Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
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Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Essential Oil as a Bioreductor
Full text linkThe development of environmentally friendly methods for nanoparticle synthesis has gained increasing attention. Black pepper essential oil contains secondary metabolites that act as both reducing and stabilizing agents, making it a promising green alternative in silver nanoparticle (AgNP) synthesis. This study aims to investigate the effect of pH and synthesis time on the yield and characteristics of AgNPs synthesized using black pepper essential oil via the sonochemical method. AgNP synthesis was carried out using the sonochemical method by adding black pepper essential oil to a silver nitrate solution. AgNPs were synthesized at pH levels of 8, 9, and 10 with reaction times of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The obtained AgNPs were analyzed for yield, UV-Vis absorbance, and particle size distribution. The results demonstrated that yield increased with higher pH and longer synthesis time, reaching a maximum of 58.12% at pH 10 and 90 minutes. UV-Vis analysis confirmed the presence of AgNPs with absorption peaks between 400500 nm. The particle size ranged from 9.66 to 348 nm, indicating size variability influenced by synthesis conditions. These findings highlight the potential of black pepper essential oil as a green and sustainable approach for AgNP synthesis, offering eco-friendly benefits for various applications
CONVERSION OF GREEN COCONUT SHELL AND HUSK INTO BIOBRIQUETTES USING JATROPHA SEED ADHESIVE
Full text linkGreen coconut shell and husk (GCSH) waste is still an unused material and causes environmental problems, so innovation to turn it into something of value-added material is very necessary. This research aimed to optimize the utilization of GCSH waste and jatropha seeds by examining and providing information regarding the characteristics of biobriquettes produced from GCSH waste with the addition of jatropha seeds as adhesive. Production of biobriquettes were performed in two ways: conventionally (without burning) and by pyrolysis (with burning). The GCSH waste was reduced in size to 5x5 cm. Subsequently, it was dried under the hot sun until the water content reached 20% and pyrolysis was carried out at temperatures of 380, 430 and 480C for 3.5 hours. The pyrolysis product (charcoal) was crushed and sieved until a size of 60 mesh. The added concentrations of jatropha seed adhesive were 15%, 20%, and 25%. Briquettes were molded at a pressure of 110 kg/cm and dried at a temperature of 105C. Optimum biobriquette characteristics were achieved by pyrolysis temperature of 430C and the addition of 25% adhesive
Assimilative Capacity of Air Pollutants Using Emission Inventory and Dispersion Model
Full text linkAir pollution in urban areas will increase along with increasing population activity. This study, with the location of Magelang Regency, examines the carrying capacity and capacity of air pollution. The study began with the identification of emission inventories for transportation, household, waste burning and industrial activities. The results of the inventory were used to examine the distribution of air pollutants. The results of the emission inventory in Magelang Regency showed that the transportation sector was the dominant contributor of emissions compared to the waste, household and industrial sectors with an emission load of 2-3.5 times higher. The transportation sector contributes dominantly to the NO2 parameter (94%) and PM parameter (72%), with a relatively similar contribution to the industrial sector in the SO2 parameter (40%). Dispersion modeling showed that the distribution of emissions was even throughout Magelang Regency and showed an accumulation of emissions, especially for the NO2 parameter which was centered on the arterial and collector road networks. When compared to the Ambient Air Quality Standard in Indonesia, the maximum concentration values for SO2, NO2 and PM parameters are still below the quality standard. However, the NO2 parameter needs to be considered because its concentration value has reached 75% of AAQS. Based on environmental carrying capacity, Tegalrejo, Mungkid and Mertoyudan sub-districts are still in good condition, while Secang and Tempuran sub-districts need to carry out mitigation and emission reduction efforts so that air quality is maintained because the air quality index shows moderate and unhealthy quality respectivel
Urban Metabolism: From Molecular Scale to Anthropogenic Systems
Full text linkThe aim of this paper is to show how an Urban Metabolism approach can be used for analysing, designing, and optimizing material and energy flows and stocks in human settlements. For this purpose, material flow analysis (MFA) and substance flow analysis (SFA) is applied in a rigid way to quantitatively model metabolic processes such as supply and disposal of goods in a city. The characteristics of relevant material flows and stocks of urban areas in space and time are examined. Results of two metabolic case studies on resources, waste management, and environmental protection are presented. By introducing the so called Activity concept, it is shown how the Urban Metabolism approach is instrumental for the design of sustainable anthropogenic systems. Finally, it is suggested to use the methodology for technology assessments and the optimization of entire anthropogenic systems
Optimization of Acid Degumming of Crude Rice Bran Oil (CRBO) on Phospholipid Removal Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Full text linkRice bran, a byproduct of milling rice, has 60% nutritional content and potential for processing into higher-selling goods like rice bran oil (RBO). Degumming is the first stage of refining crude oil. This research aims to remove phospholipids in crude rice bran oil (CRBO) by optimizing acid degumming. Three variables were optimized in this study using Design Expert v13's response surface methodology (RSM) employing central composite design (CCD) experimental design: the amount of phosphoric acid (0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 %w/w), the degumming temperature (50, 70, and 90 C), and the degumming time (20, 30, 40 minutes). The experimental values and predicted results did not correlate well with percentages (%) of error, with more than 50% occurring in 4 of 19 runs. The model's p-value of 0.4939 ( 0.05) is non-significant, with the coefficient determination, R2 being 0.5026. Optimization with desirability value ( 0.5) results showed a phospholipid removal response of 40.479% under conditions of adding 0.1%w/w phosphoric acid, temperature of 83.21 C, and degumming time of 40 minutes, which were determined by Derringers methodology.
Optimization of Biodiesel Synthesis from Avocado Seeds Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Full text linkThe synthesis of biodiesel from avocado seed oil has been successfully conducted. This study aimed to determine the optimized parameters for the transesterification reaction using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The transesterification reaction was carried out with variations in the methanol mole ratio of 1:4, 1:6, and 1:8 at temperatures of 40 C, 50 C, and 60 C, utilizing 1 wt% KOH relative to the oil. The avocado seed oil, obtained from the extraction process, has a free fatty acid content of 1.95%. The RSM results indicated that the optimized parameters for biodiesel production were at a temperature of 60 C with a methanol mole ratio of 1:6. The final yield achieved was 82%, calculated based on the initial weight of the oil. The biodiesel produced had a cetane number of 75, a density of 877.4 kg/m, and a viscosity of 4.768 cSt. These values meet the SNI standards, which require a minimum cetane number of 51, a density of 850890 kg/m, and a viscosity of 2.36 cSt
Synthesis of Microgel Sulfated Carboxymethyl Cellulose (SCMC) by Double Crosslinked Alginate from Lindur Fruit (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) for Diabetic Ulcer Healing
Full text linkMicrogels have been recognized as promising scaffolds for diabetic wound care due to their favorable properties in promoting wound healing. This study aims to synthesize a microgel using sulfated carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) derived from Lindur fruit (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) for potential application in diabetic ulcer treatment. The synthesis was conducted through a double-crosslinking reaction, and the resulting microgel was characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in vivo analysis in male mice (Mus musculus). The results demonstrated that the yield of Ca-alginate isolate ranged from 18.67% to 19.46%, with a purity of 19.5%33.1%, viscosity of 31.1931.46 cP, and stable pH at 7. The Ca-alginate isolate exhibited antioxidant activity at 50 ppm with an inhibition percentage of 22.3%. The modification of SCMC was successfully achieved, as confirmed by the presence of characteristic absorption peaks at 1220 cm (asymmetric SO stretching) and 870 cm (symmetric COS stretching vibrations), indicating successful sulfate group incorporation. The microgel swelling ratio was recorded at 660% for microgel A, 700% for microgel B, and 720% for microgel C, with microgel C exhibiting the highest swelling capacity. In vivo wound healing assessment revealed that microgel C facilitated more rapid wound closure, with wound sizes reducing progressively from 0.9 cm on day 3 to 0.5 cm on day 5, 0.3 cm on day 7, and 0.1 cm on day 14. These findings suggest that SCMC-based microgel with alginate derived from Lindur fruit holds significant potential as an innovative formulation for diabetic wound managemen
Heavy Metal Adsorption Using Cellulose Xanthate from Sugarcane Bagasse: A Fixed-Bed Column Study
Full text linkIn recent years, various environmentally friendly adsorbents have been developed to address the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. This study focuses on the adsorption of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) using cellulose xanthate derived from sugarcane bagasse as an adsorbent. The adsorption experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed column with dimensions of 2.4 cm in diameter and 8 cm in height. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to analyze the concentrations of Pb and Cu before and after adsorption, while the adsorbent composition was characterized using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The breakthrough times for Pb and Cu adsorption was found to be 8 and 6 minutes, respectively, with total adsorption durations of 18.584 and 17.543 minutes. The Thomas Model was employed to evaluate the kinetics and adsorption capacity, yielding kinetic constants (KTH) of 0.00283 and 0.0006 mL/mg.min for Pb and Cu, respectively, and adsorption capacities (qeq) of 712.89 and 181.18 mg/g. These results provide valuable insights into the adsorbents efficiency, kinetics, and potential applications in environmental remediation and wastewater treatment
Design of Storage Warehouse with Environmentally Friendly Concept: Case Study of ABC Fuel Terminal
Full text linkThis article presents the design of a storage warehouse at the ABC fuel terminal using an environmentally friendly approach. The concept integrates renewable energy, sustainable building design, ventilation systems, natural lighting, automation, and efficient layout arrangements. A quantitative method is applied to calculate the site area systematically based on field conditions. The total design area is 467.26 m, with dimensions of 30.5 m in length and 15.32 m in width. To minimize environmental impact, the warehouse design incorporates several sustainable features. Solar panels serve as a renewable energy source to reduce reliance on conventional electricity. A transparent polycarbonate roof allows natural daylight to illuminate the interior, reducing the need for artificial lighting during the day. Rotary ventilation systems enhance air circulation, decreasing the dependency on air conditioning and promoting a comfortable working environment. Environmentally friendly Material Handling Equipment (MHE), such as electric or alternative-fuel forklifts, is proposed to lower emissions and energy use. Furthermore, the application of the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) principles ensures minimal waste generation, efficient resource usage, and the reuse of viable materials. The warehouse layout adopts a specialized storage system that significantly improves the efficiency of item search, placement, and retrieval. Together, these strategies contribute to a sustainable and efficient warehouse design
Enhancement of Functional Characteristics of Beneng Taro Noodles by Incorporating Garlic Nanoparticles as Bioactive Compounds
Full text linkFunctional noodles were prepared using Beneng Taro starch and garlic nanoparticles, employing a nanocomposite technology method. The incorporation of garlic nanoparticles into the starch matrix was confirmed through FTIR analysis, which indicated an association with protein content in the functional noodles, providing health benefits. The addition of garlic nanoparticles increased the protein content of the noodles by up to 13.19% (w/w), enhancing their nutritional profile. Higher protein levels contribute to longer cooking times due to the extended denaturation process, while bioactive compounds such as allicin and flavonoids offer antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, which may reduce the risk of chronic diseases and improve overall health. Functional noodles with 2,5% (w/w) garlic nanoparticles required less than 5 minutes to cook, while concentrations of 5% and 12,5% led to cooking times of up to 17 and 30 minutes, respectively. Additionally, the bioactive compounds in garlic nanoparticles contributed to an extended shelf life by exhibiting antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. These findings highlight the potential of garlic nanoparticles to improve the nutritional and functional properties of food products, making them a promising option for health-oriented consumers