticles have a dense surface structure. The average diameter of inhibition zone (clear zone) produced by chit-cur-ZnO-CuO nanoparticles is 14.61 mm, while the clear zone produced by cur-ZnO-CuO nanoparticles is 9.52 mm. Chit-cur-ZnO-CuO has superior antibacterial qualities to cur-ZnO-CuO nanoparticles
Network Pharmacology of Ki Encok (Plumbago zeylanica Linn) Plant as A Treatment for Osteoarthritis
No full textOne of the plants in Indonesia used by the community to treat gout or Osteoarthritis (OA) is the Ki Encok plant (Plumbago zeylanica Linn). However, it is currently unknown what active substances play a role in the therapy process for gout or OA and what the pathway is. This study aimed to predict the pharmacological mechanism of the active content of Encok leaves against OA disease. This study used an in silico experimental test. The content of active plant substances was extracted from IMPPAT and KNAPSACK. Then, the target proteins of all these active substances were searched for, including target proteins involved in OA disease, through the GeneCards database. Common targets were then analyzed using the STRING database. Pathways involved in OA therapy by P. zeylanica Linn were analyzed using Gene Ontology. The active substances P. zeylanica plant are 52 components with 163 protein targets. Proteins involved in the pathogenesis of OA were found to be 5,394 proteins. Common targets were found to be 100 proteins. After being analyzed based on degree, the top 10 common targets that may play a role are ALB, TNF, INS, AKT1, TP53, IL6, PPARG, ESR1, HIF1A, and JUN. The active compounds contained in P. zeylanica with target proteins that match OA are D-glucose, vanillic acid, beta-stigmasterol, isoorientin, and lupeol
Kuntze Metabolite Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Vincetoxicum villosum (Blume) Kuntze
No full textVincetoxicum villosum belongs to the Apocynaceae family. V. villosum is often used as a traditional medicine for treating jaundice, gallstones, kidney stones, hepatitis B, and liver diseases. This study aims to determine the metabolite profile and antioxidant activity of V. villosum to provide new information and serve as a reference for its safe use as a medicinal plant. The methods used to determine the metabolite profile involved GC-MS, and antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method. GC-MS analysis showed that V. villosum leaf extract contains n-hexadecanoic acid, phytol, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (Z,Z,Z)-, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol which have potential antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity in V. villosum leaves is classified as very weak, with IC50 ranging 0.6 – 1.6 mg/mL, with the best antioxidant activity observed in polar solvents (ethanol extract) with a maceration time of 72 hours. The highest total phenol content was obtained using ethanol solvent with a maceration time of 72 hours, amounting to 416.17 mg GAE/g, and the highest total flavonoid content was obtained using ethyl acetate solvent with a maceration time of 24 hours, amounting to 168.78 mg QE/
Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Cutibacterium acnes on Jatropha gossypifolia leaves and Pommetia pinata Bark
Full text linkCutibacterium acnes is a bacterium that can cause inflammation of the skin tissue and lead to acne. Inhibitory activity treatment can be carried out using natural compounds unique to Indonesia as a tropical country, namely Pometia pinnata stem bark and red Jatropha gossypifolia leaves. Pometia pinnata stem bark and red Jatropha gossypifolia leaves are known to have the potential for antibacterial activity. This study aims to combine the two plants as anti-bacterial agents against Cutibacterium acnes and as antioxidants. The method used in this study was maceration, employing ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents for antibacterial and antioxidant activity tests, specifically paper disc diffusion and DPPH assays. The results showed that J. gossypifolia and Pometia pinnata leaf extracts contain flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and tannins. The antibacterial activity of a mixture of ethanol extracts from J. gossypifolia and Pometia pinnata leaves against Cutibacterium acnes bacteria was strong, categorized at a concentration of 25%. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the antioxidant capacity between the mixture of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The antioxidant capacity value was approximately 53% AEAC at a concentration of 500 ppm
Dukunolide D from the Root of Lansium domesticum Corr. cv Kokosan
Full text linkLansium domesticum has three varieties and one of the varieties is kokosan. These plants contain limonoids as the main constituents. Phytochemical investigation of L. domesticum cv kokosan has identified onoceranoids-type triterpenoids and tetranortriterpenoids from the seeds, fruit peels, and bark except for the root. This research described dukunolide D (1) that has been obtained from the methanol extract of the root of kokosan. Methanol root extract was fractioned by n-hexane and dichloromethane (DCM). All fractions including the crude extract were screened for phytochemical test. The DCM fraction was chromatographed in order to obtain compound 1. DART-HRMS of compound 1 showed a positive ion peak at m/z 469.1861 [M+H]+ (calculated 469.1862 corresponding for C26H29O8). The structure of 1 was fully determined by 1D (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and DEPT-135) and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY), and by comparison with data from literature
Cytotoxicity of Chromanone Acid from the Steam Bark of Calophyllum incrassatum against P-388 Leukemia Murine Cells
No full textCalophyllum incrassatum is one of the plant species of the Calophylloceae family and is found endemic in Kalimantan and Sumatra. This study aims to isolate chromanone acid compounds from the stem bark of C. incrassatum and determine the relationship between structure and activity against murine Leukemia P-388 cells. The extraction method used was maceration using methanol solvent, partitioned with n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. Separation and purification of n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts by vacuum liquid chromatography, pressed column, and radial. Two chromanone acids derivatives, isoapetalic acid (1), and methyl isoapetalic (2), have been successfully isolated from the stem bark of Calophyllum incrassatum. The structures of the two compounds were identified and elucidated using spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, and 1D and 2D NMR. The cytotoxic activity against murine leukemia P-388 cells of compounds 1-2 showed IC50 values of 8.51 and 1.47 µg/mL, respectively, and compound (2) exhibited high cytotoxic activit
Antioxidant Potential and Active Compound Identification of Hylocereus costaricensis and Hylocereus undatus Peel Extracts using LC-MS/MS
No full textThe object of this research was to determine the antioxidant potential and identify active compounds in the peel extracts of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) and white dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus). Phytochemical tests were conducted to identify flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, coumarins, and saponins. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay, while vitamin C content was quantified using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and bioactive antioxidant compounds were identified through LC-MS/MS spectrophotometry. The results demonstrated that phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids in both extracts. Antioxidant activity assays indicated that the red dragon fruit peel extract exhibited an IC50 of 32.7 ppm (very active), while the white dragon fruit peel extract had an IC50 of 50.2 ppm (active), with the vitamin C control showing an IC50 of 11.90 ppm. The red dragon fruit peel extract had the highest vitamin C content (1.45%) compared to the white dragon fruit peel (1.04%). LC-MS/MS analysis identified several organic compounds, including the flavonoid isoliquiritigenin and alkaloid compounds such as aporphine, melosmine, 3-carbamoyl-1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-4,5-dimethylpyridinium, and alkaloid group (6-Amino-5-{[2(diethylamino) ethyl]amino}-1-propyl -2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione). These findings suggest that both red and white dragon fruit peel extracts possess significant antioxidant potential, with red dragon fruit peel demonstrating superior activity. This study can be used for further research on food technology in producing food products that are rich in nutrients