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Autocrine TGF-β1 drives tissue-specific differentiation and function of resident NK cells
No full textGroup 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) encompass NK cells and ILC1s, which have non-redundant roles in host protection against pathogens and cancer. Despite their circulating nature, NK cells can establish residency in selected tissues during ontogeny, forming a distinct functional subset. The mechanisms that initiate, maintain, and regulate the conversion of NK cells into tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells are currently not well understood. Here, we identify autocrine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) as a cell-autonomous driver for NK cell tissue residency across multiple glandular tissues during development. Cell-intrinsic production of TGF-β was continuously required for the maintenance of trNK cells and synergized with Hobit to enhance cytotoxic function. Whereas autocrine TGF-β was redundant in tumors, our study revealed that NK cell–derived TGF-β allowed the expansion of cytotoxic trNK cells during local infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and contributed to viral control in the salivary gland. Collectively, our findings reveal tissue-specific regulation of trNK cell differentiation and function by autocrine TGF-β1, which is relevant for antiviral immunity
Evaluation of the Microbiological Performance and Potential Clinical Impact of New Rapid Molecular Assays for the Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections
No full textBloodstream infection (BSI) is a critical medical emergency associated with a high mortality rate. Rapid and accurate identification of the causative pathogen and the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing are crucial for initiating appropriate antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a new rapid PCR Molecular Mouse System (MMS) for the identification of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and GNB resistance genes directly from a positive blood culture (BC). The validation of these rapid multiplex assays was carried out in a real hospital setting. A total of 80 BSI episodes were included in our study and the results were compared with culture-based methods. BC samples in which GNB had previously been detected microscopically and which originated from different hospital wards were analysed. The MMS GNB identification assay achieved a sensitivity of 98.7% and a specificity of 100% for the covered pathogens. In one BC sample, Klebsiella aerogenes was identified at the family level (Enterobacteriaceae) with MMS. However, in three polymicrobial samples, MMS identified bacteria that were not detected by culture-based methods (Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. aerogenes and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia). MMS also showed excellent overall performance in the detection of GNB resistance markers (100% sensitivity and 100% specificity). The type of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) resistance gene identified correctly with MMS was CTX-M-1/9 (n = 17/20), alone or in combination with SHV-type β-lactamase or with the different types of carbapenemase genes. MMS detected one carbapenemase gene of each type (KPC, NDM and OXA-23) and six OXA-48 genes. In addition, the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 was detected in one positive BC with Escherichia coli (E. coli). The time to result was significantly shorter for MMS than for routine culture methods. A retrospective analysis of the patients’ medical records revealed that a change in empirical antimicrobial therapy would have been made in around half of the patients following the MMS results. These results support the use of MMS as a valuable complement to conventional culture methods for more rapid BSI diagnosis and adjustment of empirical therapy
Cardiometabolic Risk in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Hidden Burden of Inflammation and Metabolic Dysregulation
No full textPsoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that extends beyond musculoskeletal and dermatologic involvement to elevate cardiometabolic risk. Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of systemic inflammation in metabolic dysregulation, accelerating insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress, all of which contribute to the increased burden of cardiovascular disease in PsA. This review explores the intricate interplay between inflammatory mediators—such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-17 (IL-17),—adipokine imbalances, and lipid metabolism abnormalities, all of which foster endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. The dysregulation of adipokines, including leptin, adiponectin, and resistin, further perpetuates inflammatory cascades, exacerbating cardiovascular risk. Additionally, the metabolic alterations seen in PsA, particularly insulin resistance and lipid dysfunction, not only contribute to cardiovascular comorbidities but also impact disease severity and therapeutic response. Understanding these mechanistic links is imperative for refining risk stratification strategies and tailoring interventions. By integrating targeted immunomodulatory therapies with metabolic and cardiovascular risk management, a more comprehensive approach to PsA treatment can be achieved. Future research must focus on elucidating shared inflammatory and metabolic pathways, enabling the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to mitigate both systemic inflammation and cardiometabolic complications in PsA
Neuron-restricted cytomegalovirus latency in the central nervous system regulated by CD4+ T-cells and IFN-γ
No full textAll human herpesviruses establish latency following the resolution of the primary infection. Among these, α-herpesviruses HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV establish latency in neurons, whereas neurons are not traditionally considered a site of latency for other herpesviruses. Using a combination of in vivo murine models and ex vivo human fetal tissues, we discovered that cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous β-herpesvirus, can persist in neurons and that CD4+ T-cell-derived interferon-gamma is critical in restricting active viral replication in this cell type. Furthermore, we show that mouse CMV can establish latency in neurons and that CD4+ T-cells are essential in preventing viral reactivation. Our findings may have translational significance because human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital viral infections resulting in neurodevelopmental and neuroinflammatory lesions with long-term functional sequelae
APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELLING IN THE ASSESSMENT OF SORPTION AND DESORPTION CAPACITY OF NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDES IN AGRYCULTURAL SOILS Doctoral thesis
No full textCiljevi istraživanja: U Slavoniji se neonikotinoidi koriste kao učinkovita sredstva za zaštitu nasada
šećerne repe. Njihovo ponašanje u tlu ovisi o karakteristikama tla, ali i o kemijskoj strukturi molekule.
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj raznolikosti karakteristika tala i kemijske strukture
neonikotinoida na intenzitet njihova vezivanja na koloide tla. Također, istražiti mogu li procesi sorpcije
i desorpcije, te u kojoj mjeri, kontrolirati dostupnost insekticida i druge procese koji određuju njihovu
sudbinu u okolišu tla. Metode: Uzorci tla prikupljeni su iz dvije hrvatske županije: Požeško-slavonske
i Sisačko-moslavačke i okarakterizirani teksturno i fizikalno-kemijski. Kinetički i ravnotežni
eksperimenti sorpcije i desorpcije acetamiprida, tiakloprida i imidakloprida provedeni su standardnom
„šaržnom“ metodom, dok su njihovi ostatci analizirani pomoću HPLC-MS/MS. Za objašnjenje kinetike
sorpcije i desorpcije korišteni su modeli: pseudo-prvog reda, Elovich-ev, unutar-čestične difuzije i
bifazni model kinetike prvoga reda (TSM). Za ravnotežne procese korišteni su Freundlich-ov,
Langmuir-ov i Temkin-ov model. Rezultati: Iako su analizirani neonikotinoidi slični u veličini i
kemijskoj strukturi, rezultati su pokazali značajne razlike u kinetičkom i ravnotežnom ponašanju procesa
sorpcije/desorpcije. TSM i Freundlich-ov model su se pokazali najprimjerenijima za objašnjenje tih
procesa. Tiakloprid je pokazao bržu sorpciju u usporedbi s acetamipridom i imidaklopridom, a u svim
tlima bio je jače sorbiran u ravnoteži. Unutarčestična difuzija bila je relevantan proces sorpcije
acetamiprida i imidakloprida, ali ne i za tiakloprid. Acetamiprid je lakše desorbiran od preostala dva
neonikotinoida. Acetamiprid i imidakloprid mogu se kategorizirati kao srednje pokretni insekticidi s
manjom tendencijom sorpcije, što povećava vjerojatnost kontaminacije podzemnih voda, dok je
tiakloprid slabo pokretan. Sadržaj organske tvari (OC), kao i njena priroda i struktura, imali su ključnu
ulogu u sorpciji/desorpciji neonikotinoida. Aromatičnost je pogodovala sorpciji, dok je veća
koncentracija hidrofilnih karboksilnih skupina potisnula sorpciju. Imidakloprid je podjednako ispunio
sorpcijska mjesta u gumastoj i staklastoj fazi OC bez obzira na koncentraciju. Sorpcija tiakloprida pri
niskim koncentracijama i acetamiprida pri visokim koncentracijama bila je kontrolirana hidrofilnim
aromatskim strukturama, koje djeluju kao "hvatači" insekticida unutar pora staklaste faze OC. Razlike
u ponašanju sorpcije/desorpcije proizlaze i iz varijacija u molekularnoj strukturi; tiazolidinski prsten
koji sadrži sumpor u tiaklopridu uzrokuje razlike u topljivosti u vodi, lipofilnosti i kiselo-baznim
svojstvima, a time i u interakcijama sa sastojcima tla. Preko atoma N u piridinskom prstenu,
neonikotinoidi mogu stvarati π–π ili p–π interakcije donor-akceptor elektrona s aromatskim dijelovima
organske tvari. Također, heteroatomi N, S i Cl mogu djelovati kao akceptori vodikovih (H–) veza i
stvarati H–veze s funkcionalnim skupinama koje doniraju H u tlu. Zaključak: Matematički modeli
pokazali su se kao učinkoviti alati za predviđanje pokretnosti neonikotinoida u tlu, pomažući u
razjašnjenju mehanizama sorpcije/desorpcije i predviđanju njihove toksičnosti za ljudsku populaciju.
Rezultati istraživanja doprinijet će razvoju budućih strategija sanacije i pomoći u tumačenju mogućih
uzroka kontaminacije usjeva i ekosustava tla, čak i u slučajevima zabrane uporabe neonikotinoida.Objectives: In Slavonia, neonicotinoids are used as effective means to protect of sugar beet planatations.
Their behavior in the soil depends on the soil characteristics and the chemical structure of the molecules.
This research aimed to examine how variability in soil characteristics and the chemical structure of
neonicotinoids affects their binding to soil colloids, and whether sorption and desorption processes
influence the availability of these insecticides and other processes determining their fate in the soil
environment. Methods: Soil samples were collected from Požega-Slavonia and Sisak-Moslavina
counties, and characterized texturally and physico-chemically. Kinetic and equilibrium sorption and
desorption experiments of acetamiprid, thiacloprid, and imidacloprid were carried out using the standard
"batch" method, while their residues were analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS. Models used for kinetics
analysis included pseudo-first order, Elovich’s, intra-particle diffusion, and first-order biphasic model
(TSM), as well as Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin models for equilibrium processes. Results:
Despite their similar size and chemical structure, the neonicotinoids exhibited differences in
sorption/desorption behavior. The TSM and Freundlich models proved to be the most suitable for
explaining these processes. Thiacloprid exhibited faster sorption compared to acetamiprid and
imidacloprid, and in all soils it was more strongly sorbed at equilibrium. Intraparticle diffusion was a
relevant sorption process for acetamiprid and imidacloprid, but not for thiacloprid. Acetamiprid was
more easily desorbed, classifying it and imidacloprid as moderately mobile insecticides with a lower
sorption tendency, which increases the likelihood of groundwater contamination, while thiacloprid was
poorly mobile. Organic carbon content (OC) and its structure had a crucial role in the sorption/desorption
of neonicotinoids. Aromaticity favored sorption, while a higher concentration of hydrophilic carboxyl
groups suppressed sorption. Imidacloprid uniformly occupied sorption sites in both the rubbery and
glassy phases of OC, regardless of concentration. The sorption of thiacloprid at low concentrations and
acetamiprid at high concentrations was controlled by hydrophilic aromatic structures, which acted as
"traps" for the insecticides within the pores of the glassy phase of OC. Differences in sorption/desorption
behavior also results from variations in molecular structure; the sulfur-containing thiazolidine ring in
thiacloprid causes differences in water solubility, lipophilicity, and acid-base properties, and thus in the
interactions with soil constituents. Through the N atom in the pyridine ring, neonicotinoids can form π
π or p–π electron donor-acceptor interactions with aromatic parts of organic matter. Additionally,
heteroatoms N, S, and Cl can act as hydrogen (H–) bond acceptors, and form H–bonds with H-donating
functional groups in the soil. Conclusion: Mathematical models have proven to be useful tools for
predicting the mobility of neonicotinoids in soil, helping to elucidate sorption/desorption mechanisms
and predict their toxicity to the human population. The findings of this research will contribute to the
development of future remediation strategies and help in the interpretation of possible causes of crops
and soil ecosystem contamination, even in cases of banning the use of neonicotinoids
Effects of Implementing an ICU Discharge Readiness Checklist on Patient Safety Culture: A Quasi-Experimental Research Study
No full textBackground: Discharging patients from intensive care units (ICUs) poses significant risks for adverse events (AEs), contributing to hospital morbidity and mortality. To mitigate premature transitioning, an ICU discharge readiness checklist (ICU-DRC) was developed. Enhanced patient safety culture (PSC) is crucial for reducing AEs and improving outcomes. Given the pressing need to enhance PSC in ICUs, this study evaluates the impact of ICU-DRC implementation on PSC, aiming to address a critical gap in quality improvement. Methods: A prospective quasi-experimental study assessed PSC before and after a year-long ICU-DRC intervention at Merkur Clinical Hospital in Zagreb, Croatia. Healthcare providers from two distinct ICUs participated voluntarily in the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. The surgical ICU, where the intervention was applied, employed 106 providers, while the medical ICU, which did not implement the intervention, had 42 providers. Results: Initial response rates were 58% for the intervention group and 45% for the control group, with post-intervention rates of 53% and 48%, respectively. The ICU-DRC was utilized with a fidelity of 65.7%. Due to the non-normal distribution found for most variables, non-parametric analytical procedures were applied. In baseline measurements, the control group outperformed the intervention group in three out of fourteen PSC dimensions. Post-intervention, PSC scores in the intervention group significantly improved in one dimension, whereas three dimensions in the control group showed significant declines, resulting in superior PSC outcomes for four dimensions in the intervention group during the second measurement. Conclusions: Applying the ICU-DRC as an isolated safety intervention aimed at optimizing ICU patient throughput resulted in observable patterns of improvement in several PSC dimensions, with statistically significant changes in specific areas
Klinički potencijal ekstracelularnih vezikula u patologiji središnjeg živčanog sustava
No full textThe number of neurological disorders has been increasing for the last 30 years, and they are now among top 10 causes of mortality. As for neurodegenerative diseases in which Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease predominate, there is a very small number of available and mostly symptomatic drugs. It is therefore a priority to find appropriate therapies, as well as biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of such disorders. Extracellular vesicles are formed in almost all cells, they transfer macromolecules like DNA, RNA and proteins to give an image of the tissue from which they originate. This makes them an excellent diagnostic as well as therapeutic tools. Therefore, there is a substantial goal in the need to find an adequate procedure for isolation of vesicles, in order to find a good biomarker from body fluids that does not require invasive methods.Broj neuroloških poremećaja raste zadnjih 30 godina te su oni sada unutar deset vodećih uzroka smrtnosti u svijetu. Što se tiče neurodegenerativnih bolesti u kojima prevladavaju Alzheimerova i Parkinsonova bolest, postoji vrlo mali broj dostupnih, i to većinom simptomatskih lijekova. Prioritetno je stoga pronaći odgovarajuće terapije, ali i biomarkere za rano otkrivanje i praćenje takvih poremećaja. Izvanstanične vezikule stvaraju se u gotovo svim stanicama, prenose makromolekule, DNA i RNA te daju sliku tkiva od kojeg potiču. To ih čini potencijalno dobrim dijagnostičkim, ali i terapeutskim alatom. Stoga se javlja potreba za pronalaženjem adekvatnog postupka izolacije vezikula kako bi se iz tjelesnih tekućina pronašao dobar biomarker bez korištenja invazivnih metoda
THE INFLUENCE OF RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY ON THYROID FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
No full textCilj istraživanja: Odnos između funkcije štitnjače i bubrežne funkcije kod bolesnika s
kroničnom bubrežnom bolešću (KBB) još uvijek nije u potpunosti razjašnjen. Ovo
prospektivno istraživanje provedeno u jednom centru imalo je za cilj ispitati funkciju štitnjače
kod predijaliznih bolesnika u četvrtom i petom stupnju KBB-a, bolesnika koji se liječe
peritonejskom dijalizom (PD), hemodijalizom (HD) te kod primatelja bubrežnog presatka.
Također je praćena smrtnost po skupinama, broj hospitalizacija te mogući utjecaj funkcije
štitnjače na bubrežnu funkciju i kliničke ishode bolesnika. Istraživanje je provedeno na Zavodu
za nefrologiju, dijalizu i transplantaciju bubrega, Klinike za internu medicinu, Kliničkog
bolničkog centra Rijeka.
Ispitanici i metode: Istraživanje je uključilo 108 bolesnika: 24 s KBB-om četvrtog stupnja (G4),
19 s KBB-om petog stupnja koji još nisu bili na dijalizi (G5ND), 18 liječenih PD-om, 24
liječena HD-om i 23 bolesnika kod kojih je učinjena transplantacija bubrega (T). Razdoblje
praćenja trajalo je 24 mjeseca tijekom kojih je funkcija štitnjače ispitivana određivanjem TSH,
T3, fT3, T4, fT4 te protutijela na štitnjaču (antiTPO, antiTg, TSI). Analizirali smo korelaciju
između razina hormona štitnjače i bubrežne funkcije kao i ostatne 24h dnevne diureze te
funkcije bubrežnog presatka u različitim skupinama bolesnika.
Rezultati: Kod bolesnika s KBB-om četvrtog (G4) i petog (G5ND) stupnja razine TSH ostale
su unutar referentnih vrijednosti nakon 24 mjeseca, iako su uočene promjene u razinama T3 i
fT4. Značajna negativna korelacija između fT4 i razina kreatinina uočena je kod bolesnika s
petim (G5ND) stupnjem KBB-a. Kod bolesnika liječenih PD-om, povišene razine TSH
normalizirale su se tijekom vremena praćenja, a razine T4 i fT3 bile su značajno više u
usporedbi s bolesnicima liječenih HD-om. Također, zabilježena je pozitivna povezanost između
razine T4 i 24-satne diureze nakon 12 mjeseci kod PD bolesnika. Kod primatelja bubrežnog
presatka, razine T3 i T4 su porasle nakon transplantacije, uz značajnu pozitivnu korelaciju
između TSH i eGFR nakon šest mjeseci.
Zaključak: Navedeni rezultati govore u prilog povezanosti funkcije štitnjače i ostatne diureze
kao i funkcije bubrežnog presatka te naglašavaju važnost razumijevanja složenog
međudjelovanja između funkcije štitnjače, bubrežne funkcije i modaliteta nadomjesnog
bubrežnog liječenja.Objectives: The interplay between thyroid and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney
disease (CKD) is not yet fully understood. This single-center prospective study aimed to
examine thyroid function in pre-dialysis patients in stages 4 and 5 of CKD, those treated with
peritoneal dialysis (PD), hemodialysis (HD), and kidney transplant recipients (KTRs).
Additionally, we monitored mortality by group, the number of hospitalizations, and the
potential influence of thyroid function on kidney function and the clinical outcomes of patients.
The research was conducted at the Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney
Transplantation, Clinic for Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka.
Patients and Methods: The study included 108 patients: 24 with CKD stage 4 (G4), 19 with
CKD stage 5 not yet on dialysis (G5ND), 18 PD patients, 24 HD patients, and 23 KTRs. The
follow-up period was 24 months, during which thyroid function was assessed by measuring
TSH, T3, fT3, T4, fT4, and thyroid antibodies (antiTPO, antiTg, TSI). The study analyzed the
correlation between thyroid hormone levels and kidney function, as well as residual kidney or
kidney graft function across different patient groups.
Results: In CKD stage 4 and 5ND patients, TSH levels remained within the reference intervals
after 24 months, although changes in T3 and fT4 levels were observed. Notably, CKD stage
5ND patients showed a significant negative correlation between fT4 and creatinine levels. In
PD patients, elevated TSH levels normalized over time, and T4 and fT3 levels were
significantly higher compared to HD patients. Additionally, a positive association was observed
between T4 levels and 24-hour diuresis after 12 months in PD patients. KTRs showed increased
levels of T3 and T4 post-transplantation, with a significant correlation between TSH and eGFR
at six months.
Conclusion: Our results indicate a connection between thyroid function, residual diuresis, and
kidney graft function, highlighting the importance of understanding the complex interactions
between thyroid function, kidney function, and modalities of renal replacement therapy
The Influence of Breast Density and Compression Force on Women’s Perception of Pain During Mammography
No full textCilj: Razumijevanje stupnja nelagode tijekom mamografskih pregleda i optimizacija sile kompresije korištene u različitim projekcijama temelj su radiološkim tehnolozima kako bi individualno pristupili oslikavanju dojki. Cilj ovog istraživanja je unaprjeđenje prakse mamografskog oslikavanja te poboljšanje iskustva žena. Ispitanici i metode: U ovo prospektivno istraživanje uključeno je 99 ispitanica koje su u razdoblju od 22. svibnja do 30. lipnja 2023. bile podvrgnute mamografskom pregledu u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Rijeka. Za statističku analizu korišten je Kolmogorov-Smirnovljev test kojim je ispitana normalnost distribucije numeričkih vrijednosti. U slučaju normalne distribucije korištena je aritmetička sredina te standardna devijacija, dok je u slučaju odstupanja numeričkih vrijednosti od normalne razdiobe korišten medijan i interkvartilni raspon. Razlika u normalno distribuiranim numeričkim varijablama među različitim kategorijama gustoće dojki ispitana je testom ANOVA. Razlika u varijabli boli koja odstupa od normalne razdiobe među dvjema dobnim skupinama, ispitana je Mann-Whitneyevim U-testom. Razlika u zastupljenosti ispitanica prema kvalitativnim obilježjima ispitana je testom χ2. Svi su testovi provedeni na razini statističke značajnosti p < 0,05. Za obradu podataka korišten je program Statistica 14.0.0.15 (TIBCO Software Inc.). Rezultati: Najčešće zastupljena kategorija gustoće tkiva dojke među ispitanicama je kategorija B. Medijan boli na skali od 0 do 10 je 5. Prosječna sila kompresije na desnu dojku u CC projekciji je 98,80 N, dok je za lijevu dojku 97,62 N. Prosječna sila kompresije na lijevu dojku u MLO projekciji iznosila je 118,86 N, a na desnu 114,81 N. Zaključak: Ovo istraživanje pridonosi razumijevanju čimbenika koji utječu na percipiranu razinu nelagode ispitanica prilikom mamografskog oslikavanja te optimizaciju postupka uz poboljšanje dijagnostičke vrijednosti procedure.Aim:Understanding the degree of discomfort during mammographic examinations and optimizing the compression force used in different projections are fundamental for radiologic technologists to individually approaching breast imaging. The aim of this study is to enhance mammographic imaging practices and improve patient experience. Participants and methods: This prospective study included 99 participants who underwent mammographic examination at the Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka from May 22 to June 30, 2023. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for statistical analysis to assess the normality of the distribution of numerical values. For normally distributed data, the mean and standard deviation were used, while the median and interquartile range were used for data that deviating from a normal distribution. The differences in normally distributed numerical variables among different categories of breast density were examined using the ANOVA test. The difference in the pain variable, which deviated from normal distribution between two age groups, was examined using the Mann-Whitney U test. The difference in the representation of participants based on qualitative features was examined using the χ2 test. All tests were conducted at a statistical significance level of
Switching disease‐modifying therapies in patients with spinal muscular atrophy: A systematic review on effectiveness outcomes
No full textWith multiple disease‐modifying therapies now available, treatment switching has become an important clinical consideration in the management of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). While some switches are prompted by suboptimal clinical response, more commonly they are driven by treatment burden, convenience, or adverse events. This systematic literature review aimed to synthesize existing evidence on therapy switching in SMA, focusing on clinical effectiveness and practical implications to support evidence‐informed decision‐making in a rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024600221). A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Global Health and Embase was conducted between 11 and 14 October 2024. Eligible studies included clinical trials and real‐world evidence (RWE) reports describing patients with genetically confirmed SMA who received nusinersen or risdiplam and subsequently switched to nusinersen, risdiplam or onasemnogene abeparvovec. Four studies met the inclusion criteria—three RWE studies and one clinical trial. The variability in measures of central tendency and variability among studies precluded the calculation of pooled summary values. Nonetheless, switching treatments was generally associated with stable motor function, with some improvements reported in selected outcome measures; ventilatory and nutritional support requirements remained largely unchanged. However, long‐term outcomes and standardized data were limited. Future research should prioritize robust RWE and post‐marketing surveillance to evaluate long‐term safety and effectiveness, incorporate standardized switching protocols, and account for SMA genotype–phenotype variation