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Parler des discriminations : conditions facilitantes et freins
No full textInternational audienceAlthough the number of studies on discrimination experiences and, more recently, on individuals' reactions to these experiences has increased over the last two decades, few studies have focused on what makes individuals talk or not about their experience(s), particularly in a context of minimising ethno-racial discrimination. The question raised in this article is thus: what are the relevant elements, i.e. the "ingredients", linked to the life course, the characteristics of the experience, the contexts and the situations, that can help to say or not to say the experience of discrimination? The article is based on qualitative interviews conducted with young adults belonging to so-called "visible" minorities, mainly students. The article highlights the importance of proof, the seriousness of the act, the legitimating body and the mastery of vocabulary as conditions for the enunciation of the discriminatory experience, as well as the role played by homophily in the choice of people to whom it is possible to talk about it, without risking the accusation of paranoia. It is also because discrimination necessarily implies an act, that the word "racism" is more easily mobilized to speak about the experiences of stigmatization lived in everyday life. Finally, being born in France exposes one more to the feeling of discrimination and, at different times in one's life, one's parents' attitude towards France can also contribute to concealing these feelings.Aunque en las dos últimas décadas han proliferado los trabajos sobre experiencias de discriminación y, más recientemente, sobre las reacciones de las personas ante estas experiencias, son menos los estudios que han analizado qué hace que las personas hablen o no de sus experiencias, especialmente en un contexto en el que la discriminación etnorracial es políticamente invisible. Este artículo examina los elementos relevantes, es decir, los "ingredientes", relacionados con los antecedentes, las características de la experiencia, los contextos y las situaciones, que pueden hacer que la experiencia discriminatoria sea descriptible o indecible. Basándose en un estudio de entrevistas con jóvenes adultos pertenecientes a minorías denominadas "visibles", la mayoría de ellos estudiantes, este artículo destaca la importancia de las pruebas, la gravedad del acto, la autoridad legitimadora y el dominio del vocabulario como condiciones para hablar de la experiencia discriminatoria, así como el papel que desempeña la homofilia en la elección de las personas con las que es posible hablar de ella, sin arriesgarse a la acusación de paranoia. También porque la discriminación implica necesariamente un acto, la palabra "racismo" se utiliza más fácilmente para hablar de experiencias de estigmatización en la vida cotidiana. Por último, haber nacido en Francia aumenta las probabilidades de sentirse discriminado en distintos momentos de la vida, y la actitud de los padres hacia Francia también puede contribuir a ocultar estos sentimientos.Si les travaux sur les expériences de discriminations et, plus récemment, sur les réactions des individus face à ces expériences se sont multipliés durant les deux dernières décennies, plus rares sont ceux qui se sont intéressés à ce qui fait que les individus vont parler ou non de leurs expériences, d’autant plus dans un contexte d’invisibilisation politique des discriminations ethno-raciales. Cet article examine les éléments pertinents, c’est-à-dire les « ingrédients », liés au parcours, aux caractéristiques de l’expérience, aux contextes et aux situations, pouvant rendre dicible ou indicible l’expérience discriminatoire. S’appuyant sur une enquête par entretiens menés auprès de jeunes adultes appartenant à des minorités dites « visibles », étudiant·es pour la plupart, cet article met en évidence l’importance de la preuve, de la gravité de l’acte, de l’instance de légitimation et de la maîtrise du vocabulaire comme conditions à l’énonciation de l’expérience discriminante, ainsi que le rôle joué par l’homophilie dans le choix des personnes auxquelles il est possible d’en parler, sans risquer l’accusation de paranoïa. C’est aussi parce que la discrimination implique nécessairement un acte, que le mot « racisme » est plus facilement mobilisé pour parler des expériences de stigmatisation vécues au quotidien. Enfin, être né en France expose davantage aux ressentis des discriminations, à différents moments du parcours, la posture des parents vis-à-vis de la France peut également participer à taire ces ressentis
Optimizing V2X Communications for 6G: A Summary of Techniques and AI Methods
No full textInternational audienceThis summary research paper provides a comprehensive overview of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications, including various communication types and the roles of base stations. It covers resource allocation techniques and beamforming for high-quality connectivity and addresses energy efficiency optimization metrics. The paper also discusses artificial intelligence methods and their integration to optimize these systems and enhance performance. This research serves as a valuable guide for those aiming to contribute to advancements in 6G technologies for efficient vehicular communications
"Enslaved Women in Hospitaller Malta, 16th-17th centuries"
No full textInternational audienceThe article focuses on female slavery in Malta, which could be either public or private in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Order of Malta, as the public authority that governed the island, had many public slaves, mainly men, to serve on its galleys and ships. There were fewer female slaves in Malta than in many other Christian or Muslim areas of the Mediterranean. However, female slavery did exist, and most women were private slaves. The geographical origin of the women slaves in Malta reflected the corsairing activities of the Hospitallers. These women were exploited for their work and their sex, and often mistreated, but there were many examples of their ability to act and influence their own future and the future of their loved one
Diplômes des immigrés et des descendants d'immigrés : progrès intergénérationnels et persistance des inégalités
No full textDocument de travailInternational audienceCe document de travail livre des résultats sur les diplômes atteints par les immigré·es et les descendant·es d’immigré·es en fonction de la génération, de l’origine et du genre, à partir de la nouvelle enquête Trajectoires et Origines 2 (INED-INSEE). L’intérêt d’une approche générationnelle dans l’étude des parcours des immigré·es et de leurs descendant·es a été démontré depuis longtemps, notamment aux Etats-Unis (Rumbaut 1997, 2004), mais aussi par les analyses issues de la précédente édition de l’enquête TeO (Beauchemin, Hamel & Simon, 2015). La notion de « génération », telle que nous l’utilisons ici, renvoie à « la distance à la migration, fonction du lieu de naissance de l’individu, de celui de ses deux parents et de son âge d’entrée en France s’il n’y est pas né » (Silberman & Fournier 2006 : 27). Cette perspective, qui insiste sur l’éloignement progressif par rapport à l’évènement migratoire, permet de rendre compte de l’hétérogénéité interne aux immigré·es de différentes origines en termes d’âge à l’arrivée en France, d’une part, et, d’autre part, aux descendant·es d’immigré·es en termes de mixité du couple parental (Myers, Gao & Emeka 2009 ; Kalmijn 2015). Dans ce chapitre, nous distinguons quatre « générations » qui n’ont pas été socialisées en France au même degré : la G1 (individus arrivés adultes en France), la G1.5 (individus arrivés jeunes en France), la G2 (individus nés en France de deux parents immigrés) et la G2.5 (individus nés en France d’un seul parent immigré). Les questions suivantes guident les analyses : un lien plus éloigné à la migration est-il associé à une augmentation du niveau de diplôme ? La structure des diplômes diffère-t-elle selon l’âge à la migration ? Les descendant·es de couples mixtes se rapprochent-ils·elles de la population majoritaire ? Si oui, cela vaut-il pour toutes les origines et quel que soit le genre
The Strong (2,2)-Conjecture for more classes of graphs
No full textInternational audienceThe Strong -Conjecture asks whether, for all connected graphs different from and , we can assign to edges red and blue labels with value or so that no two adjacent vertices have the same sum of incident red labels or the same sum of incident blue labels. This conjecture, which can be perceived as a generalisation of the so-called 1-2-3 Conjecture, as, thus far, been proved only for a handful number of graph classes. In this work, we prove the Strong -Conjecture holds for more classes of graphs. In particular, we prove the conjecture for cacti, subcubic outerplanar graphs, graphs with maximum average degree less than , and some Halin graphs, among others
Jordan degree type for codimension three Gorenstein algebras of small Sperner number
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Thermal and mechanical behaviors of optical silica glass fiber during the drawing process
No full textInternational audienceThe process of fiber drawing in a vertical furnace is described using the lubrication approximation coupled to heat transfer. The radiative heat transfer is detailed by studying the emitted and absorbed fluxes experimented by the fiber. The emissivity is carefully determined with high spectral resolution. Using a two-band gray absorption coefficients, the Planck average emissivity is overestimated by 24 % in comparison with a high spectral resolution of absorption coefficient. The profile of the heating area is obtained from the experimental data. The steady state lubrication model is solved numerically using a finite difference method. A numerical prediction obtained under certain operating conditions allows a comparison of the fiber radius profiles obtained experimentally and numerically. The convective heat transfer after the neck-down region is needed to control the cooling and the fiber shape. Drawing forces obtained experimentally are compared to numerical results. When the operating temperature is equal to 1950 • C, the agreement is satisfying. The effects of variations in drawing velocity and furnace wall temperature on the relevant operating conditions for adjusting the cooling rate, drawing force, and other variables are numerically studied.</div
Assessing the reliability of silicone replicas in the analysis of sickle gloss at the early Neolithic site of Cheikh Hassan (Northern Levant, 11th millennium BP)
No full textInternational audienceOver the past decade, confocal microscopy combined with quantitative texture analysis has opened new possibilities for studying prehistoric tool use. However, a key challenge remains in identifying the extent to which different acquisition methods—direct surface measurements versus silicone moulds—influence the textural properties of the original surfaces. This study evaluates whether high-precision polyvinylsiloxane can be reliably used for the identification of plant types harvested with lithic tools during the initial phases of agriculture in Southwest Asia. We compared texture parameters from original surfaces and moulds on eight experimental tools used to cut various plants (domestic, wild and wild cultivated cereals and reeds). Our results show that textures from direct measurements and those from moulds form clearly distinct groups, indicating that the two methods are not interchangeable for harvesting tools. The differences introduced by the moulding process follow a consistent pattern, rather than resulting from random variation. Based on this, we developed a silicone-based experimental model capable of distinguishing between tools used for harvesting different plant types. Applying this model to Pre-Pottery Neolithic glossy tools from Cheikh Hassan confirms a gradual shift from green to ripe cereal harvesting in the Middle Euphrates, in line with findings from neighbouring sites based on direct surface measurements
Differential Taphonomic Behavior of Flint Types: Experimental Insights and Implications for the Middle Stone Age Assemblages of Wadi Lazalim in the Northern Sahara (Kebili, Tunisia)
No full textInternational audienceSeveral syn and post-depositional processes are responsible for different degrees of site and assemblage formation and disturbance. Understanding the processes that lead to archaeological site formation is essential for interpreting past human activities, settlement patterns, and occupation dynamics. Among these processes, water flow is commonly recognized as a major factor influencing site and assemblage formation and integrity. Lithic taphonomy can add valuable information to the understanding of these natural processes. To better evaluate how different flint types react to both mechanical and chemical stresses, we carried out controlled and sequential experiments on knapped flint artifact replicas. These were realized on two different flint varieties, recognized in the archaeological assemblage of a Middle Stone Age open-air site located at Wadi Lazalim (Southern Tunisia). Our methodological framework is based on a sequential tumbling experiment that simulates the remobilization of artifacts by water. The resulting post-depositional surface modifications (PDSM) were observed and recorded. In addition, a sample of flint replicas underwent chemical alteration in a controlled environment, allowing us to document and measure both patina formation and changes in surface roughness. These experimental results were then compared with a sample of archaeological materials, providing the basis for a preliminary and exploratory hypothesis concerning the taphonomic processes at the site. Here, we observed that most of the alterations appear to be linked to patina formation, whose variable degree and kind are more strongly correlated with differences in raw material texture rather than to the co-occurrence of artefacts from different chronological spans
