Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science
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EFFECT OF SCREEN HOUSE MODIFICATION AT FLOWER BUD STADIA ON FLOWER QUALITY OF CHRYSANTHEMUM AT MEDIUM UPLAND ELEVATION
Get PDFHigher temperature and light intensity at the medium upland elevation decrease the number of blooming flowers, flower diameter, and red color flower intensity of Chrysanthemum morifoliumcompared to that at the high upland elevation. The environmental modification was needed during the flower development phase to improve the quality of chrysantheum at a medium upland elevation. The study aimed to find the suitable screen house environmental modification for increasing the chrysanthemum quality at the medium upland elevation. The study consisted of two factors. First, environmental modification of a screen house, such as (1) control, (2) the addition of shading net on the rooftop of the screen house, (3) the addition of a misting system in the screen house, and (4) the addition of a combination of shading net on the rooftop and misting system in the screen house. Second, the chrysanthemum varieties, including (1) Yastayuki (white flower), (2) Arosuka Pelangi (yellow flower), and (3) Socakawani (red flower). Experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Data were analyzed by combined ANOVA. The results showed that either the addition of a shading net or misting system reduced the number of flower buds growing. The competition among flower buds was found to be reduced by decreasing the number of flower buds. Consequently, the number and diameter of the blooming flower increased. The addition of a shading net on top of the screen house was the most suitable environmental modification to increase the chrysanthemum quality at the medium upland elevation
GIBBERELLIC ACID PRIMING ENHANCES MAIZE SEED GERMINATION UNDER LOW WATER POTENTIAL
Get PDFGermination is a portentous yield determining factor that is a challenge in the low water potential environment due to disrupted imbibition. Hormonal seed priming can markedly increase the germination on maize even in such a stressful environment. Therefore, research was aimed to analyze the application of gibberellic acid (GA3) priming to maize seeds to minimize the deleterious effects of reduced water potential. GA3 priming was done at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm for 12 hours and subjected to drought levels of 0, 0.15, 0.50, 1.05, and 1.75 MPa by using NaCl solution. Different germination parameters, i.e., germination percentage, mean germination time, germination index, relative water content, seedling vigor index, root length, and shoot length, were determined on the final day of the experiment. The results showed that all germination parameters were adversely influenced by low water potential. Every level of GA3 priming has hastened all parameters. GA3 priming at 100 ppm decreased the mean germination time by 35 hours under 1.75 MPa compared to non-primed seeds. GA3 priming increased the shoot length of maize seedlings with a shoot length of 2.9 cm in non-primed seedlings compared to 6.4 cm in 200 ppm GA3 priming under 1.05 MPa. GA3 priming is the best method for the early establishment of maize seedlings in low water potential conditions. As a result, it may be utilized as a low-cost and straightforward approach for establishing maize crops under saline and drought conditions
EFFECT OF AMELIORANT ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE AT TIDAL PADDY FIELD
Get PDFRice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important and strategic food crop in Indonesia, but low productivity in tidal paddy fields is a serious problem that must be overcome. The application of ameliorant would be worthy to increase the growth and yield of rice in tidal paddy fields. The study aimed to investigate the effect of ameliorant application on growth and yield of rice varieties in tidal paddy fields. The study was arranged in a split plot design with five replications. Rice varieties tested were Inpari 34, Dendang, Inpara 9, Inpari 35, and Ciherang as the main plot, and ameliorant types studied were humic acid, gypsum, zeolite, and organic fertilizer as the subplot. The results showed that the use of different rice varieties and amelioran types significantly increased the growth and yield of rice. Inpara 9 produced 7.6 t.ha-1 dry milled grain (DMG) or increased by 33.3% compared to Ciherang variety. Humic acid application at 25 kg ha-1 increased grain yield by 21.3% higher than that without ameliorant treatment. The best treatment to increase the growth and yield of rice in tidal paddy field was a combination of humic acid 25 kg.ha-1 and Inpari 34 which produced the DMG of 8.6 t ha-1 or 41% higher compared to Ciherang without ameliorant
RESISTANT LEVEL OF SOYBEAN GERMPLASM AGAINST POD SUCKING BUGS (Riptortus spp.)
Get PDFIncreasing productivity of soybean has often been constrained by pod sucking bugs (Riptortus spp.) which caused a serious damage and yield losses up to 80%. Breeding for obtaining soybean variety resistant to pod suckers needs the availability of soybean germplasm resistant to the pest. The study aimed to obtain a candidate for soybean variety resistant to Riptortus spp. through the selection of 100 accessions of soybean. The study included the preparation of test plants and test insects, pest infestations, observations, and looking for a practical screening method for pod sucking pests. The experiment used a completely randomized design for two treatments (infested and non-infested Riptortus spp.). Cikuray variety and PI-092734 accession were used as a control. Results showed that there was a very low correlation among variables observed. Twelve soybean accessions showed a resistance to Riptortus spp., i.e. C7301-113AC-POP, Lokal Madiun-3549, Lokal Klungkung, ML.2974, Singgalang, Lokal Jepara, Lokal Jatim, Lokal Trenggalek, Lokal Tulungagung, Lokal Tabanan, Lokal Blitar, and Lokal Kuningan 10. These accessions were more resistant than the popular released variety such as Wilis, Grobogan, Detam 2, and Gepak Ijo. Small seed size was not a major determinant of soybean resistance to pod suckers. The addition of observational components, i.e. probing preference and oviposition, indicated that crop damage was indirectly influenced by the high frequency of probing and oviposition, although its relation to plant tolerant mechanisms still needs further investigation. Indeterminate plant types require further validation as to whether they contribute significantly to plant resistance against pod sucking insects
CRITICAL VARIABLES OF MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RICE PLANT UNDER STAGNANT FLOODING CONDITIONS
Get PDFStagnant flooding (SF) stress has contributed decreasing rice production in Indonesia. The study aimed to explore critical variables of rice growth that contribute to the decreasing grain yield under SF conditions and a common irrigation system (control). The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design with four replications to test 10 rice genotypes (Inpari 30 Ciherang Sub-1, Inpara 3, Inpara 4, Inpara 8, IRRI119, IRRI154, IR42, IR14D121, IR14D157, and Tapus). The water depth was managed according to the farmer’s practices for control, while for SF plots the standing water depth was gradually increased from 35 days after transplanting and was maintained at 50 cm until harvest. Results showed that plant height, tillering ability, leaf greenness, panicle number per hill and grain filling percentage were critical growth variables that affect grain yield at optimal conditions. The yield of the 10 genotypes decreased by 25–50% under SF conditions. Inpara 3 had the stable yield in those two watering conditions. Therefore, it could be used as a check variety for SF condition. Inpara 9 and IRRI119 experienced decreased yield of more than 50% under SF conditions. The key factors determining the decreased yield were tillering ability and green leaf level. Optimization of the two variables at SF conditions will largely determine rice yield associated with panicle number per hill and grain number per panicle. Results of the study are useful as preliminary recommendations for designing new variety and cultivation techniques to reduce the impact of SF stress on rice yield
POTENTIAL OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI DERIVING FROM ASIATIC PENNYWORTH TO PRODUCE ANTIOXIDANTS
Get PDFAsiatic pennyworth is a medicinal plant that contains triterpenoids, saponin, flavonoids, and tannins which possess antioxidants. Endophytic fungi from the plant could produce a similar compound; therefore, antioxidants could be made in the laboratory if the fungi are isolated. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of endophytic fungi isolated from Asiatic pennyworth to produce antioxidants. The study used 34 endophytic fungal isolates from Asiatic pennyworth accessions of Malaysia (17 isolates) and Bengkulu, Indonesia (17 isolates) collected by the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development. The fungi were propagated in a potato dextrose broth medium, then mycelia mats and filtrates were separated and then freeze-dried. The antioxidant activities were first tested with 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) using thin layer chromatography (TLC), then UV-Vis spectrophotometry λ517 nm with five variations of concentration. Results showed all 34 fungal isolates have antioxidant activities based on a yellowish-white color change after applying 0.002% DPPH solution of the TLC method and IC50 value of the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The highest antioxidant activity was shown by Aspergillus austroafricanus MB 1 (IC50 = 12.08 ppm) from Bengkulu accession and A. oryzae MM 13 (IC50 = 10.29 ppm) from Malaysia accession. A. austroafricanus MB 1 produced more antioxidant compounds (seven) than A. oryzae MM 13 (six). The antioxidant compounds produced by both endophytic fungi included in the group of flavonoids, fatty acids, and carboxylic acids. The research implies that A. austroafricanus MB 1 and A. oryzae MM 13 could be further developed as sources of antioxidants
ESTIMATING VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY, AND GENETIC ADVANCE OF RICE GENOTYPES IN MID-HILLS OF NEPAL
Get PDFRice is an essential staple food in Nepal but researches and varietal improvement programs are rarely carried out due to inadequate variability study. The field study was carried to diagnose the influence of genetic and environmental factors on yield traits to aid future rice breeding programs. Twelve genotypes were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications from July to November 2019 at the research field of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, in the hilly area of Nepal. Analysis of variance showed significant difference for days to 50% booting, days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length, flag leaf area, filled grains per panicle, unfilled grains per panicle, fertility percentage, effective tillers m-2, straw yield, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and harvesting index indicating the presence of variation in genotypes. LPN BR-1615 was the most promising genotype in grain yield. The values of Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) were higher than Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) for each trait and low difference between them was found for days to 50% booting, days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length, grain yield, thousand-grain weight, fertility percentage, and harvesting index. Plant height, effective tillers m-2, and grain yield showed high heritability (i.e. 93.2%, 60.5% and 92.6%, respectively) and higher genetic advance as percentage of mean (i.e. 46.5, 34.6 and 50.1, respectively) . Thus, the experiment revealed that selections favoring plant height, effective tillers m-2, and grain yield would help in effective breeding programs of rice in future
SSR MARKERS REVEALED GENETIC DIVERGENCE OF RICE BROWN PLANTHOPPER POPULATIONS MAINTAINED ON TWO SETS OF DIFFERENTIAL HOST VARIETIES
Get PDFResistance screening of promising rice lines in Indonesia requires the use of brown planthopper (BPH) biotypes 1, 2, and 3. Three BPH populations have been raised as biotypes 1, 2, and 3 on differential rice host of improved varieties Pelita I-1 (no Bph gene), IR26 (Bph1), and IR42 (bph2), respectively. Three alternative populations have also been developed on the respective traditional varieties TN1 (no Bph gene), Mudgo (Bph1), and ASD7 (bph2). Although these populations displayed two virulent patterns other than biotype 1 to 3 phenotypes, they were expected to be discriminated into two virulence groups by SSR analysis. The study aimed to investigate the level of genetic variation among the six BPH populations using SSR markers and to relate it with the observed virulence patterns. Genotyping of 30 females with 29 polymorphic SSR markers revealed higher genetic parameter values in populations reared on improved varieties than those on traditional varieties. This difference was marked as two population clusters in PCoA plots corresponding to the host variety type, in contrast to the previous assumption that clustering would be based on virulence patterns. The presence of individuals with unwanted virulence allele, either resulting from contamination during the long period of rearing or lack of host adaptation period, is suspected. The result of this study indicates that the six populations are not suitable for resistance screening. Virulence selection must be performed until they attain biotype 1 to 3 phenotypes which can be genetically separated by DNA markers
THE TOLERANCE AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF RICE BREEDING LINES SELECTED UNDER LOW AND OPTIMUM NITROGEN CONDITIONS
Get PDFOne of the important issues on rice breeding is to develop new rice lines suitable for nitrogen efficiency in the suboptimum environment. The study aimed to evaluate the tolerance and yield components of rice breeding lines selected under low and high nitrogen conditions. The F6 generation from two cross-combinations of Gampai/IR77674 and Progol/Asahan, were evaluated in the dry season of 2014 under N suboptimum and N optimum conditions. A total of 172 lines plus six check varieties derived from the low and high N environment selection were evaluated under low N rate (34.5 kg N ha-1) and high N rate (138 kg N ha-1), arranged in an augmented design. Six check varieties were relocated three times in each block. Plot size was 5.5 m2 and plant spacing 20 cm x 20 cm. Data were collected for grain yield and major yield components. Results showed that the different status of nitrogen fertilizer affected the number of productive fillers, number of filled grains, 100-grain weight, and grain yield. Different cross combinations exhibited different results in the progeny performance. Ten lines have a higher yield also tolerant to low N condition, i.e. B14250F-6-9, B14250F-1-4, B14250F-9-9, B14250F-6-4, B14250F-5-2, B14262F-15-6, B14250F-2-6, B14262F-12-4, B14250F-5-1, and B14250F-11-4. Thus, to obtain the N tolerant lines, selection at a low N environment was more effective compared with the optimum selection environment
INCREASING YIELD OF SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT RICE BLAST CULTIVARS USING SILICON FERTILIZATION
Get PDFRice blast is one of the most critical limiting factors for rice plant growth performance. Silicon has been shown to have positive effects in controlling several plant diseases. The study aimed to investigate the impact of silicon levels on rice yield, silicon content, and panicle blast in rice plants. The study was set up as a 2 x 5 factorial experiment with three replications and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The first factors were two rice cultivars, MARDI Siraj 297 (resistant) and MR 263 (susceptible). The second factors were five levels of calcium silicate (0 g, 4 g, 8 g, 12 g, and 16 g) applied to 40 kg soil per pot. The standard fertilizers, i.e., N, P2 O5, and K2 O, were applied four times at the recommended dosage. High virulent of Pyricularia oryzae conidia (4 x 104 conidia ml-1) was sprayed using a hand sprayer (30 ml pot-1) at the time of fully completed panicle development (65 days after planting). Observed parameters were plant growth (height and culm length), yields (spikelets per panicle, grain filling percentage, and harvest index), panicle blast severity, and silica content in leaf, stem, and panicle. The results showed that silicon application reduced panicle blast severity, leading to higher yield per plant. The increase of the rice yield was a result of a significant increae in panicle per m2 , spikelet per m2 , and percentage of filled grain. Panicle blast greatly affected the performance of spikelet number per m2 , percentage of filled grain, grain weight, and yield per plant for the susceptible cultivar. Application of calcium silicate 10 g 40 kg-1 soil per pot at panicle initiation is recommended to reduce panicle blast severity hereby improve grain yield