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pH-Responsive HA/PβAE Hydrogels Couple Enzyme Release Kinetics to Inflammatory Acidity to Modulate Cytokines and Promote Healing
No full textpH-responsive hydrogels that synchronize drug delivery with the inflammatory microenvironment can accelerate wound repair. We report a UV-crosslinked poly(beta-amino ester)/hyaluronic acid (P beta AE/HA) hydrogel that loads the proteolytic enzyme bromelain (Br) and couples its release to acidic conditions typical of injured tissue. The bio-hybrid network showed tunable mechanics (Young's modulus reduced from similar to 52 MPa in neat P beta AE to similar to 23-16 MPa after HA and Br incorporation), enhanced swelling at acidic pH (up to similar to 222 % at pH 5.6), and pH-dependent degradation (approximate to 70-80 % mass loss at pH 5.6 vs. approximate to 40-56 % at pH 7.4 over the test period). Br release was faster and diffusion-controlled in acid (Higuchi; approximate to 70 % by 48 h) but more regulated at neutral pH (zero-order-like; approximate to 50 % by 48 h), indicating microenvironment-sensitive delivery. L929 fibroblasts cultured on P beta AE/HA-Br exhibited high viability, improved adhesion, and elevated collagen-I expression, consistent with matrix remodeling support. In LPS-challenged RAW 264.7 macrophages, the hydrogels significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6) and enhanced reparative mediators (IL-10, TGF-beta), while immunofluorescence imaging confirmed a phenotypic switch from M1 to M2 macrophages, collectively demonstrating robust immunomodulatory activity. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells formed substantially longer and more branched tubes on P beta AE/HA-Br (approximate to 140 % of control), confirming pro-angiogenic activity. Together, these results demonstrate that P beta AE/HA-Br hydrogels integrate environmental sensing with enzyme delivery to dampen inflammation, promote vascularization, and support matrix regeneration highlighting their promise as smart wound-healing dressings and adaptable platforms for regenerative medicine.Science Citation Index Expande
Artificial Intelligence Supported Solutions in Education: Disabilities New Possibilities for Individuals
No full textThis article comprehensively examines the opportunities and potential of artificial intelligence (AI) supported educational applications for individuals with disabilities. Various applications of how AI technologies can improve language skills, social interactions, learning experiences, and academic achievement of students with disabilities are discussed. AI supports personalized learning experiences, enabling the creation of educational strategies tailored to the individual needs of each student. The article discusses how AI-supported educational tools can transform the education of students with disabilities through applications such as adaptive learning systems, virtual simulations, and speech recognition software. It also highlights how these technologies are used in inclusive education models, where educators can differentiate instructional strategies, enabling all students to learn effectively. The integration of AI into the education of people with disabilities raises important issues, especially equal access and ethical issues. The article states that ethical issues such as data privacy, algorithmic biases, and the potential for exclusionary practices should be considered when developing AI applications. It is emphasized that a collaborative approach between educators, technologists, and policy makers is required to ensure that AI is accessible to all learners and can be implemented in an ethical manner. It is also discussed that AI-supported educational practices can develop important skills such as social skills, collaboration, and teamwork in students with disabilities. This study aimed to shed light on future research; in particular, it emphasizes the need for studies to evaluate the effectiveness of AI tools in education, their effects on student engagement, and learning outcomes. It is also argued that the long-term effects of integrating AI into the education of individuals with disabilities should be examined more comprehensively. It is emphasized that continuous learning, collaboration, and professional development among stakeholders should be encouraged in order to make the most of the potential of AI in education. In conclusion, it is concluded that AI has great potential in the education of individuals with disabilities, educational institutions should adopt AI technologies to create a broader inclusive educational environment, and ethical dimensions should be addressed to create an educational system where all students are best supported. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026
Navigating Towards Efuel: A Scientometric Insight Into the Application of Membrane Reactors
No full textThe urgent need to decarbonize high-emission sectors has driven the development of Power-to-X technologies, which convert renewable electricity into electrofuels (efuels). Despite their potential, efuel production faces challenges such as high energy demand and low conversion efficiency. Membrane reactors, which integrate reaction and separation, offer a promising solution by improving yields and reducing energy requirements. This review presents a scientometric analysis of membrane reactors for efuel production using the Scopus database from 2003 to 2024. Analyzing 30 publications, six thematic clusters were identified using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix. Keyword co-occurrence and factorial analyses highlight main research themes and emerging areas, revealing gaps in reactor configuration optimization. Influential studies show that membrane reactors can enhance CO2 conversion and methane yield compared to conventional systems, though challenges remain in membrane selectivity, economic viability, and long-term durability under real feedstock conditions. Additional issues include scalable module manufacturing and the lack of harmonized techno-economic, life cycle, and performance metrics. Sector-specific analysis identifies positive dynamics, such as compatibility with existing infrastructure, improved energy security, and supportive policies, as well as negative dynamics, including high production costs, resource competition, technological uncertainties, and new safety and regulatory requirements. By mapping research progress, this study provides insights to guide the advancement of membrane reactors and support sustainable efuel production and decarbonization goals
The Effectiveness of “Toilet Training VR” Virtual Reality Application with Video Modeling Approach in Teaching Toilet Training Skills to Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities
No full textIn this study, the effectiveness of the “Toilet Training Simulator VR” virtual reality application, using the video model teaching method for teaching toilet training skills to individuals with intellectual disabilities, was examined. The study was conducted in a special education school. The research used a multiple probe model with inter-behavior probe trials as a single-subject research method. The independent variable was the “Toilet Training Simulator VR” application, while the dependent variables were the toilet training skills: toileting, cleaning, and hand washing. Data collected included effectiveness, reliability, and social validity. Two types of reliability data were gathered: implementation reliability and inter-observer reliability. Effectiveness was calculated using the formula “Number of Correct Responses/Total Response Opportunities × 100.” Social validity was analyzed through descriptive analysis. Results showed that the individual with intellectual disabilities was able to perform toilet training, cleaning, and hand washing skills independently using the VR application. These skills were retained over time and generalized to the real environment. Social validity findings indicated that teachers generally held positive views on the effectiveness of the “Toilet Training Simulator VR” application in teaching toilet training skills. Technological advancements in virtual reality have made these devices more accessible. It is recommended that special education schools or institutions adopt the “Toilet Training Simulator VR” application. Future research may focus on developing tools that provide physical sensations similar to the real environment to aid in the transition to the generalization stage. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026
Sonolytic and Ultrasound-Assisted Hydrogen Production: Insights, Trends, and Future Perspectives
No full textThis study employs the bibliometric review method to assess the evolution of research in sonolytic and ultrasound-assisted hydrogen production between 2000 and 2025 using data from the Scopus database. The study found research done so far as a dynamic, cross-disciplinary field driven by global decarbonization and technological innovation. Keyword and thematic mapping identified a central focus towards maximizing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with the assistance of ultrasound catalysis, with advanced materials like gC3N4, TiO2, and quantum dots. Emerging themes of piezocatalysis, biohydrogen, and ultrasonication-enhanced pretreatment indicate a trend towards multifunctional, sustainable, and bio-integrated processes. The clustering analysis identified distinct strategic research directions, including visible-light-driven heterojunctions, anticorrosion electrodes, ultrasonic fermentation, and hybrid catalytic systems integrating sonochemistry with photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and thermochemical reforming. Non-noble metal catalysts and nanostructures enabled by sonication are especially gaining prominence owing to their efficiency and scalability. The countrylevel analysis revealed a commanding position for China, with growing contributions from India, South Korea, and strategic international collaborations. Together, the field is transitioning from fundamental research to application-oriented innovation, and the future opportunity rests in scalable, hybrid systems that integrate ultrasonic, optical, and biochemical processes. These findings suggest that ultrasound-assisted hydrogen generation may contribute to advances in sustainable energy technologies and potential industrial implementation.Emerging Sources Citation Inde
Recent Advances of Solar Dryer with Energy Storage: A Comprehensive Review
No full textKadhim, Saif Ali/0000-0003-0359-5022; Al-Obaidi, Dr. Mudhar/0000-0002-1713-4860Application of solar drying in preservation of agricultural and medicinal products is a sustainable process that requires adequate lighting that could be hampered by periodic fades and thermal variation. This review systematically analyzes recent innovations in Solar Dryers (SDs) integrated with Phase Change Materials (PCMs), based on literature published between 2019 and 2025. The review methodology involved a structured search across soild databases, with studies selected on the basis of their focus on PCM-enhanced solar drying, reported performance metrics, and economic or environmental assessments. The main results show that the drying times are being lowered by up to 70.5% in vegetables (such as cucumbers) when using PCM-integrated dryers and the moisture removal rates were 0.101 kg/h when the medicinal herbs used PCM-integrated dryers, which is in comparison with the conventional methods. Other innovations including paraffin wax and nano-enhanced PCMs ranked a 10-20 % optimization on thermal efficiency, hybrid system such as PCMs plus sensible heat storage is even better with temperatures kept up to 5-20 degrees C above ambient during off-sunshine times. Retention of higher nutritional values was also earmarked with PCM-dried fruits and vegetables showing better retention of nutrients (e.g. with 7.77 mg vitamin C in oranges being retained when compared with 5.99 mg vitamin C retained in open sun drying). Economic and environmental advantages encompassed payback periods as short as 0.39 years and mitigation of up to 21,650 tons of CO2 emissions over the operational lifetime of the dryer. The review finds that the integration of PCM leads to enhancement of solar drying, and it is an energy-efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution that can be used; nevertheless, research challenges, such as PCM selection and system scaling, are identified that can be solved in the future.Science Citation Index Expande
Fabrication and Numerical Analysis of Non-Metallic Orthopedic Prostheses Using Ultrasound Techniques for Reducing Infection in Sports-Related Injuries
No full textJoint replacement has garnered considerable attention as a medical intervention for addressing sports-related joint injuries, offering the potential to restore sports activities and enhance quality of life. However, prioritizing safety measures and injury prevention during exercise is crucial. The increasing prevalence of infections in knee arthroplasty surgeries is a significant concern for both patients and surgeons, emphasizing the necessity for implants with proven efficacy against periprosthetic joint infections (PJI). In this study, two samples were prepared: sample 1 comprised pure copper nanoparticles, while sample 2 consisted of copper nanoparticles supplemented with titanium nanoparticles (TiNP) using the powder metallurgy (PM) technique. The copper prosthesis was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and compressive strength tests. The biological behavior of the samples was evaluated in simulated body fluid (SBF) and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) over 3 months. The results demonstrated that the fabricated copper prosthesis exhibited a mesoporous microstructure, with a specific surface area ranging from 150 to 200 (cm2/g). The samples displayed porosity levels of 25 % to 32 %, with pore volumes ranging from 50 to 100 nm. The addition of TiNP to the copper nanoparticles reduced the specific surface area and pore volume of the prosthesis. Cell viability and electrical conductivity assessments revealed the formation of a thin apatite layer on the surface of the copper sample with added titanium nanoparticles. This study leverages the unique capabilities of ultrasound technology to fabricate and evaluate the performance of these novel prosthetic components. The inclusion of TiNP decreased the dissolution rate and increased apatite formation. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the prosthesis improved, and its biological behavior was enhanced, resulting in the development of a beam-shaped biological implant that was analytically analyzed. The addition of approximately 10 wt% TiNP was found to be effective in improving the mechanical and biological properties of the copper-titanium implant. © 2025 The Author(s)
Artificial Intelligence Driven Protein Design and Sustainable Nanomedicine for Advanced Theranostics
No full textThe integration of artificial intelligence, protein engineering, and sustainable nanomedicine is driving a paradigm shift in theranostics by enabling highly precise disease diagnosis and targeted therapy. AI-driven methodologies, including machine learning and deep learning, facilitate the rapid analysis of complex biological and chemical datasets, accelerating protein structure prediction, molecular docking, and structure-activity relationship modeling. These capabilities support the rational design of proteins and peptides with enhanced specificity, therapeutic efficacy, and safety, while enabling personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual molecular profiles. In parallel, sustainable nanomedicine focuses on the development of biodegradable, biocompatible, and environmentally benign nanomaterials to improve drug bioavailability, stability, and controlled release. AI-assisted optimization further refines nanocarrier design by balancing therapeutic performance with safety and environmental impact. Advanced intelligent nanocarriers capable of real-time monitoring, adaptive drug release, and degradation into non-toxic by-products represent a significant advancement over conventional static systems. The theranostic paradigm has become central to precision medicine, particularly in oncology, especially where AI-designed nanoplatforms enable targeted delivery of imaging agents and therapeutics to tumors, while allowing continuous treatment monitoring and minimizing off-target effects. Emerging applications in neurological, infectious, and cardiovascular diseases further highlight the broad clinical potential of this approach. Accordingly, this review summarizes AI-driven protein design strategies, sustainable nanocarrier engineering, and their convergence in next-generation theranostic systems, critically discussing mechanistic insights, translational challenges, and design principles required for developing safe, scalable, and clinically adaptable intelligent nanomedicines. © 2026 The Author
Cater: Congestion Aware Trust-Enabled Routing for Energy-Constrained Wireless Sensor Networks
No full textWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are essential in modern applications like environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and security. However, they suffer from pivotal issues of internal threats, congestion, and power constraint, crippling their efficiency and reliability. These threats include data manipulation and congestion, which degrade network performance. Addressing these challenges is crucial to ensure WSNs can maintain reliable operation while effectively managing energy resources and combating malicious activities. Thus, to address these limitations, this paper introduces CATER (Congestion Aware Trust-Enabled Routing), a new trust-based congestion-aware energy-constrained routing protocol for WSNs. CATER's primary contributions are: (1) an end-to-end multi-dimension trust evaluation model consisting of direct trust, indirect trust, energy trust, and an expected positive probability trust model for robust trust estimation; (2) an adaptive congestion control model for dynamically adjusting transmission rates according to real-time network status using the buffer capacity and queue length as variables; and (3) a trust-enabled routing module performing secure and efficient data transmission employing trusted sensor node selection. After trust evaluation, the proposed CATER protocol detects the congestion in the WSN. The congestion is detected using buffer capacity and queue length at a sensor node. Once congestion is detected at a node, the congested node sends a feedback message to the neighbor (source) node to optimize the transmission rate. The proposed CATER protocol always selects energy-efficient and trustworthy next-hop to transfer available data packets toward the sink. MATLAB simulations readily verify that CATER improves energy efficiency by 15.82%, packet drop ratio by 46.95%, and decreases end-to-end delay by 31.81% compared to other state-of-the-art existing routing protocols like CHicDra and SEFR. CATER also improves network throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR) even in over-loaded and adversarial environments up to 50% adversarial nodes. The findings conclusively demonstrate CATER to be a very effective tool for providing efficient, reliable, and congestion-aware routing for WSNs with profound implications for real-world industrial and IoT applications.Development of Intelligent Device for Security Enhancement (iEYE) [DST/TDT/DDP12/2017-G]This work was carried out in Secure and Computing laboratory, SC&SS, JNU, New Delhi, India and sponsored by the project entitled Development of Intelligent Device for Security Enhancement (iEYE) " with sanction order: DST/TDT/DDP12/2017-G.
An Examination of the Entropy Generation of Nanofluids and the Natural Convection Dynamics Within a Circular Cavity Influenced by a Cold Fluid Jet
No full textCurrently, cavities serve as one of the most prevalent methods for managing and dissipating heat produced by centralized indoor sources. The examination of fluid dynamics within cavities influenced by external cold flows has not garnered significant attention from scholars. This study focuses on a cavity with a unique geometry designed to regulate an internal heat source within a spherical buffer via flow injection. The temperature variations within the enclosure affect the flow through the outer shell via the convection heat transfer process. This distinctive heat transfer configuration distinguishes the findings of this research from those of previous studies. The heat transfer and flow dynamics will be simulated for Rayleigh numbers ranging from 100 to 1000. The nanotubes under investigation will have volume fractions between 0 and 0.06 and will exist as a stable solution. The research employs the finite volume method in a two-dimensional steady-state framework. The findings of this study show that the temperature changes between the surface of the circular shell and the hot source will result in natural convection heat transfer. According to the geometrical conditions of the hot circular surface, which side of the cavity experiences stronger fluid movement will result in a better heat transfer distribution. In Reynolds numbers ( Re ) = 300 and 700, strengthening the buoyancy force as an effective factor in improving the Nusselt number ( Nu ) can increase it by more than 1.5 times. At Re = 100, increasing the volume fraction of solid nanoparticles ( φ ) will also increase Nu by 4 %. For Re = 300 and 700, compared to the base fluid, using a nanofluid with φ = 6 % improves Nu by 8 %. With the increase of Re , due to the strengthening of the fluid inertia, the amount of changes in layer velocity will decrease, and finally, the friction factor (C f ) will decrease. In geometries similar to the investigated problem, reducing C f is possible only by the external enhancement of the velocity, such as increasing Re in the injected flow outside the cavity. The presence of solid nanoparticles increases density and viscosity, while also improving temperature distribution. Increasing Ra can strengthen a more uniform velocity distribution with fewer velocity gradients in the cavity, especially in the areas near the wall. The changes of Cf loc depend on velocity gradients near the hot wall. In all the investigated cases, in the places where hot surface experiences flow separation, the lowest Cf loc will be created. © 2025 Elsevier Masson SAS.Science Citation Index Expande