International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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DHEA and TNF-α: Key Factors in Managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Iraqi Females
Get PDFThe most common endocrine condition that affects fertile women worldwide is known as polycystic ovarian syndrome, or PCOS. Depending on the diagnostic criteria applied, the prevalence might range from 5% to 15%. The presence of two of the three criteria—polycystic ovaries, clinical or biological hyperandrogenism, and chronic anovulation—must be present for PCOS to be diagnosed, under the recommendations of specialized societies. DHEA and DHEA-S levels of androgens are frequently high in women with PCOS. Acne, irregular menstruation periods, and hirsutism excessive hair growth can all be indications of this hormonal imbalance. Two groups were involved in the study: there are one hundred women in the patient group, which is the initial group. Between October 1, 2023, and March 1, 2024, 50 patients and 50 healthy individuals served as controls, as determined by a team of experienced gynecologists at the Fertility Center in AL-Sadder Medical City in Najaf Province, Iraq. 5 ml of blood were drawn from a brachial vein using sterile medical syringes on female subjects who were in the luteal phase for this investigation, and the blood was then put in a gel. To determine LH, FSH, Prolactin, DHEA, TNF-α, and IL-6 using an ELISA kit (Elabscience, USA) and lipid profile using an automated biochemistry analyzer (Beckman Coulter, USA), the serum was extracted, put in Eppendorf tubes, and deep frozen at -20 °C. According to the current study\u27s findings, POCS women\u27s levels of DHEA are much higher than those of healthy women. Additionally, the research demonstrated that, when compared to healthy controls, women with polycystic syndrome had significantly higher blood levels of IL6 and TNF-α. The results clearly show a correlation between PCOS and increased levels of DHEA, IL-6, and TNF-α
Efficacy of Olive Oil in the reduction of the risk for Colorectal Cancer – A Systematic Review
Get PDFAims and objectives: The purpose of the systematic review is to determine whether extra virgin olive oil can effectively lower the risk of colorectal cancer.Materials and method: In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, we searched electronic databases from conception until 2023. In this systematic review, the original studies that were conducted among experimental rodents who were given olive oil as a diet were included. Quality assessment was done using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Scale. Results: From a total of five studies consisting of randomized control trials it has been analysed that EVOO significantly lowers CRC through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Studies have shown that EVOO can alter gut microbiota, inhibit tumour growth, and impact key biomarkers of cancer and their gene expression. The notable findings on EVOO were the prevention of dysbiosis associated with CRC, the reduction in tumour size observed in animal models, and the modification of epigenetic markers associated with cancer progression. Conclusion: Although all these results are very encouraging, further large-scale studies in human subjects are called for to fully establish the benefits mentioned above and to refine dietary recommendations. Consumption of EVOO might present a cost-effective and preventive strategy against CRC, improving public health and reducing cancer treatment costs
The health risks of Columba livia Infestation: A public Health Concern of Thane District, Maharashtra
Get PDFColumba livia, commonly known as the domestic pigeon, is a ubiquitous bird species found throughout the country. With a long history of association with humans, pigeons have been domesticated for various purposes, including food, sports, research, and as ornamental birds. However, the close association between pigeons and humans has a darker side. As pigeons come into contact with human populations, they pose a significant risk to public health. These birds can carry a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, which can cause diseases in humans. The proximity of pigeons to human settlements, coupled with their ability to thrive in urban environments, makes them a potential reservoir for zoonotic diseases. The present study deals with the health issues when get exposed to pigeon
Photoprotective Responses of Nostoc sphaeroides to UV-B Radiation: Role of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids
Get PDFUltraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (280–315 nm), a component of solar radiation, can negatively affect aquatic microorganisms, including cyanobacteria. To counteract UV-induced damage, cyanobacteria produce mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), which function as natural sunscreens and hold potential for use in cosmetics and biomedical products. This study explores the physiological and biochemical responses of the freshwater cyanobacterium Nostoc sphaeroides to low-intensity UV-B exposure. Results showed a decline in photosynthetic activity, indicating stress. However, a significant increase in MAA production was observed, suggesting a protective adaptation. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry, shinorine was identified as the primary MAA synthesized in response to UV-B. Its accumulation indicates a key role in shielding the organism from UV-B-induced damage. These findings highlight N. sphaeroides as a promising natural source of shinorine, with potential applications in the development of eco-friendly UV-protective agents. Moreover, the study contributes to a better understanding of how cyanobacteria adapt to environmental stress and reinforces the biotechnological relevance of MAAs
Microbial Biotechnology’s Role in Promoting Environmental Health, Protective and Safety
Get PDFthe term “environment” is employed to refer to the set of circumstances or conditions that surround any given organism or group of organisms. We use the term environmental sustainability to denote the stewardship of ecosystems and natural resources in a way that sustains current needs without sacrificing those of future generations. By their involvement in a wide range of ecological processes and functions, microbes contribute significantly to environmental sustainability. The function of bacteria as ecological maintainers is discussed in this article. The stunning functional diversity shown by microbes like bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and viruses across a wide variety of habitats enables them to play an active role in solving important environmental problems. Climate fluctuations, dwindling resources, pollution, deforestation, and public ignorance are some of the environmental issues facing ecological sustainability. Through their roles in nutrient cycling, bioremediation, waste processing, production of renewable energy, mitigation of climate change, and upkeep of ecosystem well-being, and support of agriculture and food security, microbes significantly help to address such challenges. The potential for a cleaner future is depicted through the capabilities of microorganisms. Bacteria play a critical role in forming ecosystems that are balanced and resilient, which is important to both the current and future generations. It is in this research that we explain how bacteria can contribute to environmental sustainability. So much can be done towards ensuring that the world is more sustainable by tapping into the power of these small but mighty beings; they can show us how to harmonize with nature. To improve nutrient cycling, bioremediation, and waste management, more work on engineering and optimizing microbial processes must be carried out
Bioeconomic Perspectives of Bacterial and Fungal Hydrolytic Enzymes: A Review
Get PDFMicroorganisms have been in use as biotechnological tools since ancient time of human civilization. The extensive applications of microbial enzymes in the food, detergent, agricultural, textile, paper, pharmaceutical, and monitoring device industries have brought them international prominence. Enzyme mediated processes are rapidly gaining interest because of reduced process time, intake of low energy input, cost effective, nontoxic/eco-friendly properties, easy availability, fast production rate, and easiness of manipulation. Microbial enzymes with excellent performances function effectively in a variety of diverse physical and chemical environments. Hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases) belong to a group of hydrolytic enzymes that are easily employed as biochemical catalysts. They utilize water as a hydroxyl group donor during the substrate breakdown. Bacteria and fungi are among microorganisms that have been extensively used for various enzymes production. Fungal enzymes in particular are generally recognized as safe (GRAS), they are favored above other microbial sources. Recent biotechnological development has made it possible to manipulate microbes with desired characteristics in large quantities to meet the increasing demand for industrial enzymes
Effect of Fungal Inoculation, sword Grass (Imperata mcylindrical L.) Compost and Agricultural Sulfur on Cucumber Crop Under Protected Planted
Get PDFA field experiment was conducted in a plastic house planted with cucumber crop for the fall season 2023-2024, with an R.C.B.D design and three factors: the first factor with two levels of bio-inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum fungus and no inoculation, and compost of the sword Grass plant at three levels of 0, 2 and 4 Tha-1, and agricultural sulfur at three levels of 0, 750 and 1000 kg ha-1. The triple interaction led to a significant increase in plant height cm plant-1, total and early yield kg plastic house and N% content in the plant, as it reached 10, 10, 22 and 49%, respectively
Investigating the Impact of Blood Groups on Food choices and Food Digestivity
Get PDFBlood is an extremely crucial aspect of the human body, comprising 8% of the total weight. Blood distributes nutrients and minerals across the entire human framework that drives and regulates all metabolic functions. Considering blood to be such a crucial factor, differences in blood groups are essential to understanding differences in metabolic regulation. In an attempt, to optimize health and reduce risk to nutritive deficiency, customization of diets and specifying them to blood groups has appeared as an evident practice. This paper aims to experimentally analyze practices and patterns in food choices by testing a cohort of 30 individuals varying across age groups and deduce a comprehensive understanding of dietary patterns in correlation with blood cell antigens
A Review on Terminalia catappa: A Natural Source of Bioactive Compounds
Get PDFTerminalia catappa is a tropical medicinal plant traditionally used across its native regions for treating various health conditions. This review systematically consolidates and evaluates recent research 2002–2025 on the phytochemical composition and therapeutic potential of Terminalia catappa, highlighting its role as a source of natural antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents. Phytochemical investigations have identified a rich profile of constituents in its leaves, bark, seeds, and fruits, including hydrolyzable tannins (punicalagin, ellagic acid), flavonoids (quercetin, rutin), phenolic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid), triterpenoids, and alkaloids. These compounds are directly responsible for the plant\u27s wide-ranging pharmacological activities. The extract\u27s potent antioxidant capacity is demonstrated through strong radical scavenging and metal-chelating abilities. Terminalia catappa also exhibits notable anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting key enzymes and cytokines, as well as promising antidiabetic properties through blood glucose regulation and pancreatic protection. The plant also shows broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. Importantly, emerging evidence highlights its anticancer potential, with extracts capable of inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, migration, and inducing apoptosis. The evidence presented emphasizes Terminalia catappa as a promising natural source for developing nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical agents. Future research should focus on systematic clinical evaluation, isolation of key bioactive compounds, and elucidation of molecular mechanisms to fully harness its therapeutic potential
Evaluation of Agro-Morphological Trait Variation Among Cultivars and Accessions of Soybean (Glycine max) from the Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria
Get PDFThe improvement of soybean cultivation could greatly benefit humanity and have a significant impact on reducing food insecurity. A breeding programme for any crop can explore favourable alleles more often by selecting features using morphological and molecular methods. This study evaluated the genetic variability of soybean accessions and cultivars using their agronomic and yield traits. The cultivars were popular varieties common among Benue State farmers, while twenty (20) accessions were obtained from IITA, Ibadan. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomised design with three replicates in perforated polythene bags containing two seeds per hole. Data on agro-morphological traits were taken. From the study, twenty-two (22) genotypes took 7 days to emerge, while two (2) (TGM-4691 and 713) appeared at 10.50 days. Cultivar_6, which took 28 days to emerge, was highly significant at (P<0.05). The plant height ranged from 2.31cm in TGM-1602 to 15.86cm in TGM-2231, with highly significant differences among the genotypes. TGM-4691 was significantly different in leaflet shape, while the number of nodes on the stem was higher in TGM-4476, with no nodes observed in TGM-4691, TGM-713, TGM-1139, and Cultivars_2. TGM-4476 had more pods (17.33), while Cultivars_6 had the fewest (0.33), and both had considerably longer days to 50% flowering (49 days) than any other genotype. TGM-1139, however, was found to produce flowers faster than any other genotype, at 28 days. TGM-4476 had the highest number of seeds per pod (26.00), which was significantly higher than all the genotypes. It was observed that all mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all traits (P=0.000), with the level of significance slightly reduced for the days to emergence (P=0.002). The number of nodes recorded the best heritability estimate of 98.36%, while the number of pods had the least (6.94%). Accessions TGM-2231, TGM-1605, and TGM-4476 showed excellent agro-morphological parameters and can be used for effective breeding programmes and commercial cultivation of soybeans for their high-yield traits in Benue State