Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología (Journal)
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Human development and health inequalities: a systematic review of the human development index in Ecuador and Latin America
Full text linkIntroduction: Human development in Latin America requires evidence that links the Human Development Index (HDI) with policy-relevant determinants; Ecuador is a critical case.Objective. To map trends, methods, and policy links in HDI research (2010–2024) in Latin America, with a focused analysis of Ecuador. Methods: PRISMA-aligned systematic review of Web of Science and Scopus (Jan 1, 2010–Jun 29, 2024). Records were standardized in Python (pandas, bibtexparser), exported to CSV, and deduplicated by title–author (Web of Science priority). We removed 262 duplicates (10.9%: 4 WoS; 258 Scopus) and harmonized keywords. Bibliometric and science-mapping analyses used Biblioshiny and VOSviewer (co-authorship, co-occurrence, thematic evolution), and h-indices were computed from WoS/Scopus. Results: Three robust clusters emerged: (1) economic development and public policy, (2) economy–environmental sustainability, and (3) education–gender. Motor themes include health policy, economics, education, and gender; core themes include inequality and sustainability. Output is dominated by the United States, United Kingdom, and China; Latin America contributes modestly, with Brazil as the main outlier. Education consistently appears as the strongest driver of HDI; GDP per capita and remittances are salient economic determinants; governance quality/state capacity are positively associated with HDI; FDI benefits depend on absorptive capacity. For Ecuador, stable institutions and clean, investment-friendly contexts correlate with better performance. Conclusions: Evidence supports inclusive, sustainable, equity-oriented policies centered on education and effective governance, and strengthening Latin American research capacity to close regional knowledge gaps.
Prevalence of anxiety and depression in the university population: Quantitative analysis of associated factors and psychosocial consequences
Full text linkIntroduction: Anxiety and depression are common mental health disorders among university students worldwide, with negative effects on their academic performance, social functioning, and overall well-being.Objectives: To determine the prevalence, risk factors, and social impact of anxiety and depression in university students.Methodology: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative studies published between 2019 and 2025 was conducted. The search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. Forty-eight studies that met the methodological criteria were selected. Random effects models were applied to estimate prevalences, odds ratios (OR) were calculated for risk factors, and heterogeneity was analysed using the I² statistic.Results: The overall prevalence of anxiety was 32.1% (95% CI: 29.8–34.4) and that of depression was 28.9% (95% CI: 26.7–31.1), with high heterogeneity (I² > 80%). Women had higher rates than men. The most relevant risk factors were traumatic experiences (OR: 3.12), high academic stress (OR: 2.56), and a family history of mental disorders (OR: 2.34). There was an average reduction of 15% in academic performance and a deterioration in quality of life, especially in psychological well-being and social relationships.Conclusions: The prevalence of anxiety and depression among university students is high and constitutes a public health problem. Prevention programmes, early care and institutional policies are needed to address risk factors and promote psychosocial support
From Disease Burden to Age-Friendly Cities: Developing Indicators for Healthy Aging in Makassar, Indonesia
Full text linkIntroduction: the elderly population in Indonesia, including Makassar, faces an increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, gout, and related comorbidities are common among older adults due to physiological changes. However, the distribution patterns of these diseases among older adults remain underexplored.Objective: to describe the distribution patterns of non-communicable diseases and identify dimensions and indicators of age-friendly environments in Makassar.Methods: A mixed-methods design was used with spatial patterns of NCDs were analyzed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based on 2024 secondary data from the Makassar Health Department. A qualitative exploratory study was also conducted through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with older adults, health workers, and community leaders. Qualitative data were analyzed using NVivo Pro 12 software.Results: spatial analysis showed uneven distribution, with higher concentrations of hypertension, diabetes, and gout in densely populated areas with limited access to health-supportive environments. The study identified 29 indicators across nine dimensions: community support, housing, communication and information, financial condition, transportation, government and stakeholder roles, respect and social inclusion, open spaces and buildings, and social participation.Conclusion: developing age-friendly environments and implementing targeted health interventions are essential to strengthen collaboration and improve the quality of life and well-being of older adults.
Morphology, Germination, and Early Growth of Albizia lebbeck and Albizia procera for Urban Afforestation
Full text linkIntroduction: Albizia lebbeck L. and Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. are exotic multipurpose tree species with high potential for urban and rural afforestation in Sudan. Understanding their pod and seed characteristics, as well as factors influencing germination and early growth, is essential for effective propagation and plantation success.Objective: This study, conducted during 2019–2020, aimed to evaluate the morphology of pods and seeds, germination behavior, and early seedling growth of A. lebbeck and A. procera under different pre-sowing treatments.Method: Mature pods were collected from both species in the Blue Nile and Khartoum States. Pod and seed traits were measured for size, weight, and seed count. For germination tests, a total of 400 seeds per species were subjected to four pre-sowing treatments (100 seeds each): immersion in hot water (100 °C, cooled overnight), cold water (4 °C, 24 h), concentrated sulphuric acid (5 min) followed by soaking, and untreated control. Seeds were sown under controlled nursery conditions, and germination percentage, germination rate index (GRI), mean germination time (MGT), and early seedling growth (stem, leaves, roots) were recorded. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (GLM, SAS v9.0).Results: Significant differences (p = 0.0001) were observed between species in pod and seed morphology. Pre-sowing treatments significantly enhanced germination compared with the controls. The highest germination success (82.07 %) was achieved with hot water treatment at 80 °C for 10 min, followed by 79.00 % at 100 °C for 1 min. Germination started 4–6 days after sowing and was completed within 22–25 days. Although seed source had limited influence, significant interactions occurred between source and treatment.Conclusion: Hot water treatment (100 °C for 1 min) is recommended to improve seed germination of Albizia procera, especially under rural conditions such as those in Bangladesh. These findings contribute to the propagation and management strategies of Albizia species for afforestation programs
Jobsheet-Based Digital learning Media: A Pathway to Intelligent Education
Full text linkIntroduction: this study aims to design and develop digital job sheet-based learning media to improve the quality of learning in Software Engineering courses at universities.Methods: the study uses a Research and Development (R&D) design with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The media developed integrates Flip PDF, YouTube, Google Sheets, and Quizizz. Validity testing was conducted by experts in subject matter, media, and language; practicality testing involved lecturers and students; while effectiveness testing used a single-group pretest-posttest design with paired t-test analysis and N-Gain.Results: the validation results showed an average of 85,68 % with a category of highly valid. Practicality obtained 86,33 % (lecturers) and 84,05 % (students), indicating that the media is very practical. Effectiveness analysis showed a significant increase in student learning outcomes (p < 0,05) with a moderate N-Gain score (0,46).Conclusions: this study provides empirical evidence that the integration of digital job sheets with multimedia elements supports the principles of constructivist learning and increases interactivity and learning outcomes. The developed media can be a reference for smart learning inovation in the future
Development of a Team-Based Experimental Learning (TeBEL) Model to Enhance Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Industrial Product Problem-Solving
Full text linkThe gap between theoretical learning in higher education and the real needs of the manufacturing industry remains a significant challenge in engineering education, particularly in mastering Tool Design competencies. Students generally understand the concepts theoretically, but their analytical, evaluative, and creative abilities for solving industrial design problems are not yet fully developed. This study aims to develop and test the effectiveness of the Team-Based Experimental Learning (TeBEL) learning model in improving students’ Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) through a collaborative and experiential approach. The research method employs a Research and Development (R&D) approach, utilising a 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). A total of eight validators, comprising academics and industry practitioners, assessed the construct validity, content, and feasibility of the model’s implementation, with an average score of 4,8, categorising it as very valid. The effectiveness test involved a control class using conventional methods and an experimental class implementing TeBEL. The results of the Shapiro–Wilk normality test showed a significance value of 0,921 in the control class and 0,175 in the experimental class (both > 0,05), while the Levene test produced a value of 0,610 (> 0,05), so the data were declared homogeneous and met the requirements for parametric testing. The independent t-test showed a significant difference between the two classes (Sig. 0,000 < 0,05), where the experimental class experienced a higher increase in learning outcomes with an average N-Gain of 0,59 (medium–high category) compared to the control class of 0,31. These findings confirm that the TeBEL model is effective in bridging the gap between theory and practice, improving students\u27 analytical, evaluative, and creative abilities, and strengthening the application of collaborative and experiential learning in engineering education. This model has the potential to be replicated in various engineering courses, improving graduates’ readiness to face the challenges of the modern manufacturing industry
Prototype of Virtual Linguistic Landscape (VLL)-Based Mobile Application in West Sumatra
Full text linkIntroduction: Language in public spaces embodies not only communication but also cultural identity and regional branding. In West Sumatra, where tourism reached over 19 million visitors in 2024, the integration of local linguistic elements and Minangkabau cultural symbols presents strong potential for promoting sustainable tourism through digital innovation.Objective: This study aims to design a prototype of a Virtual Linguistic Landscape (VLL)-based mobile application and to evaluate its expert validity in terms of content, language, quality assurance (QA), and user interface (UI/UX).Method: Employing a Research and Development (R&D) approach with a 4-D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate), the study combines field observation and document analysis from 8 regencies and cities in West Sumatra with 48 tourism heritage sites and attractions. Furthermore, the prototype was validated by three expert panels assessing 32 indicators across four aspects.Results: Results show that content and language achieved an overall validity score of 76 % (Valid), indicating strong relevance for tourism promotion and cross-cultural understanding, though minor revisions are required in bilingual consistency and instructional clarity. Meanwhile, QA and UI/UX aspects obtained an average score of 91 % (Highly Valid), demonstrating excellent stability, aesthetics, navigational clarity, and system security.Conclusions:The findings confirm that the prototype is feasible and ready for pilot implementation with targeted refinements. This research contributes to the growing field of Virtual Linguistic Landscapes by providing a digital framework for cultural preservation and regional tourism promotion in Indonesia
Predictive model of complex networks for geopolitical conflicts in global trade: the case of Ecuador
Full text linkIntroduction: the development of Latin American countries requires clear economic integration strategies that reduce the risks associated with geopolitical conflicts. In an international scenario marked by trade tensions and rivalries between powers, the ability to anticipate risk scenarios becomes a strategic tool for guiding national policies and decisions. The objective is to develop a predictive model based on complex networks to assess geopolitical conflicts arising from global trade, applied in Ecuador.Method: the study relied on the structural-functional systemic method to comprehensively analyze the interactions between economic and political factors. A bibliographic review was conducted in high-impact databases, Scopus and Web of Science, complemented by official reports and statements from heads of state. The model was built using Gephi 1.10.1 software, which allowed for a visual representation of trade and geopolitical networks. To assess its robustness, the Historical Validation (Backtesting) method was applied, comparing the model\u27s predictions with events that occurred during the reference period.Results: the results showed high accuracy in identifying geopolitical conflicts, successfully predicting trade tensions with Ecuador\u27s main trading partners, although discrepancies were observed in the actual intensity of some events.Conclusions: while the model is an effective tool for anticipating risks and guiding trade strategies, it requires adjustments that incorporate qualitative and contextual variables. These findings reinforce the need to complement quantitative approaches with interdisciplinary analysis to increase predictive capacity in complex scenarios.
Gender practices and roles in the implementation of the mangserbu tradition in the village of Siambo, Anggeraja district, Enrekang regency
Full text linkIntroduction: The issue of gender equality is gaining increasing global attention, particularly in traditional societies that often have rigid gender roles. In the context of the Mangserbu tradition in Siambo Village, Anggeraja District, Enrekang Regency, gender roles are negotiated and redefined through cultural practices. This study examines how the Mangserbu tradition facilitates gender equality through the active participation of both men and women in tasks traditionally dominated by one gender.Methods: A qualitative approach using phenomenology was used to explore the subjective experiences of participants in the Mangserbu tradition. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted using triangulation techniques to ensure data validity.Results: This study found that in the Mangserbu tradition, gender roles are not limited to rigid traditional norms. Men and women collaborate on tasks typically associated with one gender, both in the domestic and public spheres. Women\u27s participation in public activities and men\u27s roles in domestic tasks reflect significant changes in the understanding of gender equality in the community of Siambo Village, Anggeraja District, Enrekang Regency.Conclusions: The Mangserbu tradition in Siambo Village demonstrates that cultural practices can contribute to gender equality. The flexibility of gender roles in this tradition reflects a gradual social change, where men and women play equal roles in various tasks. This case demonstrates the potential of cultural practices to create a more inclusive and gender-equal society.
Performance-Based Adaptive Revenue Sharing in the Indonesian Natural Rubber Supply Chain: Model Design, AHP Calibration, and Simulation Evidence
Full text linkIntroduction: The study addressed income inequities in Indonesia’s natural rubber supply chain by redesigning revenue sharing among farmers, collectors, processors and exporters in Padang Lawas, North Sumatra, aligning income allocation with observable contributions and risk.Methods: The study employed a developmental research approach to specify a performance-based, adaptive revenue-sharing model, calibrate it with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) weights, and test it through multi-scenario simulations using field parameters on dry rubber content, market price, on-time delivery and actor-specific risk; the stability and consistency of the AHP weighting vector were assessed.Results: The AHP weights were stable, prioritising product quality, followed by price and timeliness, while risk received a smaller but meaningful weight; the consistency ratio remained below 0,10. Relative to a fixed baseline split, the adaptive mechanism reallocated income toward verified performance improvements, increasing farmers’ share from 11 % to 22 % under a moderate-price scenario with high on-time delivery, while preserving incentive compatibility and channel coordination.Conclusions: The study transformed revenue sharing from a static proportional rule into a transparent, auditable, learning-oriented mechanism that operationalised distributive justice through normalised performance indices. The model could be encoded in contract clauses with measurable quality metrics and public price benchmarks and implemented with low-cost traceability; broader field pilots and multi-region validation were required to generalise the results