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The Effect of Soil Type on Touch Voltage and Step Voltage in the Grid Grounding System
Full text linkThe grounding system is one of the security systems in substations to channel excess voltage caused by lightning strikes that occur at substations, as well as electrical equipment. To design a grounding system, there are several factors that must be considered, including the type of soil, the configuration of the grounding system, the resistivity of the soil, and the condition of the surrounding environment. The aim of this research is to determine the safe limits in the substation grid grounding system which is influenced by the type of soil and influences the touch voltage and step voltage, which can be dangerous to humans. The method used is simulation with the Finite Element Method (FEM) in the ETAP application. Finite Element Method (FEM) is a method that uses image mediation by assuming that the grounding system is an equipotential structure. The test results were deliberately carried out with larger substation area parameters and different soil types, so that the differences between the influence and appearance of touch voltage and step voltage can be seen clearly
Grounding Analysis Based on Different Soil Characteristics in The Distribution System
Full text linkThis study aims to obtain the type of grounding and resistance value in the distribution system of medium voltage UP3 South Surabaya ducts. In addition, to see the magnitude of the comparative value of the results of the resistance analysis stimulates ETAP. In the South Surabaya UP3 medium voltage distribution system. PT. PLN (Persero) improves and optimizes service to all of its customers. The grounding system at PT PLN UP3 South Surabaya. The existing PLN UP3 South Surabaya must comply with PUIL regulations of 2011, and the value of land holdings must be no greater than 5 Ω. Of the 15 grounding points analyzed, there are 3 points whose grounding values do not meet the requirements of PUIL 2011, namely the grounding values are still above 5 Ω. The smallest grounding resistance value before adding the rod electrode is 1.1 Ω at the 3rd point or BD 313 and after adding one rod and then paralleling it, the resistance value drops to 0.55 Ω. For the largest grounding resistance at the point that meets the requirements, namely 4 Ω at the 9th point or BD 653 and after adding one rod and then parallelizing it, the resistance value drops to 1.75 Ω. ETAPsimulation, the simulation results are affected by the value of x direction and the depth of the conductor. In addition, the simulation results are affected by the size of the rod. ETAP simulation results, the touch tolerable is 587.6 volts and the step tolerable is 1948.6 volts. For the largest grounding resistance at the point that meets the requirements, namely 4 Ω at the 9th point or BD 653 and after adding one rod and then parallelizing it, the resistance value drops to 1.75 Ω. ETAP simulation, the simulation results are affected by the value of x direction and the depth of the conductor. In addition, the simulation results are affected by the size of the rod. ETAP simulation results, the touch tolerable is 587.6 volts and the step tolerable is 1948.6 volts. For the largest grounding resistance at the point that meets the requirements, namely 4 Ω at the 9th point or BD 653 and after adding one rod and then parallelizing it, the resistance value drops to 1.75 Ω. ETAP simulation, the simulation results are affected by the value of x direction and the depth of the conductor. In addition, the simulation results are affected by the size of the rod. ETAP simulation results, the touch tolerable is 587.6 volts and the step tolerable is 1948.6 volts
Design and Implementation of Wind Speed-Based Radar Antenna Safety System Prototype
Full text linkAir defense radar is a system that detects the presence of one or more air objects at a certain distance, altitude, and direction. One type of air defense radar used by the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) is the Thomson TRS 2215D. An essential part of the radar is the rotating part of the radar antenna support called the antenna pivot. The rotation of the radar antenna must constantly be monitored and controlled for rotational stability at a speed of 6 Rotations per Minute (RPM) with a maximum wind speed of 120 km/h to prevent damage to the driving gear. Stormy weather with high wind speeds can cause the rotation speed of the radar antenna to be uncontrollable, which can cause damage. The solution offered in this study is to build a safety system that will lock the radar antenna automatically when the wind speed is detected to exceed tolerances and maintain the security of the radar antenna and its support system. The safety system was designed using an ESP32 Wi-Fi device equipped with an anemometer wind speed sensor, a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitor, a Direct Current (DC) motor, and a Blynk Internet of Things (IoT) application. The test was conducted in a simulation using a multi-meter and oscilloscope measuring instrument. Testing the radar antenna's safety system prototype on a laboratory scale shows that the safety system can work as designed. The system can lock the radar antenna when the airflow is set at a speed of 54 km/h or 15 m/s, communication with the Blynk server works well, and the ESP32 device can transmit data at a maximum distance of 14 meters
Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Health in Electric Bicycles Using Internal Resistance Measurement Method
Full text linkThis study evaluates the performance of a 36 Volt 10 Ah battery in an electric bicycle with a 350-Watt Brushless DC (BLDC) motor as an environmentally friendly alternative to overcome the negative impacts of motorized vehicle use in Indonesia. In addition, this study measured the State of Health battery’s value of internal resistance, which is different from other studies that use capacity fading. With a focus on maximum travel distance and travel time, experiments were conducted without load and with a 70kg load. The no-load test was conducted only once, resulting in a travel time of 600 minutes and a distance of 330.1 Km. Although the battery was not discharged, the results were not in line with expectations, so the no-load test was only conducted once. In the 70kg load test, six trials were conducted with variable measurements of distance, battery voltage, and battery resistance. Results showed variations in distance between 50.7 km and 53.1 km, and travel time between 151 and 160 minutes. The battery voltage varied from 31.316 Volts to 31.850 Volts. The resistance in the battery also showed an increase of about 0.0001 ohms from 0.1132 ohms to 0.1139 ohms. Overall, the results from the study showed that as time and usage progressed, the battery voltage and internal resistance values tended to increase, while the distance and travel time tended to decrease. The internal resistance measurement method proved to be effective in assessing battery health as the State of Health value decreased throughout the experiment
Application of Photovoltaic Panels as Producers of Electrical Energy With IoT Technology Based on Programmable Logic Controller
Full text linkThe process of converting solar cell electrical energy is a form of utilizing environmentally friendly alternative energy sources (renewable energy). The conversion system is in the form of PV panels that are installed in a location exposed to sunlight and unobstructed. Monitoring is carried out when the sun shines from morning to evening. The location of the panel is in the vehicle parking lot of the engineering faculty, while monitoring is carried out in the Control Laboratory of the Tanjungpura University Engineering Faculty, which is 300 meters away. Factors that determine the quality of PV panels are the system and dimensions. This shows that fluctuations in current (I), voltage (V) and power (P) need to be controlled so that load distribution and reserves can prevent reduced energy generation. Observation and control using Long Range Area (LoRa) radio transmission media connections, Internet of Things (IoT) and Programmable Logical Control (PLC) in real-time. Observation and test results show that energy generation has experienced an increase in temperature which has an impact on reducing power. Meanwhile, the effect of the distance between the installed panels produces an average delay of 7 milliseconds (midday conditions). Meanwhile, the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) value for data transmission is 30 dBm at the device frequency of 868.125 MHz. Baud rate 2400-9600 bps with a speed of 0.3 bps – 62.5 Kbps. The application of this system is a research novelty because it can determine and control the generation of electrical energy at minimum, maximum and optimum conditions with a certain distance between the observer and the installed panel
Power Flow Analysis in Unbalanced Three-Phase Distribution Systems using Backward/Forward Sweep and Current Injection Methods
Full text linkThe electrical power distribution system is a part of the power system that distributes electricity from the transmission network to customers. In the distribution system, imbalances often occur due to the varying load profiles in each phase. This can cause voltage imbalances in the distribution system. This study aims to compare two power flow analysis methods, Backward/Forward Sweep and Current Injection. The study analyses the voltage and power loss conditions on each phase at each bus and line in the three-phase distribution system under unbalanced conditions. Simulations were conducted on two IEEE test buses, IEEE 19-Bus and IEEE 33-Bus with radial configurations. The power flow calculation results using the Backward and Forward Sweep method showed that in the IEEE 19-Bus system, the highest voltage drop percentage occurred on phase b at bus 19, at 3.14%, the highest voltage imbalance percentage occurred at bus 19, at 0.1409%, and the total active and reactive power losses were 7.352 kW and 3.164 kVAR. In the IEEE 33-Bus system, the highest voltage drop percentage occurred on phase c at bus 18, at 5.85%, the highest imbalance percentage occurred at bus 15, at 0.2077%, and the total active and reactive power losses were 19.107 kW and 8.22 kVAR. The percentage difference between the two methods used is less than one percent, indicating that both methods are sufficiently accurate in analyzing power flow in an unbalanced distribution system
Combination of Implementation of Antiphase and Overcurrent Relays for Protection of 0.75 kW Three-Phase Induction Motor in Industry
Full text linkThree-phase induction motors are the most widely used type of motor in industry. These motor operations are generally susceptible to unbalanced voltage disturbances. This interference is caused by the loss of one or two phases on the input side of the motor. This source voltage disturbance then causes an unbalanced current which flows to the coil, causing a phase shift, overheating the coil, and if left for a long time, it causes the motor to burn out. The research aims to design and implement a combination of antiphase relay (APR) and overcurrent relay (OCR) to prevent voltage drops due to failure of one or two phases and overcurrent to prevent overheating and fires in three-phase induction motor coils. Motor testing is carried out by adjusting the magnitude of the three-phase motor source voltage in three testing stages, i.e., tests A, B, and C, under no-fault conditions, 1-phase open and 2-phase open conditions respectively. The direct test results are then validated with ETAP simulations. In direct testing, A, B, and C can produce a current and relay working time of 6 A-31.04 s, 7.1 A-20.98 s, and 8.3 A-14.93, respectively. Meanwhile, testing using ETAP simulation can produce current and relay working times of 6A-31.366 s, 7A-20.599 s, and 8A-14.822 s respectively. The combination of an APR and an OCR can detect and interrupt voltage drops and overload currents in systems connected to 0.75 kW three-phase induction motors in the industry
Design of Level Sensor Prototype for Fuel Tank in Base Transceiver Station Facilities
Full text linkA monitoring system for fuel availability at Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) is an absolute necessity. The fuel availability in the generator set must be guaranteed because it ensures the energy supply and continuous operation. This research purpose is to create a robust and effective sensor that can be monitored in real-time so that industry players can estimate the consumption of fuel at the BTS in a certain period. The novelty of this research is that instead of looking at the amount of fuel consumption/reduction like the previous research, this study focuses on how much diesel availability is in the generator tank. So, calculating fuel requirements and predicting actual consumption are done directly. The sensor is a reed-switch oil level sensor and is connected to ESP32 as the microcontroller. It's installed horizontally and uses an optimum distance between sensors of 2.5 mm to improve the sensor reading's accuracy. The test results of converting voltage values into ADC signals on sensor readings produced a determination coefficient of 0.9987, which showed the reliability of the sensor-level design. The sensor precision test results produced an RSD value of 0.17% and the accuracy test produced an error range of -3% to 2% with an average error value of 1.59%. These results indicate that the designed level sensor has good precision and accuracy. Through this research, the provider can predict and plan their fuel consumption needs for BTS power supply and increase the Domestic Component Level in the sensor industry
Implementation of Solar PV Protection System in Indonesia: A Review
Full text linkConventional energy sources will run out if used continuously and damage the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop other energy sources that are safe, environmentally friendly, and inexhaustible known as renewable energy sources to meet energy needs in Indonesia. This article presents a review that discusses the protection of solar panels and PLTS. Solar panels are vulnerable to lightning strikes and other electrical disturbances, so an effective protection system is needed. This study uses a qualitative method through a literature study, reviewing various protection methods such as conventional and electrostatic lightning rods, good grounding systems, and overcurrent detection devices such as Solar Charge Controller (SCC) and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). In addition, battery protection with Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) and Low Voltage Disconnected (LVD) is also discussed. Using Arduino Uno, ESP 32, and PLC, automation approaches offer real-time monitoring and control solutions for solar power plant performance. Innovations in the lightning protection zone concept and minimal quantity measurement schemes enable more cost-effective design of protection systems without reducing the level of protection. The results show that these various protection methods can provide effective and efficient protection for solar power plants, enabling optimization of system function and safety. In conclusion, the protection systems reviewed in this study offer a sustainable solution to Indonesia's energy challenges by utilizing the maximum potential of solar energy. The potential for further research is presented in this article to develop more efficient and effective protection methods
Landslide Monitoring and Warning System Based on Wireless Sensor Network
Full text linkLandslides are common in Indonesia, often caused by factors like heavy rainfall and high soil moisture levels. The Batubrak mini hydro power plant intake area in Lampung province of Indonesia has experienced landslides, prompting the need for an early warning system. This study presents the development of a cost-effective and efficient real-time landslide monitoring and warning system. The system incorporates sensors to measure accelerometer and vibration parameters, enabling real-time data display through a wireless sensor network and SCADA software. Early warnings are issued when triggers are activated. Three sensor nodes were deployed in the intake area for testing, demonstrating their ability to detect, collect, process, and transmit accelerometer and vibration data to the gateway node