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Towards Autonomous and Proactive Security in Software-Defined Edge Networks with Artificial Agents
Get PDFEdge computing is transforming latency‑sensitive systems such as autonomous vehicles, Industrial IoT, and smart infrastructure. Yet, when managed by centralized Software‑Defined Networking (SDN) controllers, these environments face complex security risks. Existing defenses are largely reactive, acting only after damage occurs. This research introduces a proactive, multi- agent AI security framework in which distributed agents monitor system status, detect anomalies, and recommend real-time policy adjustments. A novel coordination mechanism enables adaptive reconfiguration of SDN policies through programmable APIs. To address resource limitations at the edge, the framework employs federated learning and lightweight, self-optimizing models, delivering efficient and scalable security for resource-constrained environments. Prototyped on open‑source platforms and tested against real‑world attack scenarios, the framework will be evaluated for detection latency, resilience, and response efficiency. The evaluation should show that the framework provides a scalable, context-aware defense that strengthens the resilience of critical infrastructure in heterogeneous domains such as smart cities, healthcare, and energy
Will International Law Keep Up with the Rise of Hydrogen Energy?
Get PDFHydrogen energy has emerged as the global power shift towards clean energy sources in the fight against climate change. However, just as technology moves forward at a fast pace, the legal structures that are required to support the growth of hydrogen are not there, which raises many problems. The hydrogen trade is much more complicated and has many restrictions in the international market; developing nations have challenges like restricted access to hydrogen equipment and infrastructure, demonstrating significant shortcomings in international legal frameworks that guarantee fairness. As for emissions from blue hydrogen and safety issues in storage, these issues demonstrate that global liability frameworks have significant vulnerabilities. The lack of a simple and consistent legal basis for hydrogen production and consumption may impede the development of a hydrogen economy. Some of the important issues that this article discusses are whether the existing international laws can accommodate the growth of hydrogen or whether there is a need to create a new framework as a whole. With the hydrogen revolution already underway, it is time for the laws to catch up to enable a fair, inclusive, and sustainable transition
Recent Trends in Flexible Thermochromic Films for Next-Generation Smart Windows Applications
No full textFlexible thermochromic films that offer dynamic control of solar transmission and promote comfortable, flexible, and scalable device architectures are becoming a key component of next-generation smart glazing. This paper covers recent developments in the functional integration, fabrication, and material design of thermochromic coatings. Important advancements that have been addressed in this study include a Hybrid thermochromic nanocomposite material that enhances visible transmittance and mechanical durability, engineered vanadium dioxide (VO₂) composites with reduced and adjustable metal–insulator transition temperatures, and hybrid architectures that control thermochromic switching for smart windows applications. The constant issues with mechanical durability and environmental stability have been resolved in the result section by advancements in flexible substrates, solution-based approaches using spray deposition processes, and strong encapsulation techniques. Multifunctional trends that expand application potential beyond passive solar modulation to active building energy systems and IoT-enabled facades control are equally resolved in this work. Future work will focus on remaining obstacles includes Hysteresis control, long-term cycling deterioration, color neutrality, and large-area manufacturing costs are the remaining obstacles. These trends include self-cleaning, anti-fogging, and integrated energy-harvesting layers. In conclusion, these advancements create a path for commercially flexible smart windows that combine comfort, design, and considerable energy savings
The Relationship Between Foreign Investment and Subjective Well-Being: The Case of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
Get PDFChina and Pakistan have maintained significant bilateral commercial and mutually beneficial relationships throughout history. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a multifaceted growth strategy that revolves around several unique initiatives. The Chinese government anticipates investing a significant amount in the CPEC on multiple projects in general. In today\u27s globalized environment, CPEC is a strategy for ensuring economic prosperity for both countries and is seen as an important breakthrough in this area. To examine the CPEC operational scenario, its confines, difficulties, and advantages, the mutually beneficial economic connection between China and Pakistan was extensively studied in this paper. To compare the general public\u27s opinion of it with intended public perceptions, an empirical approach was employed. To examine the general public\u27s opinions of it with a focus on public perceptions of foreign investment, an empirical approach was used. A PLS-SEM analysis aimed at improving the community well-being of Pakistan. The findings of the PLS-SEM direct pathway testing showed that IV and DV have a direct association, supporting the accepted hypotheses H1–H6. We also weigh up the respondents’ respective educational attainment together with gender as controlling variables; however, the results for both of these factors revealed no correlation in opposition to CPEC. This proves categorically that there is no relationship between the DV and either gender, education, or both. In this study, H1a, H2a, H4a, H5a, and H6a had significant associations in relation to age in the role of a moderator, although further moderators did not exhibit significant associations to some extent. Age substantially moderates the correlation between CPEC and IV, illustrating the moderating effect of age on the association. All factors in the present investigation are subject to a considerable relationship with one another; furthermore, a number of them have an intermediate to high correlation with one another. The research carried out demonstrated that CPEC has the potential for significant beneficial socioeconomic implications for the two nations, while the Pakistani public believes it will provide them with several opportunities for long-term social sustainability. The results of this research will aid decision-makers in formulating policies that are more efficient and support sustainable development
Women Journalists in Pakistan under Digital Siege: A Human Rights Law Analysis of Platform-Enabled Harassment
Get PDFDigital harassment of women journalists in Pakistan is not a marginal online problem but a pervasive violation of fundamental human rights that reshapes who can speak, what can be said, and at what cost. This paper situates such harassment within Pakistan’s volatile media environment, characterized by censorship, political pressure, and entrenched misogyny, where the rapid uptake of digital platforms has expanded women’s visibility while simultaneously deepening their exposure to gendered abuse. It argues with reference to international human rights instruments, including the ICCPR, CEDAW, ICESCR, and their interpretive General Comments and Recommendations, that technology-facilitated attacks on women journalists directly threaten rights to freedom of expression, privacy, and dignity, equality and non-discrimination, freedom from violence, and the right to work in conditions of safety. The analysis traces how specific forms of online violence, such as doxxing, deepfakes, and other sexualized imagery, rape and death threats, and coordinated disinformation or trolling campaigns, produce tangible chilling effects on speech and participation, restricting the professional horizons and everyday security of women journalists. It then turns to Pakistan’s domestic legal and policy framework, examining constitutional protections, Articles 14, 19, and 25, the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016, and the Journalists Protection Act 2021 to show how formal guarantees are undercut by weak implementation, patriarchal institutional cultures, and limited access to effective remedies. In parallel, the paper interrogates the role of global technology companies whose inadequate local language moderation, opaque engagement-driven algorithms, and minimal safety infrastructure in Pakistan create enduring accountability gaps. Building on the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, the paper clarifies the complementary responsibilities of the state to protect and of corporate actors to respect and support human rights in digital spaces. On this basis, it advances a set of forward-looking proposals rooted in feminist and human rights-based approaches to digital governance, gender sensitive reform of cybercrime and media law,s stronger institutional accountability and independent oversight platform commitments to algorithmic transparency and robust local language moderation, and structured collaboration between state agencies, media organizations, and civil society. Conceptually, the paper frames online attacks on women journalists as a form of structural gender injustice that polices women\u27s presence in the public sphere and erodes the conditions for pluralistic democratic debate. It concludes that building safe, egalitarian, and enabling digital spaces for women journalists in Pakistan is not only a matter of occupational safety but a prerequisite for meaningful press freedom and substantive gender equality
From Cash to Code: Examining the Legal Framework for the Future of Digital Currency in Pakistan
Get PDFPakistan’s cash-heavy economy is rapidly moving toward digital finance, driven by fintech growth and the State Bank of Pakistan’s Raast instant payment system, making it crucial to assess whether existing laws can support a future Digital Rupee or central bank digital currency (CBDC). This study evaluates how well Pakistan’s current monetary and financial framework can accommodate CBDC, identifies regulatory and institutional gaps, and proposes reforms to protect monetary sovereignty, enhance financial inclusion, and maintain coherence across the financial system. This paper treats the shift “from physical cash to digital code” as a legal paradigm change that demands an updated understanding of legal tender, payments, and state-backed money in the digital age. Using doctrinal legal analysis, comparative case studies, and policy review, it examines whether Pakistan’s existing rules can safely support CBDC design, issuance, and use. The study traces Pakistan’s move from a predominantly cash-based economy to expanding digital rails, focusing on Raast and major private platforms such as Easypaisa, JazzCash, and licensed electronic money institutions (EMIs). It analyzes post-COVID-19 uptake of digital payments alongside persistent barriers such as low digital literacy and trust, especially among underserved groups. The paper also benchmarks Pakistan’s emerging CBDC posture against international experiences, including China’s e-CNY, the EU’s Digital Euro, and Nigeria’s eNaira, to highlight lessons on legal tender status, architecture, and inclusion. It then critically reviews key statutes i.e., the State Bank of Pakistan Act 1956, the Payment Systems and Electronic Funds Transfer Act 2007, the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1947, and the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016, showing that despite strong SBP authority, definitional gaps and overlapping mandates create legal uncertainty over digital assets, data protection, consumer redress, and cybersecurity. This study recommends targeted amendments to foundational monetary and payments legislation and the adoption of a dedicated “Digital Currency Act” that clearly defines the legal tender status of a Digital Rupee, allocates governance responsibilities, and embeds safeguards for privacy, cybersecurity, and user rights. It further argues that aligning Pakistan’s framework with FATF, IMF, and BIS standards will allow the country to harness its growing digital infrastructure to foster inclusion, safeguard rights, and position itself as a regional leader in secure and equitable digital finance
The ICT-Based Food Security Management of Pakistan
Get PDFFood security remains a critical development challenge for Pakistan, exacerbated by population pressures, climate vulnerabilities, and systemic inefficiencies within its agrarian economy. In the current research, there is a research question that examines the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a game changer in terms of advancing food security, other vital determinants such as the agri-food system, greenhouse gas emission, GDP per capita, drinking water provision, and population growth. It is affirmed using the annual data from 2001 to 2023, and with the development of a model of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), as a result of the assessment showed that there is indeed a stable long-run co-integrating relationship between the variables. The findings prove that ICT, the agri-food system, and GDP per capita have great positive impacts on long-run food security, and gas emissions are also positively correlated as well, which indicates that there is a complex association between them and agricultural output. The first one is that in the short run, when the error-correction mechanism is efficient, it implies that the adjustment to the equilibrium following a shock is fast. The results highlight the need to have a strategic approach to digital innovation, an effective food value chain, and sustainable economic policies in order to develop a resilient food system. The paper ends by making recommendations on specific investments in ICT infrastructures, climate-sensitive agriculture, and inclusive development to guarantee Pakistan\u27s sustainable food security in the view of changing environmental and demographic conditions
AI-Generated Content and Violation of Human Rights: United Nations Initiatives and International Community Response
Get PDFWhile technologies offer significant social and economic benefits, they have also new forms of harm, including non-consensual deepfakes, synthetic child sexual abuse material, and large-scale disinformation. These practices pose direct threats to internationally protected human rights, particularly the rights to privacy, dignity, equality, freedom of expression, and participation in public life. The article demonstrates that current international and domestic responses struggle to address challenges related to attribution of responsibility, enforcement, and victim protection in cases involving synthetic media. It concludes that a more targeted, human-rights-based approach to AI-generated content is required, one that moves beyond general ethical principles and provides clear legal guidance, shared responsibility among key actors, and meaningful remedies for affected individuals. This article argues that although the United Nations has increasingly acknowledged the human rights risks associated with artificial intelligence, its existing governance frameworks remain largely abstract and insufficiently tailored to the specific harms caused by AI-generated content. The absence of precise legal standards and enforceable obligations has contributed to fragmented national responses, inconsistent platform accountability, and limited access to effective remedies for victims. Using a doctrinal and policy-analysis approach, the study examines relevant UN initiatives alongside comparative regulatory practices in the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, China, Russia, and Pakistan
A Systematic Review of Machine Learning and Explainable AI in Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis: From Black-Box Models to Interpretable Clinical Decision Support Systems
Get PDFoai:ojs2.journals.scopua.com:article/100Breast cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths in women across the world. Timely and proper diagnosis is paramount to the higher survival. The recent developments in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have demonstrated impressive potential in breast cancer detection yet the black-box character restricts the clinical application. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has become an essential area that can eliminate this gap by ensuring that AI decisions can be clearly read and trusted by clinicians. This systematic review is based on the results of recent research (20192025) on the use of ML/XAI in breast cancer detection that covers imaging and genomic and clinical data. We also review methodological trends, measure of performance, interpretability methods and clinical integration issues. We have seen in our review that there is a distinct transition to human-centered interpretable systems with ensemble methods, hybrid AI approaches, and visual analytics in the lead no longer performance-driven models. It is also through these studies that we find significant gaps in research, and what should be pursued in the future is to use a combination of data modalities, like mammography and patient history and/or genomic markers, to ensemble the best approaches towards accuracy and contextual explanation. Moreover, as noted in the review, post-hoc explanation methods such as SHAP and LIME are still predominant, but the focus on constructing naturally understandable models of clinical safety is also increasing. The main challenges remain the standardization of evaluation measures to explain, the computational complexity of the complex XAI models, and the necessity to develop and test XAI in clinical contexts to promote further uptake and patient outcomes through essential clinician-in-the-loop validation and evaluation.This review concludes that in the future, it is necessary to focus on making models inherently interpretable, develop XAI in a clinician-in-the-loop and conduct robust trials to help transition XAI to reliable clinical use and promote more adoption and better patient outcomes
Hate Speech Detection Using Ensemble Approach and Embedding Technique
Get PDFThe rising trend of hate speech on the internet is being major concern to the internet security and societal coexistence, which will requires efficient automated detection tools. As much as different machine learning strategies have been suggested, the issue of the high accuracy using limited data still remains a challenge. This paper introduces a collective detecting frame of hate speech that was tested on the Ethos Binary dataset. Various machine learning classifiers such as K-Nearest Neighbor, Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, and Decision Tree are used with pre-trained GloVe word embeddings in order to extract semantic representations of textual data. The models are also trained and tested in various hyperparameter configurations, to be robust. The experimental findings indicate that Decision Tree classifier is much better than other models, with a precision of 87, recall of 93, F1-score of 90 and an overall accuracy of 91. The results have shown that an ensemble learning approach with embedding techniques has the potential to greatly increase the performance of hate speech detection. This work helps to enhance viable and scalable solutions to the content of moderating dangerous content online