Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia
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Analysis of Monitoring and Evaluation System Development of Smoke-Free Area in Indonesia
Full text linkThe World Health Organization Bulletin data show that Indonesia\u27s compliance score for non-smokers\u27 protection efforts was 0.1 in 2016. This research aims to analyze the need for data, information, and indicators to support the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of Smoke Free Area (SFA) in Indonesia through system analysis. This is an operational research study using the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and document methods. The research series at early stage in the development of an evaluation and monitoring system, utilizing a system develop-ment cycle approach. Data is collected by the SFA task force and the community based on system components. The results of this study show that the entity responsible for conducting the monitoring and evaluation of SFA is the Task Force and community. The new potential data and information that has not been existed in the previous system are community as the potential data source of monitoring SFA, strategic data for SFA including the existence of self-service machines for selling cigarettes, and socialization of SFA regulation, monitoring and evaluation as a strategic activity to improve the result of SFA regulation, institution status of SFA and changes in smoking behavior. The information generated by the monitoring and evaluation system includes the SFA status of the institutions which is used for decision making to support the SFA program and the tobacco control program. Continuous monitoring and evaluation are important to ensure policy effectiveness, identify components for improvement or expansion of policies, and increase stakeholder and public support to strengthen or develop SFA policies
Clustering Community Risk Behaviors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Indonesia: Based on Indonesian Health Survey Data
Full text linkNon-communicable Diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and heart disease are major causes of morbidity and mortality in Indonesia. Community behaviors, including smoking, low physical activity, and unhealthy diets, significantly influence NCD incidence. To analyze associations between behavioral risk factors (daily smoking, physical inactivity, consumption of sugary foods and drinks, salty foods, fatty foods, soft drinks, and inadequate fruit intake) and the prevalence of NCDs, and to classify regions based on risk factors and disease prevalence. A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (IHS), encompassing 345,000 households across 39 provinces. The Ministry of Health collected the data through standardized interviews and health examinations conducted by trained surveyors. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and K-Means Clustering. Daily smoking correlated positively with hypertension, stroke, and diabetes. Fatty food consumption showed strong positive associations with the same diseases (r = 0.45–0.48, p < 0.01). Soft drink consumption demonstrated a significant negative correlation, especially with stroke (r = -0.66, p < 0.001). Hypertension (7.2%) and stroke (7.1%) were more prevalent than diabetes (2.0%) and heart disease (0.76%). North Maluku showed the highest behavioral risks, Bali the lowest. DI Yogyakarta and DKI Jakarta had the highest NCD prevalence, while the Papua Mountains had the lowest. K-Means clustering grouped provinces into low, medium, and high-risk clusters. Community behaviors, particularly smoking and fatty food intake, significantly affect NCD prevalence. Public health programs should target smoking cessation, healthy diet promotion, and increased physical activity to reduce the NCD burden
Spatial Clustering of Urban Villages on Stunting Babies Data in Samarinda Using the DBSCAN Model
Full text linkThe government has set an annual target to reduce stunting rates. To achieve this, the Health Department must implement well-targeted policies based on a prioritized approach, ensuring that interventions are comprehensive and coordinated for maximum effectiveness. This study aimed to cluster urban villages in Samarinda based on stunting data, including the number of cases, baby weight, and height, using the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) model. The optimal model was selected by determining the highest silhouette score from various combinations of epsilon (ε) and MinPts values. The best results were obtained with ε = 0.95 and MinPts = 3, which produced a silhouette score of 0.432. The clustering process resulted in the formation of two primary groups, whereas four villages remained unclustered, exhibiting significant variations in the number of stunted babies. Additionally, spatial analysis revealed that stunting and malnutrition were more prevalent in densely populated urban areas, emphasizing health risks associated with population density. These findings not only provide a clearer understanding of the spatial distribution of stunting in Samarinda but also highlight the need for targeted, area-specific interventions. The insights gained from this study offer a valuable basis for prioritizing public health initiatives and developing data-driven policies to effectively address stunting in Samarinda
Urban School Nutrition: Student and Teacher Perspectives on Creating a Healthier Food Environment
Full text linkChanges in lifestyle and eating habits can affect food choices for adolescents, impacting their nutritional intake. Schools are pivotal in shaping healthy eating behaviors. This qualitative study explores the perspectives of secondary school students and teachers on strategies to improve the healthy food environment in an urban school. Two focus group discussions with students and one with teachers, along with one in-depth interview with the school principal, were conducted at a junior high school in Makassar city. The audio recordings were transcribed and analyzed thematically to identify key themes. Students appeared to be aware of the importance of healthy eating habits; however, they lacked a full understanding of which healthier choices to make. Focus group discussions and interviews revealed that all groups recognize the importance of promoting healthier choices through regulation, education, and accessible nutritious foods. The study highlights actionable strategies for implementing school-based interventions to foster sustainable healthy eating behaviors
Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) Model Total Dust Among Mineral Ore Processing Workers
Full text linkMineral ore processing generates dust, which poses a significant health risk to workers due to prolonged exposure. The aerodynamic properties of this dust allow it to be inhaled and deposited deep within the respiratory tract, increasing the risk of impaired respiratory function. This study aimed to quantify and assess the health risk associated with respirable dust exposure among workers in mineral ore processing areas using the Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) Model. The MPPD model was used to estimate the deposition of dust particles in various regions of the respiratory tract. A constant scenario with the average respirable dust concentration values was used. The values of breathing parameters, such as upper respiratory tract volume, functional residual capacity, breathing frequency, and tidal volume, refer to The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Personal respirable dust monitoring data from 2021 to 2024 were analyzed to calculate the total deposition, regional deposition, and deposition fraction for each generation of airways. A cross sectional analysis was conducted on a cohort of 30 male laborers, designated as the directly exposed group. Instruments and procedures used for assessing personal exposure to respirable dust were executed by the NIOSH 0600 standard methodology, employing an SKC Cyclone in conjunction with a personal air sampler, characterized by an airflow rate of approximately 1.9 to 2.0 lpm. The average personal respirable monitoring concentration over the past four years (2021 -2024) was 0,2391 mg/m3, with annual averages of 0,2835 mg/m3, 0,2626 mg/m3, 0,1441 mg/m3, and 0,2661 mg/m3, generally within the permissible exposure limit (PEL). The MPPD model simulation results for 2021 showed a maximum mass deposition rate of 2,74 x 10-3 μg/min and a maximum mass deposition per area of 7,374 x 10-3 μg/m2. Particle size, shape, density, and airflow velocity were identified as the key factors influencing dust deposition. Understanding dust distribution within the respiratory tract can provide more effective recommendations for controlling dust exposure and implementing a respiratory protection program (RPP) for workers in the mineral ore processing industry
Indoor Air Quality and Sick Building Syndrome in Selected Public Buildings in Shah Alam, Selangor
Full text linkIndoor Air Quality (IAQ) is always associated with Sick Building Syndromes (SBS) despite the age of the buildings, particularly in buildings where indoor air pollutants may affect occupants’ health and productivity. This study assessed IAQ parameters and SBS symptoms in five selected public buildings aged 10 and above in Shah Alam, Selangor. Physical, chemical and biological parameters were measured, while structured questionnaires were completed by 87 respondents occupying the buildings. Most IAQ parameters were within the ranges of the Industry Code of Practice on IAQ (ICOP IAQ 2010), except for air velocity, formaldehyde and Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) in two buildings. Statistical analyses showed no association between the building type and SBS occurrence, and no significant differences (p > 0.05) in air velocity, TVOC, CO2 or fungal count among the buildings. In order to reduce SBS risks and enhance SBS, the source of contaminants should be tackled and regular monitoring should be implemented to ensure compliance with IAQ limits
Cost-Effectiveness and Feasibility of Anemia Management in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review
Full text linkAnemia among expectant mothers is a major health issue worldwide, especially in developing countries, where prevalence reaches 37%. Various interventions, such as micronutrient supplementation and intravenous iron administration, have been widely implemented. However, limited systematic reviews have comprehensively evaluated both the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of such interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aims to systematically evaluate recent evidence on the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of anemia management interventions for pregnant women in developing countries. The review followed the 2020 PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251089753). Article searches were conducted across five primary databases (CINAHL, CENTRAL, PubMed, Wiley, and Taylor & Francis) for publications between 2015 and 2025. Study selection was performed independently by six authors. Seven studies meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed narratively. The findings indicated that interventions such as Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS) and Intravenous Iron Sucrose (IVIS) were highly cost-effective, demonstrating Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios (ICERs) substantially lower than the willingness-to-pay threshold (USD 653–1,792 per DALY) in developing nations, including Indonesia. Feasibility of implementation was influenced by healthcare system capacity, logistical resources, educational initiatives, and sociocultural contexts. Overall, MMS and IVIS interventions demonstrated superior efficiency and effectiveness compared to conventional therapies, though their success relies on system readiness and contextual adaptation. This review fills a critical evidence gap by jointly assessing cost-effectiveness and real-world feasibility, providing a strong foundation for designing sustainable, evidence-based strategies to manage anemia in resource-limited settings
Psychosocial Factors and Prevalence of Stress in Early Pregnancy: A Study in Makassar City
Full text linkStress during pregnancy can negatively impact the health of both the mother and the fetus, especially in the first trimester, which is a period of intense physical and emotional adaptation. This study aims to determine the prevalence and psychosocial factors associated with the occurrence of stress in first-trimester pregnant women in Makassar City. This study uses a cross-sectional design involving 256 first-trimester pregnant women from five public health centers in the suburban areas of Makassar City. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS10) instrument was used to measure stress levels. Analysis was conducted bivariately and multivariately using logistic regression. The prevalence of severe stress among pregnant women in the first trimester was 36.72%. Multivariate analysis revealed two factors significantly associated with severe stress: low family income (adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR) = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.15–4.66; p = 0.018) and poor interpersonal relationships with parents or in-laws (adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR) = 4.63; 95% CI: 1.53–14.02; p = 0.007). Socioeconomic factors and interpersonal relationships with parents/in-laws influence the high levels of stress experienced by first-trimester pregnant women. Early intervention that considers the family\u27s economic aspects and social support from the surrounding environment is critical in preventing stress during pregnancy
Dynamic Model of Stunting Incidents and Policies in Padang City
Full text linkStunting remains a significant public health challenge with complex, interconnected causative factors. Traditional static approaches fail to capture the dynamic relationships between environmental, health, and socioeconomic determinants. Dynamic modeling is essential for understanding these multifaceted interactions and developing effective prevention policies. Despite declining trends, Padang City\u27s high prevalance of stunting necessitates urgent, targeted interventions to achieve national targets. This study aims to develop a dynamic model analyzing stunting factors in Padang City and formulate effective prevention policies. A quantitative descriptive method with a dynamic systems approach was employed. Primary data were obtained through stakeholder questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained from the Padang City Health Office and Statistical Reports (2018-2023). Analysis utilized PowerSim Studio 10 for dynamic systems modeling and Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) for policy strategy development. Seven main factors influencing stunting were identified: low birth weight, maternal health, immunization, diarrhea, living in slum areas, access to clean water access, and household sanitation. Simulation modeling demonstrated that improving environmental conditions, increasing immunization coverage, and administering iron tablets could reduce stunting rates by 50% over 25 years. ISM analysis revealed environmental factors (sanitation, waste management, and access clean water) as key elements with the highest driving force. Consistent immunization coverage could reduce stunting prevalence from 24.2% to 12% within the projection period, while improved sanitation programs may lower prevalence by 15%. The research provides an integrated approach prioritizing basic infrastructure improvement, environmental sanitation enhancement, cross-sector coordination, and community capacity building. This dynamic modeling framework offers valuable insights for comprehensive stunting prevention strategies. However, limitations include a modeling-only scope requiring field validation for implementation effectiveness
Gender, Anxiety, and Depression in Connection to Hikikomori
Full text linkHikikomori is a mental health condition characterized by social withdrawal, causing distress for both the affected individuals and those around them. While factors such as gender, anxiety, and depression have been linked to hikikomori, research on this condition in Indonesia remains limited. This study investigated the association between gender, depression, and anxiety with the risk of hikikomori in West Lombok, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Hospital X in West Lombok, Indonesia, involving 60 patients with depression attending the Mental Health Polyclinic. The respondent ages ranged from 20 to 79 years. Data on gender, depression, anxiety, and hikikomori were collected using self-rated questionnaires and analysed with the Chi-square test. The results showed that patients with moderate-severe anxiety had a fivefold increased risk of hikikomori (OR=5.00; 95% CI=1.42-17.57; p=0.009). Female patients were 2.5 times more likely to be at risk compared with male patients, while those with moderate-severe depression had a 2.83 times higher risk. However, this association was not statistically significant. The study concluded that anxiety is a significant risk factor for hikikomori, whereas the association between gender and depression requires further investigation. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing targeted mental health interventions and improving support for individuals at risk of hikikomori in Indonesia